• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.302-306
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• 1995

E. coli was tested for their ability to uptake cadmium intracellularly, and the effect of zinc and calcium on cadmium toxicity to E. coli was observed. In addition, the effect of zinc and calcium on the uptake of cadimium was also studied. This study showed that living E. coli cells took up more cadmium than the dead cells. E. coli in the log phase uptake cadimiumm more actively than E. coli in the stationary phase. These results suggested that there may be metabolic reactions or compounds which encourage the uptake of cadimium. This study also showed that cadimium was sequestered by cell components of which molecular weight is about 30,000. Adding of zinc and calcium chloride reduced cadmium toxicity in E. coli and encouraged intracellular uptake by E coli. However adding of heavy metal solutions helped the microorganisms to adsorb more cadmium. Extremely high or low concentrations of zinc, however, did not affect cell viability.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the antitoxic component in methanol fraction of Lonicerae fios. The results were as follows: 1. When a 500 ppm of water soluble fraction of Lonicerae flos was administered, it showed the highest antitoxic effect. 2. Generally, detoxication effects by methanol fraction of Lonicerae fios increased. When the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Lonicerae rios was administered, it exhibited the highest antitoxic effect against the toxicity of cadmium in Liver. 3. The combined administration of cadmium and methanol fraction of Lonicerae rios significantly increased metallothionein in liver compared to administration of cadmium only. This phenomenon was more remarkable when the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Lonicerae fios was administered with cadmium chloride.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.26-32
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• 1997

To evaluate the cytogenetic toxicity, of cadmium and the reducing effect of selenium or zinc on cadmium toxicity, the induction of SCEs in cultured human lymphocytes by the concentraion of 0.5 $\mu$M to 16.0 $\mu$M of cadmium chloride and those of cadmium chloride combined with sodium selenite or zinc chloride 1.2 $\mu$M, respectively was investigated. The induction of SCEs by cadmium chloride in the range of 0.5 $\mu$M to 16.0 $\mu$M increased in a dose-dependent manner. A notable increase in SCEs by sodium selenite as well as zinc chloride was also observed. However, the frequency of SCEs by cadmium chloride was inhibited by the simultaneous addition of sodium selenite and zinc chloride 1.2 $\mu$M, respectively. The mitotic index significantly decreased in higher concentration of cadmium chloride but not was significantly different in any concentration of cadmium chloride with the simultaneous addition of sodium selenite or zinc chloride. The results showed that the decreased additive SCE effect was observed when induced by the combined treatment which could suggest that sodium selenite and zinc chloride have a protective effect on cadmium chloride.

• 약학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.206-215
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• 1985

1) Puerariae Radix butanol ext. (100, 200, 400mg/kg, p.o. single treatment) alone partly showed blood pressure decreasing effect in SHRs and increasing effect of urinary volume in normal rats. 2) Cadmium nitrate (10mg/kg, s.c. single treatment) induced toxicity such as body weight decreasing effect, antidiuretic effect and muscle relaxant effect such as pull-up test, traction test and rota rod test in rats. However, Puerariae Radix butanol ext. (100, 200, 400mg/kg, p.o. single treatment) showed antidotal effects on the above and also in acute toxicity test when coadministered with both of them. 3) Cadmium nitrate (1mg/kg, s.c. 7 days consecutive treatment) did not showed toxicity in body weight change, blood pressure, change, serum biochemical parameters in rats. Puerariae Radix butanol ext. (100, 200, 400mg/kg, p.o. 7 days consecutive treatment) did not also showed any antidotal effects when coadministered with both of them for 7 days.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.771-775
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• 2007

Licorice has been used for cure of injuries and for detoxification in East Asia. This study investigated the protective effect of licorice water extract against cadmium (CdCl$_2$, Cd)-induced nephro-toxicity in rats. To induce acute toxicity, Cd (4 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and then, intravenously (i.v.) injected to animals. In experiments, animals were orally administrated with vehicle or licorice water extract (50-100 mg/kg) for 3 days, exposed to a single injection of Cd after 24 h the last licorice/vehicle treatment. Licorice protected kidney injuries by Cd treatment. The number of glomeruli showing vasodilatation and thickening of Bowman's capsule was dose-dependently decreased by licorice. These results suggest that licorice might be a potent preventive protector against Cd-induced nephro-toxicity in rats.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.874-881
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• 1997

곤쟁이 Neomysis awatschensis의 치하와 성체에 대한 중금속의 급성독성 수준과 아치사 농도에서 생존, 성장, 탈피 및 산소소비에 미치는 cadmium, copper 및 chromium의 독성을 검토하였다. Cadmium, copper 및 chromium에 대한 곤쟁이 성체의 $96hr-LC_{50}$은 각각 20.2, 11.3, $670.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$, 치하에서는 각각 3.4, 1.9 및 $49.4\;{\mu}g/\ell$이었다. 성체와 치하의 $96hr-LC_{50}$을 기준으로 중금속의 독성은 copper>cadmium>chromium 순이었다. 치하를 각 중금속의 아치사 농도에 40일간 노출시키면서 생존, 성장 및 탈피에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과, 생존율은 cadmium이 $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell,\;copper\geq0.6\;{\mu}/\ell$에서 유의한 감소를 보였다. 성장률은 cadmium $2.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$와 copper $\geq1.2\;{\mu}g/\ell$의 농도에서 유의한 감소가 관찰되었으나 탈피기간에는 영향이 없었다. 산소소비량은 중금속 농도가 높을수록 감소하였고, 대조구의 산소소비량을 기준으로 하여 중금속 농도에 따른 산소 소비량은 cadmium과 copper는 $5\;{\mu}g/\ell$ chromium은 $10\;{\mu}g/\ell$ 농도에서 약 $50\%$ 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 하구역에 cadmium이 $\geq1.0\;{\mu}g/\ell$, copper가 $\geq0.6\;{\mu}g/\ell$ 농도가 존재할 경우 곤쟁이의 분포와 개체군의 크기에는 많은 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 1978

Short-term acute toxicity of mercury, cadmium and copper to arkshell, Anadara broughtonii, and to oyster, Crassostrea gigas, was determinedby static bioassays from 20 May to 27 June in 1977. During the observations of the opening rate of the shell mercury was the most sensitive toxicant of the three toxic substances to the test animals and caused them to close their shellvalves together after being exposed to a mercury solution for an hour during the test. Opening rate to cadmium and copper increased gradually at the higher concentration. the 96hr-LC50 values for the test animals are 4.84mg/l for mercury and 1.86mg/l for cadmium, while the 72hr-LC50 value for copper is 0.31mg/l. the death rate of oysters for cadmium showed lower than that of the mercury and copper test solutions. The 96hr-LC50 values of mercury, copper and cadmium were 1.1mg/l, 2.54mg/l and 19.5mg/l, respectively. For oysters mercury was the most toxic substance, and cadmium was the least toxic one. the medium lethal time (LT 50) value decreased gradually at higher concentration of heavy metals. The LT 50 of 2mg/l was found within 96 hours ofr copper, 104 hours for mercury and 121 hours for cadmium. The lethal threshold concentrations for 7 days were found to be about 1mg/l for mercury and copper, and 2mg/l for cadmium.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.91-101
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• 1996

Exposure indices are important tools which enable scientists to reliably predict and detect exposures to xenobiotics and resultant cell injury. Since the de novo synthesis of stress proteins can be detected early after exposure to some agents, analysis of toxicant-induced changes in gene expression, i.e. alterations in patterns of protein synthesis, may be useful to develop as biomarkers of exposure and toxicity. The acute and chronic effects of cadmium(Cd, $CdCl_2$ 20 mg/kg) on Wistar male rats were evaluated concerning cadmium contents, tissues enzyme activity, HSP expression. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Less cadmium was absorbed through the digestive tracts, but the ratio of contents in renal to hepatic cadmium was higher at 8 weeks after treatment. 2. ALT(alanine aminotransferase), AST(aspartate aminotransferase), glucose, BUN(blood urea nitrogen), creatinine, the key indices of the clinical changes in hepatic and renal function were significantly changed by the cadmium treatment after 1 week in liver, after 4 weeks in kidney. 3. Enhanced synthesis of 70 KDa relative molecular mass proteins were detected in 2 hours after cadmium exposure, with maximum activity occurring at 8~48 hours. Induction of $HSP_{70}$ was evident at proximal tubules and glomeruli in kidney. Testicular cells produced enough HSP to be detected normally. From the above results, it could be concluded that $HSP_{70}$ induction by the cadmium treatment was a rapid reaction to indicate the exposure of xenobiotics.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.833-842
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• 1994

To elucidate the protective effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus-fermented milk against cadmium toxicity, the effects of administration of L acidophilus-fermented milk on hematological values and histopathological changes in cadmium-treated rats were investigated. The experimental rats were divided into 2 groups that were consisted of the one group administered with cadmium alone, and the other group administered with cadmium mixed with the fermented milk. Each group was orally administered with different doses of cadmium such as $1.7{\mu}g/g$ bw/day, $3.4{\mu}g/g$ bw/day, $6.8{\mu}g/g$ bw/day, and $13.6{\mu}g/g$ bw/day, respectively, for 1 to 8 weeks. Hematological values and enzyme activities, histopathological changes of kidney tissues were examined for the experimental groups. The values of RBC, WBC, and Hb in the groups administered with cadmium mixed with the fermented milk showed no significant differences to those of the groups administered with cadmium alone, but Hct showed significant reducing values. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in serum were significantly reduced than those of the groups administered with cadmium alone, at the low dose of cadmium treated groups. But alkaline phophatase(ALP) and lactate dehydorgenase(LDH) were significantly reduced at the high dose of cadmium treated groups. In histopathological study, a severe acute tubular necrosis of the convoluted tubules and distalation of tubules were showed in the groups administered with cadmium alone, but the kidney tissues of the groups administered with cadmium mixed with the fermented milk were similar to those of the normal group. In conclusion, the above results would suggest that L acidophilus-fermented milk has reducing effects on cadmium toxicity, at the low dose of cadmium administration.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.110-119
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• 1991

This study was performed to investigate the applicability of 9 chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange analysis for the assessment of cytotoxicity and cytogenetic effects of cadmium. Induction of chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange in CHO-K1 cells and human peripheral lymphocytes by 2 hour-treatment of CdCl$_{2}$ with various concentrations was observed in relation to their frequencies and types of aberration. The frequency of chromosome aberration in CHO cells treated with CdCl$+{2}$ at G$_{1}$ was increased with dose-dependent manner. When human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with cadmium at G0 and harvested at 72 hours there after, the response was dose-dependent and all the aberrations were also chromatid types. There was no significant increase in frequencies of sister chromatid exchange in both CHO cells and human lymphocytes treated with different concentrations of cadmium. It was suggested that SCE analysis was not a good assessment method for cadmium toxicity.