• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2016

Purpose: Increasing use of computer aided design-computer aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) system and number of design software made design of restoration easy and quick. Outcome of restoration has been dependent on dental technician's wax up proficiency, dentists can design restoration for themselves now. This study aims to investigate the outcome of restoration designs, according to handling skill of CAD-CAM design tool. Materials and methods: A patient's mandibular right 1st molar was prepared. After taking impression, stone model was made, scanned the stone model with 3 shape intra-oral scanner, stereolithography (STL) file was extracted. With 3shape dental designer, one dental technician with more than 5 years work experience (designer 0) and three dental technicians with less than 2years work experience (designer 1, 2, 3-group DT) and 4 1st year residents (designer 4, 5, 6, 7-group RT) designed gold crown on the same STL file. Designed crown's MD (mesio-distal) and BL (bucco-lingual) diameter, height of crown, inter-cuspal distance, number of occlusal contact points were compared. Statistical analysis was carried out, test of normality within each group, using independent t-test. Number of contact points were compared, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: There was no significant difference between group DT and group RT. Number of contact points also resulted in no significant difference. Conclusion: The outcome of each designed crowns showed no statistical differences, in values which can be expressed as numbers. Subjective factors were different. With increasing proficiency in handling designing software, fabrication of restorations according to each designer's occlusal concept can be made easy.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluated color differences (${\Delta}Es$) and translucency parameter changes (${\Delta}TPs$) of various computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks after immersion in coffee. Materials and Methods: Eight CAD/CAM blocks and four restorative composite resins were evaluated. The CIE $L^{\ast}a^{\ast}b^{\ast}$ values of 2.0 mm thick disk-shaped specimens were measured using the spectrophotometer on white and black backgrounds (n = 6). The ${\Delta}Es$ and ${\Delta}TPs$ of one day, one week, and one month immersion in coffee or water were calculated. The values of each material were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons (${\alpha}=0.05$). The ${\Delta}Es$ after prophylaxis paste polishing of 1 month coffee immersion specimens, water sorption and solubility were also evaluated. Results: After one month in coffee, ${\Delta}Es$ of CAD/CAM composite resin blocks and restorative composites ranged from 1.6 to 3.7 and from 2.1 to 7.9, respectively, and ${\Delta}TPs$ decreased. The ANOVA of ${\Delta}Es$ and ${\Delta}TPs$ revealed significant differences in two main factors, immersion periods and media, and their interaction except for ${\Delta}Es$ of TEL (Telio CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent). The ${\Delta}Es$ significantly decreased after prophylaxis polishing except GRA (Gradia Block, GC). There was no significant correlation between ${\Delta}Es$ and water sorption or solubility in water. Conclusions: The ${\Delta}Es$ of CAD/CAM blocks after immersion in coffee varied among products and were comparable to those of restorative composite resins. The discoloration of CAD/CAM composite resin blocks could be effectively removed with prophylaxis paste polishing, while that of some restorative composites could not be removed.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.27.1-27.9
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of the thickness and shade of 3 types of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 specimens of 2 shades (A1 and A3) and 2 thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were fabricated using VITA Mark II (VM; VITA Zahnfabrik), IPS e.max CAD (IE; IvoclarVivadent), and VITA Suprinity (VS; VITA Zahnfabrik) (n = 10 per subgroup). The amount of light transmission through the ceramic specimens was measured by a radiometer (Optilux, Kerr). Light-cured resin cement samples (Choice 2, Bisco) were fabricated in a Teflon mold and activated through the various ceramics with different shades and thicknesses using an LED unit (Bluephase, IvoclarVivadent). In the control group, the resin cement sample was directly light-cured without any ceramic. Vickers microhardness indentations were made on the resin surfaces (KoopaPazhoohesh) after 24 hours of dark storage in a $37^{\circ}C$ incubator. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Tukey post hoc test (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: Ceramic thickness and shade had significant effects on light transmission and the microhardness of all specimens (p < 0.05). The mean values of light transmittance and microhardness of the resin cement in the VM group were significantly higher than those observed in the IE and VS groups. The lowest microhardness was observed in the VS group, due to the lowest level of light transmission (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Greater thickness and darker shades of the 3 types of CAD/CAM ceramics significantly decreased the microhardness of the underlying resin cement.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.112-125
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• 2015

Making a model that is an accurate replica of the oral structure requires precision and efficiency. Nowadays, rapid technological advances bring digitalization in dentistry. One of the most important works in digital dentistry is three-dimensional modeling of the oral cavity and digitizing the 3D data. Among the three components of CAD/CAM, (1) data capture component (digitizers), (2) design component (CAD software), (3) manufacturing component (CAM), the basic component that has a significant impact on the other processes is the data capture component, i.e. intra-oral scanners. This literature review discusses the principles and clinical use of intra-oral scanners in dentistry based on recent publications of the past 5 years using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2015

Nowadays, CAD/CAM is broadly used in dentistry for inlays, crowns, implant abutments and its spectrum is expanding to complete dentures. Utilizing CAD/CAM to fabricate complete dentures is expected to decrease chair time and the number of visits, thus decreasing total fabrication time, expenses and errors caused during fabrication processes. One of the systems using CAD/CAM, DENTCA$^{TM}$ CAD/CAM denture (DENTCA Inc. Los Angeles, USA) scans edentulous impressions, designs dentures digitally, fabricates try-in dentures by 3D printing and converts them into final dentures. Patients can wear final dentures after only 2 - 3 visits with satisfying adaptation. This case report introduces a 71-year-old male patient who visited to consult remaking of existing old dentures. Residual teeth with bad prognosis and root remnants were extracted and the patient used reformed existing mandibular denture for 2 months. And then DENTCA system started. One-step border molding was done using conventional tray of adequate size provided by DENTCA system and wash impression was taken. Gothic arch tracing was completed based on the vertical dimension of existing dentures. Both maxillary and mandibular trays were placed to the resultant centric relation and bite registration was taken. Then DENTCA scanned the bite registration, arranged the teeth, completed the festooning and fabricated the try-in dentures by 3D printing. The try-in dentures were positioned, occlusal plane and occlusal relations were evaluated. The try-in dentures were converted to final dentures. To create bilateral balanced occlusion, occlusal adjustment was done after clinical remounting using facebow transfer. The result was satisfactory and it was confirmed by patient and operator.

• International Journal of CAD/CAM
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

Nowadays major shipbuilding companies are trying to expand their business not only to shipbuilding but to offshore projects as well. DSME is one of them. DSME is trying to set up a flexible design and construction environment for shipbuilding and offshore construction in a single shipyard. The shipbuilding and offshore projects, however, have their unique technology but they need to be designed and constructed in one site. To support this new requirement, DSME has developed an integrated CAD system for ship and offshore projects. In this integrated design environment, the designers can design commercial ships and offshore projects in a flexible manner. Concurrent design is very important for ship and offshore design. As compared to the complexity of the product, the design period is quite short. In effect, the design system for the ship and offshore project has to support concurrent design. One essential point of concurrent design environment is a product model based design system. DSME has developed and implemented the 3D product model concurrent design environment based on Tribon M3. Tribon is a widely used CAD system in shipbuilding area that is developed by Tribon Solutions. DSME has both customized the Tribon system and developed in-house application systems to support its own design and production procedures. All the design objects are modeled in one common database to support concurrent design and accurate production. The major in-house development focused on the modeling automation and automatic drawing generation. During the drawing generation process many of the additional production information are also extracted from the 3D product model. In addition, several applications and functionalities have been developed to apply the shipbuilding based Tribon M3 system to offshore projects. The development of shape nesting, tubular connection, isometric drawing, grating nesting systems are the typical.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2007

In recent years, many robotics researches have been focused on developing human-friendly robots, that is, humanoid biped robots. The researches of humanoid robots include various areas such as hardware development, control of biped locomotion, artificial intelligence, human interaction, etc. The present work concerns the hardware development of a mid-size humanoid robot, BONOBO, focusing on rapid development of outer body parts with integrated application if CAD/CAM/CAE/RP. Most parts are three-dimensionally designed using 3D CAD, and effectively connected with CAE analyses using both kinematic simulation and structural analysis. In order to reduce lead time and investment cost for parts developments, Rapid Prototyping (RP) and CAM are selectively utilized for manufacturing body parts. These master parts are then replicated using the vacuum casting process, from which we can obtain plastic parts repeatedly. Through this integrated approach, the first prototype of BONOBO can be successfully developed with relatively low time and investment costs.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1997

Current CAD systems used in the AEC community have some critical problems. One of them is that they hardly support design collaboration. Thus designers and engineers are hard to transfer design knowledge from one discipline to another. What we need is a common building database which creates and manages building plans/models and relevant design knowledge consistently and effectively. This paper presents a powerful CAD editor, called UNIFORM, which is being developed. Currently UNIFORM includes three main modules: a plan generator, a 3-D model generator, and component databases. A plan generator, called UNIFORM PLANNER, creates a plan which contains semantically-rich information of building. Each component in the plan can be presented in various ways and connected to component databases that contain knowledge of building components such as windows, doors, walls, etc. Based on the plan UNIFORM MODELER, another module of the program, generates a three dimensional building model which could be a multiple-story building. One of the main ideas behind the system is that it generates and maintains a common building form that can be easily delivered to other members of the project team. Thus it is expected to increase system integration, team interactions, and productivity.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate various expressions in textile design using CAD and present print design of '01/02 A/W. Four steps were taken in order to achieve this purpose. The first step was to investigate prior research and to analyze textile design methods using CAD. The second step was to study '01/02 A/W fashion trend, especially textile trend. The third step was to design the print design according to textile trend and apply the designed print pattern to real model. The research results are as follows: 1. Textile design is a very important field to help making fashion industry more informative and valuable. 2. Using CAD system in textile design will be very useful and urgent in saving working time and exercising design works. 3. In '01/02 A/W hound's tooth, zigzag, herringbone will be prevalent bold geometric patterns while tartan checks, multi color stripes will be popular too. 4. Textile designs using flower, stripe, checks, dot, abstract pattern were applied to real model, the images of patterns design are as follow, flower pattern-romantic stripe-avantgarde check-cute dotclassic abstract motive-intelligent.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.68-76
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to computerize street tree management using a CAD program in order to manage the drawing record of street trees systematically and concurrently. The configuration of this program is composed of Reference Data, Data Inquiry, and Cost Assessment. The Reference Data includes characteristics of trees, monthly managements records, damage by blight and insects and usage of pesticides. The Data Inquiry includes an individual search of the tree index, simple searches and multiple searches. The Cost Assessment includes two main components, the data input with labor cost, manure ocst and pesticide cost and the assesment of management cost for prevention of blight and insects, pruning and fertilization. The results of this study are as follows: 1) When there are practices such as transplanting and removing of street trees it is immediately updated with the various situation. By creating an in progress a tree management system, up to the date information can be given to the manager for decision making. 2) To identify individual tree at the site or in drawing, the street name and numbers were used instead of coordinates. Tree tags are attached to the street trees individually. It can make DB management simple and easy. 3) By doing simple or multiple search with constructed DB, data can be provided quickly. 4) The result of this type of search are useful in the assessment of management cost very useful in regards to items such as the pruning, pesticides scattering and fertilization. 5) By using the AutoCAD software and existing PC without purchasing new equipment, the cost of system implementation can be minimized.