• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-34
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• 1998

The ethanol extracts of Opuntia ficus-indica fructus (EEOF) and Opuntia ficus-indica stem (EEOS) were prepared and used to evaluate the pharmacological effects of cactus. Both the extracts inhibited the writhing syndrome induced by acetic acid, indicating that they contains analgesic effect. The oral administrations of EEOF and EEOS suppressed carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and also showed potent inhibition in the leukocyte migration of CMC-pouch model in rats. Moreover, the extracts suppressed the release of $\beta$-glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme in rat neutrophils. It was also noted that the extracts showed the protective effect on gastric mucosal layers. From the results it is suggested that the cactus extracts contain anti-inflammatory action having protective effect against gastric lesions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.546-549
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of simple hydroponic culture in cultivation of grafted cactus. The results obtained are as follows: Growth indexes of grafted cactus cultivars, such as scion diameter, fresh weight, and scion hardness were improved in simple hydroponic culture compared with soil culture regardless of cultivars. Stem rot and rate of non-graft take were lower in simple hydroponic culture than in soil culture, but no significant difference was monitored between cultivars. Time for harvesting was fast in simple hydroponic culture compared with soil culture. Marketable yield increased in simple hydroponic culture.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.114.1-114
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• 2003

A new isolate of rod-shaped virus was identified from grafted cactus, Gymnocalycium mihanovichii grafted onto Hylocereus trigonus, in Korea. The virus proved to be a new Tobamovirus and called previously as Tobamovirus-Ca for which we suggest the name Cactus mild mottle virus(CMMoV), because it produced systemic mild mosaic symptoms on its original host. CMMoV is distantly related to known species of the genus Tobamovirus on the basis of host range, serological and sequence analyses. Western blot analysis showed that CMMoV is serologically unrelated to Summons' Opuntia virus which is the only known species of the genus found in cactus plants. The 3'-terminal 2,910 nucleotides have been sequenced for the virus. The coat protein (CP) and movement protein (MP) genes encode 161 and 306 amino acids residues, respectively. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the CP were 39.6 ％ to 49.2 ％ and 26.4 ％ to 40.3 ％ identical to other tobamoviruses, respectively. The MP and 3' noncoding region shared 16.3 ％ to 23.3 ％ and 44.6 ％ to 63.4 ％ identities, respectively, with the members of the genus. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the CP gene revealed that CMMoV clusters with members of subgroup I of Tobamovirus. CMMoV particles contained genomic RNA along with two subgenomic RNAs, and this characteristics is common in the members of the subgroup II. This is the first information of sequence and comparative analysis of a Tobamovirus that infects cactus.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.4 s.100
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• pp.443-451
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• 2007

In order to better understand the quality of Korean cactus, Opuntia humifusa, as the functional foodstuffs, it's seeds, stems and fruits were analyzed. In addition, we performed quality evaluation on cookies manufactured with cactus powder added. The results showed the soluble nitrogen-free component levels in the cactus to be very high. The highest component levels were crude fiber(48.75%) and crude fat(7.38%) in the seeds, crude ash(15.39%) in the stems, and moisture(11.26%) and crude protein(8.79%) in the fruits. The antioxidant activities of the cactus were evaluated based on peroxide values(POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS value), and electron donating ability(EDA) using the DPPH method. The POVs for soybean oil containing a 0.05% concentrated water extract from each part of the cactus revealed a remarkable antioxidant effects on peroxidation as storage time increased. The TBA values were 63.65% in BHT, 60.67% in the stems, 57.31% in the fruits and 49.16% in the seeds. The EDAs were 30.26% in the stems, 25.89% in the fruits, and 25.65% in the seeds. The total polyphenol contents of the water soluble materials from the cactus were 3.14 g/100 g in the fruits, 2.93 g in the stems and 2.11 g in the seeds. For the cookies, as the amounts of fruit and stem powder increased, the spreadness was significantly lowered, but moisture content was increased compared to the control. The color degree of the cookies changed from dim to intense as more fruit powder was added, resulting from a decrease in the L- and b-values and a significantly increased a-value. With the addition of stem powder, the L- and a-values revealed no significant differences, while the b-value was lowered compared to the control as more stem powder added. For texture changes of the fruit cookies, there were significant differences in hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, springiness and brittleness. The stem cookies, however, showed only differences in hardness, gumminess, and brittleness, and not in cohesiveness and springiness. Finally, an overall sensory preference was found with the 1% fruit powder and 3% stem powder additions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.9
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• pp.1373-1380
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• 2019

Objective: This study ascertained effects of cactus pear in association with different roughage in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior and performance. Methods: Eight cows with $72{\pm}11$ days of lactation were used. The experimental design was simultaneous in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. Four experimental diets were used: Diet 1, sorghum silage as exclusive roughage; Diet 2, sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage (dry matter basis); Diet 3, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Roxo) as exclusive roughage; Diet 4, elephant grass associated with cactus pear in a proportion of 50% of the roughage. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 75:25. Results: Dry matter intake (p = 0.01) was higher with sorghum silage. There were differences in dry matter intake (p = 0.01), crude protein (p<0.01), ether extract (p = 0.01), non-fibrous carbohydrates (p<0.01) and total digestible nutrients (p = 0.01) among the diets. Cactus pear in the diet reduced water intake by 44.52% (p<0.01). The nitrogen balance was 59.71% and 27.49% lower in animals treated with exclusive sorghum silage and sorghum silage associated with cactus pear in relation to diets with elephant grass and elephant grass associated with cactus pear, respectively (p<0.01). The diets did not influence the milk production (p = 0.70), 3.5% fat corrected milk production (p = 0.72) or feed efficiency (p = 0.61). Conclusion: The association of cactus pear with sorghum or elephant grass silage does not alter milk production, reduces the intake of dry matter and water and improves the digestibility of nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

The cactus habitat in Jeju Island has a phytogeographically specific distribution in the East Asian region, and forms a unique landscape as the only native cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) habitat in Korea. However, there has been no detailed investigation on the distribution of cacti in the habitat and no investigation on the diversity of the mixed composition of plants in the habitats and their correlation with the distribution of cactus populations. This study attempted to investigate the diversity of vascular plants in the Wollyeong-ri cactus habitat and record the actual distribution and trends of cactus distribution. In addition to the distribution characteristics of cacti, we also discuss the characteristics of species reflecting the characteristics of the habitat among the mixed population of plant species, as well as the biological and environmental factors that threaten the maintenance of cactus populations or require management for preservation of cacti. Considering the phenological character, we conducted the field surveys for flora identification six times between June 2015 and September 2017. The Engler classification system was used for the arrangement sequence and names of plants, and the Korean Plant Names Index was adopted for the Korean name of the species. The study results showed that the Wolryung-ri cactus habitat in Jeju Island has the characteristic physiognomy of an area dominated by cactus. For the vascular plants, a total of 125 taxa were identified, including 53 families, 104 genera, 109 species, 15 varieties and 1 forma. Endangered plants specified by the Ministry of Environment were not found. Two species, Cyrtomium falcatum and Asplenium incisum, were identified as the ferns, and no gymnosperms were found. In addition, 123 taxa of angiosperms, 91 taxa of dicotyledones and 32 taxa of monocotyledons were identified. The distributions of cacti were confirmed in 289 meshes corresponding to 59.3% of the total 487 meshes in the cactus protected area, which showed various coverage distributions ranging from 5% to 95%. Most of the meshes where no cacti were found are coastal areas with exposed basalt rocks where the soil depth has not developed or extremely restricted due to repeated waves, or areas where artificial facilities, grasslands, and observation paths have been constructed. On the other hand, there were 71 lattice points in 14.5% of the total area where the cactus showed 70% or higher dominance. Cacti are randomly distributed in these areas. They have adapted to the microhabitat environment and are found to be opportunistically distributed along the growable locations. Considering that the reproduction of cacti in the habitat is mostly dependent on parthenogenesis, the present distribution seems to reflect the potentially distributable regions of cacti in the habitat. Based on the results of field surveys, a management plan for conservation and protection of the protected areas has been proposed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.279-290
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• 2010

Sensory analysis and quality properties were performed on post-aged doenjang (fermented soybean pastes) in order to elucidate the contribution of citrus, green tea and cactus powder to their sensory evaluation. The doenjang added citrus fruits, green tea and cactus powder used a concentration of 0, 3 and 7% (w/w) at 4, 20, $30^{\circ}C$ respectively and analyzed the proximate composition, pH, salt, mineral and amino acid contents after 60 days. Moisture and protein changes during ripening did not show any significant difference. The pH showed lower in the doenjang added citrus and cactus powder than no added soybean paste. The glutamic acid content of doenjang added citrus fruits showed a little decreasing value although there were no differences between samples with various addition contents. Sensory evaluation of doenjang showed that there were no significant differences in preference in the case of added green tea and cactus powder; However, the flavor significantly increased doenjang added 3% citrus powder at $30^{\circ}C$. These results showed that the preference of doenjang containing 3% citrus powder was superior to green tea and cactus powder.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to elucidate the proper suppling frequency of nutrient solution for grafted cactus Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii grown hydroponically without medium. Grafted cactus seedlings were planted onto the cultivation bed without medium, using labor-saving tray. The treatments like 1, 3, 5 and 7 times of nutrient solution supply per day and continuous soaking of plant root in the nutrient solution during the daytime were tested in summer and winter season. The growth of grafted cactus was worst in the treatment of one time supply of nutrient solution per day, and there were not significant difference in growth of grafted cactus among other treatments both in summer and winter season. 17.6% of grafted cactus seedlings failed to rooting in the treatment of one time supply of nutrient solution per day in winter season. The proper suppling frequency of nutrient solution, for the grafted cactus Gymnocalycium mihanovichii var. friedrichii grown hydroponically without medium, was three times supply of nutrient solution per day both in summer and winter seasons considering growth and rooting of plants.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2004

A total of 62 isolates of Bipolaris cactivora causing cactus stem rots were isolated from major cactus-growing areas in Korea. Colony morphology of the isolates on potato-dextrose agar was differentiated into aerial (CA) and non-aerial mycelial types (CB). CA had profound aerial mycelium with grayish brown (CA-l), light brownish (CA-2), and brownish (CA-3) pigmentations; respectively, while CB had dark brownish pigmentations. CA had conidia of less dark pigmentation and acute terminal end. CB had darker and more round-end conidia. Twenty-eight amplified fragments were produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a set of 2 random primers. The sizes of amplified DNA fragments ranged approximately from 0.1 to 2.3 kb. The isolates were classified into 2 major genomic DNA random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) groups at the genomic similarity of 97.7％ and 95.1％, respectively. Cluster analysis of genetic similarity among the isolates generated a dendrogram that clearly separated all isolates into SA or SB. This result suggests that there may be two morphotypes of B. cactivora in Korea that may differ in their genetic constitutes.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2018

Co-infection with two virus species was previously reported in some cactus plants. Here, we showed that Notocactus leninghausii f. cristatus can be co-infected with six different viruses: cactus mild mottle virus (CMMoV)-Nl, cactus virus X (CVX)-Nl, pitaya virus X (PiVX)-Nl, rattail cactus necrosis-associated virus (RCNaV)-Nl, schlumbergera virus X (SchVX)-Nl, and zygocactus virus X (ZyVX)-Nl. The coat protein sequences of these viruses were compared with those of previously reported viruses. CMMoV-Nl, CVX-Nl, PiVX-Nl, RCNaV-Nl, SchVX-Nl, and ZyVX-Nl showed the greatest nucleotide sequence homology to CMMoV-Kr (99.8% identity, GenBank accession NC_011803), CVX-Jeju (77.5% identity, GenBank accession LC12841), PiVX-P37 (98.4% identity, GenBank accession NC_024458), RCNaV (99.4% identity, GenBank accession NC_016442), SchVX-K11 (95.7% identity, GenBank accession NC_011659), and ZyVX-B1 (97.9% identity, GenBank accession NC_006059), respectively. This study is the first report of co-infection with six virus species in N. leninghausii f. cristatus in South Korea.