• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.769-775
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• 2010

Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of spirulina with added tofu were investigated in the presence of different coagulants ($CaSO_4$, $MgCl_2$, Glucono delta lactone (GDL), vinegar). The yield of the spirulina tofu was the highest when coagulated with GDL. The pH of spirulina tofu with $MgCl_2$ was the highest compared to those of other coagulants. The tumidity of spirulina tofu was the highest with $MgCl_2$. In the color analysis of spirulina tofu, the L (lightness) value was the highest with $CaSO_4$, whereas a (redness) value was the highest with $MgCl_2$. C-phycocyanin contents were the highest with the $CaSO_4$. Phycoerythrin of spirulina tofu for vinegar was 0.194 mg/mL, and GDL content was 0.214 mg/mL. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of spirulina tofu was the highest with $MgCl_2$ $IC_{50}$ values of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of spirulina tofu with $MgCl_2$ was 89.2 mg/g, GDL 93.5 mg/mL, $CaSO_4$ 116.7 mg/mL, and vinegar 118.0 mg/mL. The texture analyses (TPA) results showed that hardness was in the order of vinegar>$MgCl_2$>GDL>$CaSO_4$. For the overall acceptability of the preference test, the spirulina tofu that was made using $MgCl_2$ coagulant had the highest score. Based on these results, it is suggested that $MgCl_2$ is the proper coagulant for the preparation of spirulina with added tofu.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.651-657
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• 2016

It is important to know know deleterious impact of deicing salt on plants for guidelines of planting along roads. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) on the growth and physiological characteristics of Liriope platyphylla and Pachysandra terminalis. The plants were grown from November of 2015 to March of 2016 in pots containing growing media with $CaCl_2$ at 0% (Control), 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% (based on the weight). While plant growth and photosynthetic activity were significantly decreased in both plant species grown on the media with $CaCl_2$, the degree of sensitivity to $CaCl_2$ differed. The plant growth of Liriope platyphylla was considerably injured under higher than 3.0% of $CaCl_2$, whereas Pachysandra terminalis was all dead under higher than 1.0% of $CaCl_2$. This results indicate that Liriope platyphylla has higher degree of tolerance to the deicing salt than Pachysandra terminalis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.441-445
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• 2005

태화강 주변지역 지하수의 계절적 수질 변화를 보고자 현장측정 항목(수온, pH, 알칼리도, 전기전도도), 일반 항목(증발잔류물, 총경도, 과망간산칼륨소비량), 음이온물질$(F^-,\;Cl^-,\;{NO_3}^-,\;{SO_4}^{2-})$, 양이온물질$(Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;K^+,\;Na^+)$등으로 구분하여 분석하였으며, 총 70개 지점을 대상으로 2004년 5월, 10월 2회에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 지역별 수질특성을 살펴보면 남구지역은 $Ca-Mg-HCO_3,\;Ca-Mg-HCO_3-Cl,\;Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-HCO_3,\;Na-Cl-HCO_3$의 4가지 유형이 전체 시료의 74%를 차지하였으며, $Ca-Mg-HCO_3$형이 가장 우세하게 나타났고, 중구지역 지하수에서는 $Ca-Mg-HCO_3-Cl,\;Ca-Mg-Na-HCO_3-Cl,\;Ca-Mg-HCO_3$의 3가지 유형이 전체 시료의 60%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이중에서 $Ca-Mg-HCO_3-Cl$형이 가장 우세하게 나타났다. 두 지역의 수질 변화를 살펴보면. 전기전도도는 남구는 $731.5{\mu}s/m^3$에서 $529.8{\mu}s/m^3$, 중구는 $752.6{\mu}s/m^3$에서 $621.6{\mu}s/m^3$로 201.7, $131.0{\mu}s/m^3$만큼 작아져 두 지역 모두 같은 양상을 보였으나, Hardness 및 TDS의 경우 남구지역은 5월보다 10월에 평균, 최대값이 모두 낮게 나타났다. 또한 $Cl^-$의 경우 지역적, 계절적으로 큰 차이를 보이고 있으며 남구는 5월 68.2mg/l, 10월에는 61.7mg/l로 다소 감소하였으나 중구의 경우 5월 75.5mg/l, 10월 122.1mg/l로 다소 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 양이온 분포 비율 및 농도는 비슷하게 나타났으며, 계절적으로 5월보다 10월에 모두 높게 나타났다. 두 지역 모두 양이온물질 중 나트륨의 분포비율 및 농도가 5월보다 10월에 다소 높게 나타났다. 연구 지역 지하수의 계절적 수질변화를 살펴보면 두 지역간의 지하수질 및 분포특성에 있어 다소 차이를 보이고 있으며, 특히 중구 지역에서 5월보다 10월에 나트륨과 염소이온의 증가가 다소 나타나는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 연구지역 중 특이지점($Cl^-$:1,000mg/l이상)은 남구는 5월에 2개에서 10월에는 3개 지점으로 증가하였으며, 중구는 5월, 10월 모두 4개 지점으로 나타났다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Ceranic Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.112.1-112.1
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• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1284-1288
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• 2009

Identification of various inorganic compound crystals contained in solar salts, which are produced from 12 areas of Jeonnam, was firstly made by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The analysis of the XRD spectra was carried out on the basis of Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) data and the results of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) measurements. In particular, the analysis of the XRD spectra supported that each solar salt contains $Na_2S$ (Shinan Jeungdo and Sinui), $KMgCl_3$ (Shinan Bigeum), $Ca(ClO_3)_2$ (Shinan Docho), $CaAl_4O_7$ (Haenam Songji), $CaSiO_3$ and $CaCl_2$ (Goheung) as inorganic compound crystals, which have not been reported for the solar salts. Also, the XRD results indicated that the solar salts maintain a cubic NaCl crystal structure without any change of lattice parameters etc. However, it was shown in the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) images that an external form of the solar salts has a lamination layer shape of a cubic structure, which is different from a simple cubic form for the purified salts and the reagent NaCl.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.150-155
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• 2006

제강공정에서 발생되는 $CaO-Al_{2}O_{3}-SiO_{2}$계 조성을 갖는 2 차 정련슬래그 (래들 슬래그)를 이용하여 하수슬러지용 고화재개발 및 하수슬러지 고화체의 물성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 래들슬래그는 냉각과정에서 분화되는 성질이 있어 냉각후 분말상의 슬래그가 만들어진다. 분말상 슬래그의 주 결정상은 $12CaO{\cdot}7Al_{2}O_{3}$ 및 $2CaO{\cdot}SiO_{2}$로 구성되어 있다. $12CaO{\cdot}7Al_{2}O_{3}$ 상은 속경성 시멘트의 특징이 있다. 또한 $CaSO_{4}$와 혼합사용시 ettringite 상을 형성시켜 하수슬러지의 함수율 저감효과 및 강도발현 효과가 우수한 결과를 얻었다. $Cl^{-}$ 이온의 고정화면에서는 고화재중 래들슬래그의 혼합비가 높을수록 고화체 구조내에 $Cl^{-}$ 이온이 고정화되어 용출량은 감소하였다. 고화재로서 제강부산물을 사용하기 때문에 경제성이 있으며, $Cl^{-}$ 이온 함량이 높은 하수슬러지 고화재로서의 재활용이 기대된다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2001

This study was done to investigate the effect of the first experience of the clinical experience for psychiatric nursing on urinary $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ of the nursing students. We analyzed the urine of 36 students on curriculum who were students of D college in K city. The data were analyzed with SAS Statistical analysis was performed by using paired t-test, GLM. The second day group increased 18.56 at 8AM, 31.90 at 4PM in case of $Na^+$(p=0.004). The second day group increased 27.61 at 8AM, 45.53 at 4PM in a case of $Cl^-$(p=0.009). The first day group increased 2.62 at 8AM, 7.09 at 4PM in case of $K^+$(p=0.018). The second day group increased 3.69 at 8AM, 5.19 at 4PM in a case of $K^+$(p=0.013). The second day group increased 20.65 at 8AM, 14.07 at 4PM in a case of $Ca^{++}$(p=0.033). There was a significant difference in $Na^+$ according to group at 8AM(F=4.17, p=0.024) and 4PM(F=3.58, p=0.040). There was a significant difference in $Cl^-$ according to group at 8AM(F=4.38, p=0.020) and 4PM(F=6.29, p=0.003). There was a significant difference in $K^+$ according to group at 8AM(F=5.03, p=0.012). In conclusion, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$, $K^+$, $Ca^{++}$ may be used as a indicator of the amount of stress to improve the educational environment for the students.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2008

In spray pyrolysis, the effects of the preparation temperature, flow rate of the carrier gas and concentration of the spray solution on characteristics such as the morphology, size, and emission intensity of $Ca_8Mg(SiO_4)_4Cl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor powders under long-wavelength ultraviolet light were investigated. The phosphor powders obtained post-treatment had a range of micron sizes with regular morphologies. However, the composition, crystal structure and photoluminescence intensity of the phosphor powders were affected by the preparation conditions of the precursor powders. The $Ca_8Mg(SiO_4)_4Cl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor powders prepared at temperatures that were lower and higher than $700^{\circ}C$ had low photoluminescence intensities due to deficiencies related to the of Cl component. The phosphor powders with the deficient Cl component had impurity peaks of $Ca_2SiO_4$. The optimum flow rates of the carrier gas in the preparation of the $Ca_8Mg(SiO_4)_4Cl_2:Eu^{2+}$ phosphor powders with high photoluminescence intensities and regular morphologies were between 40 and 60 l/minute. Phosphor powders prepared from a spray solution above 0.5 M had regular morphologies and high photoluminescence intensities.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.535-540
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• 1996

Potato slices were dipped in solution of 2% CaCl$_2$, and 1% chitosan or preheated in each of these solutions for refrigeration for 4 weeks at 5$^{\circ}C$. Changes in L value, content of total phenol and chlorogenic acid and po lyphenol oxidase activity were determined. During refrigeration, it was found that L values of potato slices treated with CaCl$_2$, (CaPS) and those treated with chitosan (ChPS) increased. Contents of total phenol and chlorogenic acid of potato slices decreased, While potato slices preheated in CaCl, solution (Hcaps) showed much decreases. And polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity of potato slices decreased except CaPS and decreases in PPO activities were much larger in preheated potato slices. From these results, of those treatments used, chitosan treatment combined with preheating have shown to be effective to control enzymatic browning of potato slices during refrigeration.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.7 no.4 s.26
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• pp.113-123
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• 2005

In this study, calcium chloride$(CaCl_2)$, sodium chloride (NaCl), organic acids-containing deicer(NS 40, NS 100), mixed deicier$(NaCl\;70%+CaCl_2\;30%,\;NS\;40\;70%+CaCl_2\;30%,\;NaCl\;70%+NS\;40\;30%,\;NS\;40\;70%+NaCl\;30%)$ is investigated based on the laboratory test for deicing performance, freez-thaw resistance of concrete, and corrosion rate of metal. Test items for deicing performance were ice melting and ice penetration, freezing point depressions and eutectic point, pH, thermal properties for selected deicing chemicals as well as their compatibility with concrete and metal were experimentally investigated. As a test results, in case of the use chloride-containing deicier in area that concrete structures has subjected to freez-thaw reaction in winter season, it showed that mixed deicing chemicals with optimum ratio has desirable method than use one deicing chemicals when is consider to deicing performance and effects, corrosion of steel materials, and freez-thaw resistance of concrete. When use various deicing chemicals mixed, NS40(70%)+calcium chloride(30%) showed the best effective method.