• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the adequacy of dietary fat and protein intakes among female college students. Daily intakes of energy, fat, protein, major amino acids and other nutrients were measured in 52 female college students. Daily energy intake was 75.8% of the recommended intake. Fat and protein consist 19.2% and 16.7% of the total calorie, respectively. The average protein consumption per day was 105% of the recommended intake. Essential amino acids intakes were more than the recommended amounts which appears in the 6th edition of Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. However, when the intake of each essential amino acid was compared to the recommended amino acid requirement pattern, these subjects did not meet the estimated requirements. There was a highly significant correlation between daily protein intake and lipid intake implying the major sources of protein in the diet were also major sources of fat. Daily intakes of dietary fiber, vitamin C, iron, and phosphorous were above the recommended levels of intake. However, blood hemoglobin concentration was marginal indicating dietary iron consumption is not a good marker for iron status. Also, calcium intake was only 63.5% of the recommended intake. Therefore, these results imply that main problems for these subjects are low energy consumption, low calcium intake, and the quality of protein. However, as opposed to the hypothesis, the main energy sources were not the food items high in saturated fats such as instant foods, which should be emphasized further.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1996

Effects of dietary calcium(Ca), protein, and phosphorus(P) intake on bone mineral density (BMD) were investigated in 129 Korean premenopausal women(age 31-54 years) without diagnosed disease. BMD was measured at the spine(vertebrae L2-4) and femur(neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter). By stepwise multiple regression analysis it was shown that protein, Ca, and P intakes affected most significantly on BMD at the vertebrae L2-4, protein and P intakes affected most significantly on BMD at the femoral neck and Ward's triangle, and body mass index(BMI) affected most significantly on BMD at the trochanteric region. When ate-matched BMD % at the vertebrae L2-4 and all femoral sites was grouped by three levels(<90%, 90-99%, >=100%), only at the vertebrae L2-4>=100% and 90-99% groups had higher Ca intakes than <90% groups. When Ca, protein and P intakes of the recommended level for Korean(RDA) were grouped by three levels (Ca or P ; <=650mg/d, 650-750mg/d, >=750mg/d, Protein ; <=55g/d, 55-60g/d, >=65g/d), only at the vertebrae L2-4>55g/d of protein intake had higher age-matched BMD % than <=55g/d intake, >=750mg/d of Ca and P intakes, age-matched BMD % than <=650mg/d. In RDA range of Ca, protein, and P intakes, age-matched BMD % of the vertebrae L2-4 and all femoral sites was greater than 90%. Correlation between Ca intake and vertebral BMD was examined closer. There was more significant linear correlation between vertebral BMD and Ca intake below 800mg/d(r=0.346, p<0.0001)than above(r=0.376, p<0.019), implying a threshold effect and vertebral BMD was better expressed as a function of the logarithm of calcium intake(r=0.3881, p<0.0001). These results suggest that Ca, protein, and P intakes greater than RDA help to maintain proper BMD in middle-aged prementopausal women. Especially dietary Ca have important role in increasing the vertebral BMD and 800mg/d of Ca intake is optimum amount.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-337
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• 2007

In this study, the interest of female high school students's(N=500) for weight control, as well as nutrient intake status, were analyzed. The mean age, height, and weight of the subjects were, 19.3 years, 162.2 cm and 55.4 kg respectively. Mean BMI was $21.1 kg/m^2$. According to BMI, the percentage of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese were 18.5 %, 60.3%, 11.3%, and 11.3% respectively. By the BMI criteria, 60.3% of the subjects were normal weight while the rate of self-recognition was 41.5%. The degree of satisfaction regarding self-body image was only 17.1% and 60.9% showed an interest in weight control. The reason for weight reduction were appearance(65.1 %) and health(24.2%). The body areas where subjects wanted to lose weight included the thighs(32.9%) and whole body(29.3%). They believed the most effective weight control strategy was exercise(81.1 %) and the strategies they used were diet(59.1 %) and exercise(40.4%). Energy intake was 1,733.4 kcal which was 86.7% of the estimated energy requirements(EER). Calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C intakes were less than EAR by 34.4%, 40.4%, and 59.6% respectively. The intake of dietary fiber was 5.1 g only 21.1 % of the adequate intake(AI). In summary, high school females interested in weight control have significantly less calcium intake than their peers. The correlations between interest in weight control and weight and BMI were significant(p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that to achieve optimal growth, improved diets that include calcium, vitamin $B_2$, and vitamin C are recommended. High school females interested in weight control should especially be targeted for education on calcium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.473-482
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• 1994

This study was to compare the bioavailability of calcium from anchovy and tofu to those of calcium from calcium carbonate(CaCO3)as the control diet and non-fat dry milk(NFDM). Rats weighing 50-60g were placed on experimental diets and deionized water at free access for 4 weeks. Diets contained 0.2% calcium from calcium-carbonate, NFDM, anchovy, tofu or 0.5% calcium as obtained were as follows : 1) No significant differences in the apparent absorption of calcium(62.5%-71.0%) were observed in the rats fed four different calcium sources at the level of 0.2% while 0.5% calcium diet group apparently absorbed calcium less efficiently(52.2%). 2) Bone length of tibia and femur was not significantly different among the groups, though 0.5% calcium of control group showed slightly longer length. 3) Tibia fat-free dry weights of 0.2% calcium of NFDM and anchovy diet groups were not significantly different from that of 0.5% calcium of control group. For femurs NFDM, anchovy and tofu groups were similar in their fat-free dry weight to that of 0.5% calcium group. 4) For calcium contents tibia contents tibia from anchovy treated group showed higher value than calcium-carbonate and tofu groups and the value was not significantly different from that of 0.5% calcium group. In femur NFDM, tofu and calcium-carbonate groups were not significantly different in their calcium content but 0.5% calcium group had higher level of calcium than 0.2% calcium groups. 5) The normalized values(NV) show that there was no significant differences in NV among 0.2% CaCO3 anchovy and tofu groups, while NV of NFDM group was significantly lower than that of calcium-carbonate group. NV of 0.5% calcium group was a little more than 50% of those in 0.2% calcium groups. Though the values obtained for the calcium bioavailability were somewhat variable among experimental products, it was demonstrated that anchovy and tofu are as good as NFDM for the dietary calcium provider when calcium intake is at marginal level.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 1999

We examined the obesity levels and dietary habits of 323 college students taking the course 'Health and Diet' as a part of their nutritional education. The average percentages of body fat, BMI and RBW for subjects in this study were 16.7%, $21.5kg/m^2$ and -1.2% in male students and 27.3%, $21.2kg/m^2$ and 1.0% in female students, respectively. BMI and RBW indicated fewer cases of obesity among female students than BIA did. The average intake of energy by subjects was lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDA of energy. In particular, the average intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A by female students were much lower than the RDAs of each of those nutrients. The percent RDAs of nutrient intakes of energy, protein, thiamin, and riboflavin were lower in under weight students than in students of normal and over-weight. Female students were found to skip meals and consume sweet foods more frequently than male students. The obesity levels of students related to the number of meals eaten per day as well as the frequency of consuming sweet foods. Although, it was not possible to determine statistically, the levels obesity also seemed to correspond to the speed at which meals were eaten as well as the frequency of eating salty foods. These results suggest that in order to assess obesity properly, more research that focuses on subjects' gender should be conducted. In addition, nutritional education should emphasize the importance of intakes of energy and phosphorus for male students, and the danger of iron and calcium deficiencies for female students. We should also educate students about dietary habits which contribute to obesity such as overeating and the intake of sweet foods.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2008

This study examined the effects of mulberry-leaf powder Tofu(MPT) on the anthropometric measurements, bone mineral density(BMD), biochemical markers of bone turnover, serum lipid levels of and macrominerals status in 30 female university students living in Choongnam with low dietary Ca intake was low(mean daily $intake=524.66{\pm}21.47$ mg/day). The subjects received the MPT supplemented(100 g/day) for 4 weeks. The nutrient content per 100 g MPT was 84.10 kcal(energy), 8.98 g(protein), 0.53 mg(fiber), 211.33 mg(Ca) and 1.59 g(fat). Anthropometric measurements, 24-hour dietary recall, carpus BMD using DEXA, select BMD biomarckers(serum alkaline phophatase activity, osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline), serum protein levels, albumin, and glucose levels, lipid profiles(cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and serum macrominerals(Ca, Ca/P ratio, Mg) were analyzed before and after MPT supplementation. Following MPT supplementation, there was no significant differences in anthropometric measurements, nutrient intakes, carpus BMD, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, and urinary deoxypyridinoline, serum levels of protein, albumin, and glucose or lipid profiles with AI, HTR, LHR and CRF. However, there were significant increases in dietary calcium as well as decreases in serum triglycerides with MPT supplementation. Although further research is needed, these results that regular intake MPT could prevent bone and cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.111-124
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• 2001

The relation between dietary behavior and fast food consumption was investigated among 117 male and 164 female students at a high school in Seoul. The main reason for eating fast foods was convenience. In addition, they used fast food chain stores as a get together place with friends. They enjoyed taste of fast foods as well as the atmosphere of stores but they regarded fast foods somewhat expensive for high school students. Among them, 30.1% of the female students had irregular meals and they ate more irregularly than males. More students took too much or too little amount(45.3% of male, 52.5% of female students) than those who took adequate amount. They skipped breakfast the most frequently because they are in a hurry. Most students took snacks once a day and they considered taste of snacks was more important than nutrition or price. They consumed less calorie, calcium, iron, and riboflavin than RDA. Mean caloric intakes of males and females were 79.0% and 97.1% of RDA, respectively. Mean calcium and iron intakes were less than 70% of RDA. Among many factors that may influence nutrient intake, anthropometric indices turned out to be the most influential. Body weight showed significantly positive correlation with caloric, protein, thiamin, and ascorbic acid intakes in male students where both height and weight showed positive relation with calorie, protein, and iron intakes in females. Therefore, this study suggested that fast food stores should make efforts to provide more foods and beverages which are supplemented with calcium and iron. Also, better nutrition education programs should be established to improve high school students dietary habit to complement these nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.554-567
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• 2001

It is necessary to compare the dietary characteristics among different age groups because different nutritional problems require different dietary applications. This study was performed to identify the nutritional characteristics of Korean diet among different age groups. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. Energy intake was as much as 1771kcal for PC, 2139kcal for EC, 2475kcal for HS, 2276kcal for CS, 1860kcal for 30-49 years, 1715kcal for 50-69 years, 1326kcal for over 70 years. The subjects of PC, EC, HS, and CS groups got about 25% of energy from fat, but the subjects in 30-49 years, 16%, those in 50-69 years, 15%, and those over 70 years, 13%. The energy consumption from protein was about 15% in each age group. Percent of energy intake as Korean RDA was greater than 100% for PC, EC, HS, and male CS groups. The percent intake for RDA of calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B$_2$was low in most age group. Iron intake was inadequate in female of PC and CS groups, and subjects in 30-49 years and over 70 years. Mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.9 in PC, and decreased with increase of age. Therefore MAR did not reach to 0.7 among subjects over 70 years. Index of nutritional quality(INQ) for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B was below 1 in most age groups. From these results, major nutritional problems of each age group were overall inadequate intakes of calcium and iron, excess consumption of protein and fat for PC, EC, HS, and CS groups, and inadequate nutrients intake of subjects over 70 years old. According to these results, each age group seems to need specific nutritional intervention. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 554~567, 2001)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 1997

The health-related habits dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes of the elderly living in Cheongju were investigated by interviews with a questionnaire from August to September in 1996. The responses of 169 free-living elderly aged over 65(male 91, female 78) were analyzed. Thirty-six percent of the subjects smoked currently, 33$\%$, drank alcoholic beverages, and 52$\%$ exercise regularly. Exercise was mostly in the from of walking for $\frac{1}{2}$-1 hour. Significantly higher proportions of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females. Food groups eaten at every meal were examined on a 5-point scale, and the consumption scores were compared with groups according to sex, age, smoking, drinking, and exercise habits. The elderly who exercised regularly got significantly higher scores in their calcium intakes and the variety of the 6 food groups than the elderly who did not exercise. The dietary assessment data showed that the energy intakes of males and females were 81.9$\%$and 72.8$\%$ of the RDAs, respectively. The proportions of the elderly consuming less than 75$\%$ of RDAs of vitamin A and calcium were 96.5$\%$ and 91.1$\%$ of the total subjects, respectively. Higher educational status, more pocket money and regular exercise had positive effects on nutrient intakes, while smoking and drinking among females, but not males, had negative effects. Therefore, to improve nutritional status of the elderly, intake of vitamin A-and calcium-rich food such as milk with regular exercise should be emphasized on the education program. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 556-567, 1997)