• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.135-145
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• 2008

Biogenic amines are naturally occurring anti-nutrition factors. They are causative agents in food poising episodes and act as catalysts to allergic reactions. The most commonly occurring biogenic amines in foods are: Histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine, spermine, spermidine and agmatine. The objective of this study was to identify changes and content levels of specific biogenic amines at selected storage temperatures $20{^{\circ}C}$, $4{^{\circ}C}$, and $-25{^{\circ}C}$, respectively. This study will focus on histamine, cadaverine, and putrescine concentrations in the following dark-fleshed fishes: Mackerel (Scomber japonicus), Horse Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), Mackerel Pike (Cololabis saira), and Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius). Biogenic amines were determined using a method based on an extraction procedure described in the derivatisation and HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The the recovery rate of individual amines was higher than those found in ion exchange chromatography. The results from the dark fleshed fish stability trial showed that high content of histamine (cadaverine and putrescine) were produced within a short period of time at $20{^{\circ}C}$. Fish stored at lower temperatures $4{^{\circ}C}$, showed lower content of biogenic amines. At $-25{^{\circ}C}$ the production of histamine, cadaverine and putrescine did not initiate until after day 100. All fish recorded the content of histamine below 1 mg/kg with the exception of the Horse Mackerel.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine content of biogenic amines (Histamine, Cadaverine, Putrescine) in the salted mackerel, canned mackerel, mackerel pike, and freeze dried mackerel pike (Guamegi) collectively, all were purchased in the market. Salted mackerel was purchased at five markets (A, B, C, D, and F market) and stored for 10 days at $4{^{\circ}C}$. At the time of purchase, salted mackerel purchased at markets A, B and C was tested for biogenic amine, yet nothing was detected. However, salt mackerel purchased at market D was tested and the histamine concentration was 0.5 mg/100g. Mackerel from market F, exhibited content levels of 0.5 mg/100g histamine and 1.6 mg/100g cadaverine. Those make certain safety during self-life but that purchased F market gradually increased biogenic amine during storage. Prepared salted mackerel of varying levels of freshness and processing methods were analyzed for biogenic amines. Salting process was performed using functional brine salt. VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) was used to establish freshness levels of salted mackerel. Analyses of mackerel muscle determined the values of freshness to be 9.2 mg/100g (good freshness), 18.2 mg/100g (bad freshness), respectively. After 40 days of storage, the content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in the freshness of salted mackerel was 2.0 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg, respectively. The content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in salted mackerel of poor freshness was 71.3 mg/kg, 22.9 mg/kg and 17.8 mg/kg, respectively. It was concluded the presence of biogenic amines during the salting process of salted mackerel significantly effected freshness of materials. The presence of biogenic amines were detected in mackerel that underwent the salting process after 1 month of storage at $4{^{\circ}C}$. The levels of biogenic amines in the brine salted mackerel were higher than those found in dry, salted mackerel; however, the freshness of fish had an insignificant effect on biogenic amines. The presence of histamine was detected in small quantities in canned mackerel and mackerel pike from three companies. Alternatively, cadaverine and putrescine were not detected. Guamegi, vacuumed packed or sealed with a rope was purchased from three markets (A, B, C seafood company). Guamegi was stored and observed for 180 days at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Histamine was detected in small quantities in all products stored at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Levels of histamine was dependent on the types of packaging, rope packaging yielded the highest level. However, other amines were not detected.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.265-271
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• 1992

대두의 발아 후 초기 생장 단계의 조직에서 IAA가 DAO에 미치는 영향에 관하여 조사하였다. DAO의 활성은 발아전 자엽에서는 나타나지 않으나 발아 후 3일된 조직에 나타나기 시작하여 4일된 조직에서 가장 높았고 이후 다시 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 내생 IAA 함량도 4일된 조직에서 가장 높았다. 그러나, cadaverine의 함량은 4일된 조직에서 감소하였다. IAA가 DAO에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 3일된 조직에 다양한 농도로 처리하였다. 저농도($10^{-7}-10^{-6}M$) IAA 처리구에서는 대조구에 비하여 활성이 증가하였으나 고농도($10^{-5}-10^{-4}M$) IAA 처리구에서는 대조구와 유사한 활성이 조사되었다. DAO의 활성 변화와는 달리 cadaverine의 함량은 고농도 IAA 처리구에서 증가하였다. 한편, 고농도 IAA 처리구에서는 에틸렌이 발생하였다. 따라서, 에틸렌이 DAO의 활성에 미치는 영향을 보기 위하여 NDE를 처리한 결과 DAO의 활성에는 아무런 영향도 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.464-468
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• 2015

The production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using GABA-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been considered to be an attractive strategy. However, some LAB may produce biogenic amines (BA), which may be of concern from the safety viewpoint. The aim of the present study was to characterize the production of GABA and BA in the soybean pastes fermented by Aspergillus oryzae (A. oryzae) FMB S46471 and GABA-producing Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis) GABA 100. After a ripening period of 90 days, the levels of BA (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine) and GABA in the fermented soybean were assessed by highperformance liquid chromatography. The soybean pastes fermented by A. oryzae and L. brevis showed a range of 7,130-11,592 mg/kg for GABA, 178-305 mg/kg for tyramine, 139-163 mg/kg for putrescine, 7.4-10.8 mg/kg for histamine, and 7.1-7.9 mg/kg for cadaverine, whereas the soybean pastes fermented by A. oryzae only showed a range of 30-1,671 mg/kg for GABA, 0.8-189 mg/kg for tyramine, 1.3-85 mg/kg for putrescine, up to 3.6 mg/kg for histamine, and 0.2-2.4 mg/kg for cadaverine. The results showed that the production of GABA was accompanied by the increase in the production of BA, even though the production levels of histamine and cadaverine were very low. This is the first study to simultaneously characterize the production of BA and GABA in GABA-enriched fermented soybean pastes, and warrants further study to minimize the production of BA while optimizing the production of GABA.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.1127-1129
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• 2002

국내에 유통되고 있는 시판 14개사 맥주 중의 biogenic amines의 함량을 조사하였다. 시판 국내 외산 맥주에서 검출된 biogenic amine은 putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, ${\beta}-phenylethylamine$, spermine 및 tyramine 등으로 총 6가지 종류가 검출되었으며, 각 제조회사에 따른 함량 차이를 보였다. 검출된 biogenic amines 중 모든 제품에서 SPM이 가장 높은 함량을 보였다. 국내산 맥주 중에는 CAD 및 PHE, 수입산 제품의 경우는 PHE 및 TYR의 함량이 제조사별 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 맥주의 화학적 안전성 확보를 위해 지속적인 함량조사가 필요하다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.324-334
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the related health risk by investigating the content of biogenic amines (BAs) in commercial fermented alcoholic beverages. Methods: Ninety-seven samples, including takjus (34), fruit wines (26), distilled liquors (20) and beers (17) were purchased in Gangwon-do (Province) in 2019. The eight BAs (putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, spermidine, tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, histamine, and tryptamine) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) after extraction (0.4 M HClO₄), pigment removal (carbon cartridge) and derivatization (1% dansylchloride). The health risk of exposure to BAs due to ingestion of commercial fermented alcoholic beverages was estimated as the margin of exposure (MOE). Results: Various BAs were detected in takju, fruit wine, distilled liquor and beer. Putrescine (not detected (ND)-12.60 mg/L), cadaverine (ND-5.45 mg/L), tyramine (ND-8.34 mg/L), β-phenylethylamine (ND-13.73 mg/L), histamine (ND-7.96 mg/L), and tryptamine (ND-19.00 mg/L) were found in takju. Putrescine (ND-15.34 mg/L), cadaverine (ND-7.90 mg/L), β-phenylethylamine (ND-3.06 mg/L), histamine (ND-9.68 mg/L), and tryptamine (ND-14.06 mg/L) were identified in fruit wine. Putrescine (less than limit of detection (

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the hygienic quality of commercial Kwamegi, a Korean traditional food, made from semi-dried Pacific saury. The hygienic qualities of 10 Kwamegi samples were examined from the 15 commercially available types. Samples with code 3, 4, 6, 11 and 12 were acceptable based on criteria suggested by Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (i.e. moisture below 50%, total mercury below 0.5 ppm, lead below 2.0 ppm, viable cells below $1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g and coliform count below $1.0{\times}10^3$ MPN/100g. Peroxide value of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 15.3-104.1 meq/kg. Agmatine sulfate, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, dopamine and spermine were found in all of the 15 commercially available Kwamegi, while tryptamine and 2-phenylethylamine were not detected. Putrescine dihydrochloride was only detected in 7 samples. The histamine content of commercial Kwamegi ranged from 33-124mg/kg, which is believed to be an acceptable limit according to guidelines from other countries. Cadaverine can be used as a potential index for freshness of commercial Kwamegi as there is a good correlation between volatile basic nitrogen and biogenic amine contents.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.713-716
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• 2002

발효기간동안 된장에서 검출된 biogenic amine은 putrescine cadaverine, tryptamine $\beta$-phenylethylamine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine 및 agmatine 등으로 총 9가지 종류이며 , 검출된 biogenic amine 중 agmatine의 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 된장의 발효기간에 따른 biogenic amine함량은 종류에 따라 증가 혹은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 감마선 조사에 의해 발효기간 중 대부분의 biogenic amine함량이 20~60% 가량 유의적(p<0.05)으로 감소하였는데, 이 중 spermine 및 agmatine은 대조구와 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않아 감마선 조사에 의한 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 감마선 조사기술은 된장숙성 중의 biogenic amine 생성을 억제시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 1989

멸치를 물로 씻은 후 식염 10%, 15%, 20% 및 식염과 염화칼리 1:1 홈합염 10%를 각기 첨가하여 1~12주간 숙성할 때 불휘발성 아민의 함량과 미생물의 변화와 시중에 유통중인 멸치젓의 불휘발성아민 함량을 조사하였다. 불휘발성아민은 식염농도가 높을수록 생성량이 적었고 숙성기간별 생성량은 histamine의 경우 숙성 초기부터 증가하여 6주째에 식염 10%, 멸치젓이 657.8ppm으로 최고치를 나타낸 후 감소하기 시작하여 숙성 12주째는 식염 20%, 멸치젓이 210.8ppm으로 가장 적었고 혼합염 10% 멸치젓이 310.8ppm으로 가장 많이 생성되었다. Cadaverine과 putrescine은 숙성 8주째까지 생성량이 증가한 후 점차적으로 줄어들었고 tyramine은 숙성 10주째까지 RPthrwmd가한 뒤 숙성 12주째 현저히 감소하였다. 시중 유통품과 식염 함량이 비슷한 20% 멸치젓의 12주째 실험결과를 비교하면 시중 유통품의 불휘발성 아민 함량이 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 미생물의 변화는 숙성 초기에는 Achromobacter 속, Aeromonas 속 및 Pseudomonas속이, 숙성 중기에는 Pediococcus속 , Microc....us 속 및 Lactobacillus 속이 많았으며 숙성 후기에는 Sacchromyces 속이 증가하였고 전 숙성기간 동안 미생물은 109주가 분리되었다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.55-71
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• 1995

소맥 종자의 발아 과정중 strontium의 생리적 작용을 규명하기 위해 초엽, 종근 및 배유에서의 free amine의 함량변화가 측정되었다. $GA_3$를 포함한 배양액에 strontium 농도의 증가는 종근에서의 putrescine과 초엽에서의 spermidine의 축적을 현저히 유발하였다. $10\;{\mu}M$ 정도의 저농도에서도 strontium에 의한 putrescine 증가는 뚜렷한 반면, spermidine 증가는 10 mM의 고농도 처리에서 현저했다. 종근 생장을 억제하는 1mM 내지 10mM의 strontium 농도에서, g 생체중당 putrescine 수준은 동일농도 calcium 처리에서 보다 각각 22.4배와 15.3배 높았다. 특히 putrescine과 spermidine 증가에 의한 총 free amine 수준의 중가는 생체중 대비 뿐만이 아닌 RNA 함량 대비에서도 중요한 생리적 반응으로 보여졌다. Strontium과 대조적으로 고농도 calcium (10 mM) 처리는 초엽과 종근에서의 agmatine과 cadaverine 함량의 증가를 유발했다. Cadaverine은 calcium을 처리했을 경우에만 검출되었다. 그러나 $1\;{\mu}M$ 에서 1 mM 수준의 calcium 처리는 총 free amine 함량의 감소를 가져왔다. Strontium과 calcium 존재하에서의 발아과정중 축적되는 amine 종류의 차이와 총 free amine 중 diaminine 비율과 총 free amine 중 Polyamine 비율의 변화는 strontium과 calcium 간의 생리적 대사반응의 차이중 하나로 판단되었다.