• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.199-296
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• 1984

Symptoms of potassium deficiency were studied with flue-cured tobacco (N.C 2326) which had been applied with several levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer at 7, 10, and 13 Kg N/10a, and 15, 20, and $25KgK_2O/10a$, respectively. The distributions of T-N, $NH_4-N, \;NO_3-N$, and K contents in 18 leaves from the bottom to the top stalk position were investigated at 63 days after transplanting. The T-N content in the different stalk positions was increased from the bottom to the top ; however, vice versa in K content. As increasing the application levels, the increasing rate of the T-N content in the different leaf fractions were similar to those of rib and laminae. On the contrary, the rates of K content in the rib were higher then that of laminae and in the bottom than the top stalk position. Those indicated that the unbalance of nitrogen and potassium contents in the leaves came to maximum in the laminae of the top stalk position and was possibly affected by the application level of nitrogen rather than potassium. The T-N content in the laminae was higher than that of the rib. However the K and $NO_3$-N contents in the laminae were significantly lower than those of the rib. Therefore the $K^+$ uptake by tobacco was thought to be accompanied with $NO_3$- and transported smoothly up to the rib, but not from the rib to the laminae where assimilation materials were accumulated. Distribution of inorganic components in the different positions of vegetative organ were also investigated at 60 days after transplanting. The T-N and $P_2O_5$ contents were in order as; top > middle> bottom of the stalk and the stalk position, and laminae > vein > midrib of leaf fraction, however vice versa in K content of the stalk position and leaf fraction. In addition distributions of CaO and MgO contents in the each leaf fraction were resemble to that of the T-N content. On the contrary, the distributions of the CaO and MgO contents in the different stalk positions were similar to that of the K content.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.337-344
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of spa sewage on water quality and chemical contents in the paddy soil along stream from 1997 to 1998. Concentration of $PO_4, SO_4, Cl, NH_{4}, Ca, Na$ and COD in the spa sewage were lower than standard for agricultural usage, and were lowered as the sewage flew to the into stream. The concentration of $SO_4$in spa sewage was over the criteria for agricultural usage in the inlet, but was lower than criteria for agricultural usage by inlet of non polluted stream water. Concentration of pollutants in the sediment of water channel were the highest in the inlet site. There were no pollutants accumulation in the paddy soil where spa sewage was irrigated. It may be resulted from nutrients uptake of rice plant and self purification of paddy soil. On the while, considering electric conductivity and nitrate in spa sewage, this results suggest that long-term irrigation of the spa sewage may be required general management with some decreasing fertilization.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2012

Nutrient uptake of each part of grapevine in the new grapevine cultivars (Jinok, Hongisul) was analyzed for making standard of annual fertilizations at four years. One year grown diploid cultivar 'Jinok' was showed more vigorous growth of root than other cultivar. Annually total nutrient of grapevine was absorbed with the same ratio of three major nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potassium). However about 30% of total absorbed nutrient of 3~4 year grown grapevine was distributed bunches. Potassium was measured as major nutrient in the bunch, accumulated in the peel and flesh (about 1% of D.W.). Magnesium was mainly accumulated in the petiole (about 1% of D.W.). Calcium has accumulated in the leaf (about 0.95% of D.W.), that concentration in this part was similar concentration of nitrogen (about 1.25% of D.W.). Nutrient requirement of four year grown 'Jinok' (N; 55.5 g, P; 7.7 g, K; 42.0 g, Ca; 34.6 g, Mg; 11.1 g) required less fertilizers than 'Campbell Early' (N; 57.4 g, P; 7.9 g, K; 44.4 g, Ca; 37.3 g, Mg; 12.2 g) needed. 'Hongisul' required less fertilizers compared to other grapevine cultivars, but cultural practice system for production of grape should be develop to improve their poor bud burst and fruit set.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.798-803
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• 2010

Experiments were conducted to find out the optimum amount of compost and tillage depths in pepper cultivation. Red pepper was grown in different plots with 10 cm, 30 cm, and 50 cm in tillage depth, and was applied with 1 ton, 3 ton, and 5 ton $10a^{-1}$, respectively. The pH value in soil showed lower level after experiment than before experiment, however, the contents of the EC, Av. $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were increased after experiment. The chemical contents in soil after experiment showed higher level in compost 5 ton $10a^{-1}$. The growth of red pepper in field was enhanced in the compost treatment of 3 ton, 5 ton $10a^{-1}$, and tillage 50 cm plot. In tillage 10 cm plot, yields of red pepper showed the highest amount as 5,880 kg $ha^{-1}$ with compost 3 ton $10a^{-1}$. In tillage 30 cm plot, the yields of red pepper showed the highest as 5,610 kg $ha^{-1}$ with compost 5 ton $10a^{-1}$. The T-N contents and uptake in the red pepper plant increased in the compost in 3 ton $10a^{-1}$ and 5 ton $10a^{-1}$ compared to 1 ton $10a^{-1}$. These results suggest that different amounts of compost should be applied when we cultivate crops with different tillage depth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1983

In order to find out the possibility of predicting fertilizer K requirement from the K supplying capacity of soil, the relative K activity ratio, Kas/kai, the potential buffering capacity of $K^+$ ($PBC^k$ ; the liner regression coefficient) and its activity ratio ($AR^k_o$ ; $^{k+}$/${\sqrt{Ca^{+2}+Mg^{+2}}}$ in mol/l) at ${\delta}K$ = O, in the Q/I relationships of Beckett(1964), were determined for the soils before flooding and the samples taken at heading stage of transplanted rice in pot experiment. These parameters assumed as the K supplying capacity of soils were subjected for the investigation through correlation stady between themselves and other factors such as grain yield or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake by rice plant at harvest. The results may be summarized as follows; 1. The potassium supplying power of the flooded soil was considered to be ruled by the amounts of exchangeable K before flooding, since there was little change in exchangeable K concentration from no-exchangeable K during the incubation periods of 67 days. 2. The $PBC^k$ values, in soils before flooding were 0.027, 0.014 and 0.009, where as the $AR^k_o{\times}10^{-3}$ values were 9.1, 7.6, and 15.4, respectively, in clay, loamy and sandy loam soils. 3. The $PBC^k$ values, determined in the soil samples taken at heading stage, varied little compared with the values of orignal soil, regardless of those different fertilizer treatments and textures, showing the possibility of using them as a factor for the improvement of soil to increase the efficiency of fertilizer K. 4. The significant yield responses to potassium fertilizer application were observed wherever the $AR^k_o$ values in soil at heading stage drop down to the original $AR^k_o$ values, regardless of any levels of fertilizer application. 5. The higher correlations between the gain yield or the amounts of $K_2O$ uptake and by the use of both soil factors of $PBC^k$ and $AR^k_o$ at heading stage were observed compared with the use of any single factor. 6. The Kas/Kai value in the soil, estimated prior to the experiment, had high possitive correlation with the $AR^k_o$ determined in the soil at heading stage and could be used as a soil factor for predicting potassium fertilizer requirement.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.650-655
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• 2014

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into neural cells to treat nervous system diseases. Magnetic resonance is an ideal means for cell tracking through labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO). However, no studies have described the neural differentiation ability of SPIO-labeled MSCs, which is the foundation for cell therapy and cell tracking in vivo. Our results showed that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) labeled in vitro with SPIO can be induced into neural-like cells without affecting the viability and labeling efficiency. The cellular uptake of SPIO was maintained after labeled BM-MSCs differentiated into neural-like cells, which were the basis for transplanted cells that can be dynamically and non-invasively tracked in vivo by MRI. Moreover, the SPIO-labeled induced neural-like cells showed neural cell morphology and expressed related markers such as NSE, MAP-2. Furthermore, whole-cell patch clamp recording demonstrated that these neural-like cells exhibited electrophysiological properties of neurons. More importantly, there was no significant difference in the cellular viability and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ between the induced labeled and unlabeled neural-like cells. In this study, we show for the first time that SPIO-labeled MSCs retained their differentiation capacity and could differentiate into neural-like cells with high cell viability and a good cellular state in vitro.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2006

Ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) hairy root cultures, which are established via the infection of ginseng root discs with Rhizobium rhizogenes, have been used to construct profiles of both biomass growth and nutrient consumption in flask cultures. In a 250 mL shake flask culture, the maximum biomass was observed on the 59th day of the culture period, at 216.8 g (fresh wt) per liter or 11.4 g (dry wt) per liter. The hairy roots were determined to have a growth rate of 0.355 g-DW/g cells/day during the exponential growth phase and a maximum specific growth rate on day 7. Total ginseng saponin and phenolic compound contents were noted to have increased within the latter portion of the culture period. Linear correlations between increases in biomass weight and nutrient uptake were used to imply the conductivity yield $2.60g-DW/(L{\cdot}mS)$ and carbon yield 0.45 g-DW/(g sugar) in the 250 mL flask cultures. The biomass yield when two different nitrogen sources were used (ammonia and nitrate) was shown to remain approximately constant. at $0.47g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NH_4$) and $0.33g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;NO_3$); it remained at these levels for 16 days with the ammonia. and for 24 days with the nitrate. The biomass yield when a phosphate source was used was also shown to remain approximately constant for 9 days, at $3.17g-DW/(L{\cdot}mM\;PO_4$), with an $R^2$ of 0.99.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.2320-2327
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• 2020

The extreme hydrophobicity of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) hinders bone-tissue integration, thus limiting the use of ePTFE in medical implant applications. To improve the potential of ePTFE as a biomaterial, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was grafted onto the ePTFE surface using the gamma irradiation technique. The characteristics of the grafted ePTFE were successfully evaluated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)/energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Under the tensile test, the modified ePTFE was found to be more brittle and rigid than the untreated sample. In addition, the grafted ePTFE was less hydrophobic with a higher percentage of water uptake compared to the untreated ePTFE. The protein adsorption test showed that grafted ePTFE could adsorb protein, which was denoted by the presence of N peaks in the XPS analysis. Moreover, the formation of the globular mineral on the grafted ePTFE surface was successfully visualized using the FESEM analysis, with a ratio of 1.94 for Ca:P minerals by the EDX. To summarize, the capability of the modified ePTFE to show protein adsorption and mineralization indicates the improvement of the polymer properties, and it can potentially be used as a biomaterial for implant application.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2023

Casein is a milk protein and one of the most important nutrients in milk. The composition is over 80% in cow's milk and about 20~45% in human's milk. Casein is highly biocompatible and biodegradable, so it has been studied for various biomedical materials applications as well as drug delivery systems. It is widely known that casein can be prepared as nanoparticles in the presence of the Ca²⁺ metal ion. Because casein is amphiphilic, hydrophobic drugs could be loaded inside to form a protein-based drug delivery system. In this study, we studied the optimum conditions for casein nanoparticle formation using natural metal ions present in the body, such as calcium, magnesium, zinc, and iron. It was confirmed that nanoparticles have a uniform size of around 150 nm and negative zeta potential values. In addition, it was demonstrated that casein nanoparticles have a cell viability of more than 80% and efficient intracellular uptake properties using confocal microscopy. From the results, it was also shown that the casein nanoparticles prepared using various metal ions have the potential to be biocompatible drug delivery carriers.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 2005

A large amount of oyster-shell waste has been illegally disposed at oyster farm sites along the southern coast of Korea, which already created serious environmental problems. Therefore, the study was undertaken to increase the consumption of oyster shell meal as a soil amendment. The effects of oyster shell meal on dynamics of heavy metals and uptake of heavy metals by spring Chinese cabbage were evaluated in silt loam soil (in Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam-do, Korea), where 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 Mg $ha^{-1}$ oyster-shell meal fertilizer were added. Lime treatment (2 Mg $ha^{-1}$) was selected as a control. In the results of this study, cabbage yields were increased by increasing levels of oyster-shell meal fertilizer. With increasing levels of oyster-shell meal fertilizer, total heavy metals concentrations were not significant among treatments. However, 0.1N HCl extractable heavy metals concentration was significantly reduced due to increasing of soil pH. A lot of portion (ca. $80{\sim}90%$) heavy metals fraction of all fractions was residual phase in soil after harvesting. The contents of Cu, Mo, Zn in cabbage were slightly increased by increasing levels of oyster shell meal fertilizer. However, there were no toxic symptoms of heavy metals during cultivation. Conclusively, it was estimated that oyster shell fertilizer could be a good amendment to increase productivity of crop and reduce uptake of heavy metals by crop and mobility of heavy metals in soil.