• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.312-317
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• 2005

Chemical composition, and mineral and heavy metal contents of Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts (1-5-year-old) were determined. Moisture contents (Yeomsan, 6.07-17.02%; Baekso, 4.29-16.15%) and pH (Yeomsan, 5.92-6.31; Baekso, 5.52-6.23) decreased as age of salts increased, while NaCl contents (Yeomsan, 80.35-92.74%; Baekso, 81.06-94.58%) increased with increasing storage period of salts. Older salts had lower content of water-insoluble matters. Nitrate content was not affected by aging of salts, whereas nitrite content was lower in older salts. Sulfate content of sun-dried salt decreased with aging of salt. Average concentrations (ppm wet weight) of major minerals in Yeomsan and Baekso sun-dried salts were: Mg, Mg, 1002-119; K, 1062-3411; Ca, 1503-3437; Li, 25-101; Ge, 8.35-0.21; Si, 43.99-6.48; and Mn, 6.79-1.55. Mineral content generally decreased with salt aging. Among heavy metals, Hg was not detected in all salts, and Cd (0.02-0.04ppm) was not affected by storage period. Pb was not detected in 5-year-old salts. Older salts showed brighter color than younger ones.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.177-182
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• 1994

The effect of phosphate salt (NafHP04) and sodium citrate on the emulsion stability of soy protein isolate (SPI) in the presence of calcium was investigated in terms of salt concentration and addition order. Both phosphate and citrate salts decreased the solubility of SPI despite their pH enhancing effects. Addition of calcium chloride (CaCl2) significantly decreased ES, which showed nearly negligible at more than 3 mM CaCl2 concentration. When Na2HP04 were added in the presence of 5 mM Cac12, 55 greatly increased up to 20mM concentration, above which however ES decreased. It was found that the addition order of Na2HPO4 and CaCl2 affected ES. The addition of phosphate and subsequent CaCl2 exhibited the higher 55 than the reverse order. In both cases, the overall ES profile was found to be nearly similar to the solubility profile of SPI, indicating the positive relationship between solubility and emulsion stability of SPI in the presence of calcium. Similar trend to the phosphate effect on ES was also observed for sodium citrate in the presence of calcium.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 2015

Effects of mineral salts (N, P, K, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Fe^{3+}$) on the shoot growth and metabolite production of tea tree were studied using in vitro culture techniques. Among mineral s alts, ${H_2PO_4}^-$ was the most important for enhanced growth rate of tea tree, while $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ did not affect plant growth. Removal of ${NH_4}^+$ and $NO_3$ from the culture medium enhanced shoot multiplication compared to other treatments. Metabolite production was variable depending on mineral types and concentration. Removal of $Ca^{2+}$ decreased the production of caffeine; however, other treatments did not influence its production. $Ca^{2+}$, ${NH_4}^+$ and $Fe^{3+}$ were important factors for catechin production in tea tree. These results can be used as the basis for development of technical soil controls suitable for tea tree cultivation in the future.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2007

The reliability of innovative membrane contactors technology (i.e. Gas/Liquid Membrane Contactors, Membrane Distillation/Crystallization) is today increasing for seawater desalination processes, where traditional pressure-driven membrane separation units are routinely operated. Furthermore, conventional membrane operations can be integrated with membrane contactors in order to promote possible improvements in process efficiency, operational stability, environmental impact, water quality and cost. Seawater is the most abundant aqueous solution on the earth: the amount of dissolved salts covers about 3% of its composition, and six elements (Na, Mg, Ca, K, Cl, S) account for more than 90% of ionic species. Recent investigations on Membrane Distillation-Crystallization have shown the possibility to achieve significant overall water recovery factors, to limit the brine disposal problem, and to recover valuable salts (i.e. calcium sulphate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate) by combining this technology with conventional RO trains. In this work, the kinetics of $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O,\;NaCl\;and\;MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$ crystallization is experimentally investigated in order to improve the design of the membrane-based crystallization unit.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 1992

For testing salts effect on seed germination, nitrogen solutions($(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, $KNO_3$, $Mg(NO_3)_2$, $Ca(NO_3)_2$, $(NH_2)_2CO$) were treated to chinese cabbage(Brassica rape L.) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) seeding on the quartz sand bed given a tilt to wet by dripping. Electrical conductivities (mS/cm) increased with direct proportion by equivalent gram-molecular weight at $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $KNO_3$, $NH_4NO_3$, but those of Mg and Ca salt remained 1 1/2 times higher. And urea solution never showed EC at all. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution appeared to have value of EC with 1.37 times as high as that of $KNO_3$ and it was in order of $(NH_4)_2SO_4>NH_4NO_3>KNO_3>Ca(NO_3)_2>Mg(NO_3)_2$ comparing with same percentage solution. Application of $Mg(NO_3)_2$ and $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ among 6 salts resulted in a severe decreas in germination of both crops, and $NH_4NO_3$ showed light inhibition in comparison to $KNO_3$. Urea showed little effect on germination as the same as $Ca(NO_3)_2$ and $KNO_3$ solution at low concentrations, but the latter two salts reduced germination remarkably at high concentrations. It is likely to show that germination inhibition is not affected by salt salanity but by the sort of salts.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.238-245
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to investigate the association of variable salts with the hardness of cubed white radish. We analyzed the contents of domestic sun-dried salt, Chinese sun-dried salt, domestic refined salt, Australian rock salt and Australian industrial sun-dried salt in the radish samples. Our assessment of the water content of variable salts showed that domestic refined salt was highest(7.27%) and Australian rock salt was lowest(0.16%). The NaCl contents of variable salts were as follows : 93.23% in refined salt, 93.76% in Australian rock salt, 87.85% in domestic Shinan sun-dried salt and 87.98% in Chinese sun-dried salt. The content of insoluble matter in water were $0.03{\sim}0.05%$ in all salts except 0.85% in Australian industrial sun-dried salt. The pH values of salts were as follows : 8.93 in domestic sun-dried salt, 8.62 in Chinese sun-dried salt, 6.69 in refined salt, 5.83 in Australian rock salt and 6.41 in Australian industrial sun-dried salt. Regarding the mineral component content assays, domestic salt was found to harbor lower Na content but far higher Mg, K, Ca contents than other salts. In our evaluation of the hardness of cubed white radish, we detected a continuous increase in the hardness of cubed white radish soaking in a 4% salt solution of domestic Shinan natural salt, but an initial increase followed by a decrease in the hardness of cubed white radish soaking in a 4% solution of the other salts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.507-510
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• 2005

In winter, a large amount of de-icing salts such as $CaCl_2$, NaCl have been used on highways for road safety. They make concrete structures deteriorated. In this study, the chloride diffusion of concrete in presence of de-icing salt was investigated. The diffusion coefficient of chloride in presence of $CaCl_2$ solution was larger than in presence of NaCl solution. Therefore, it is necessary to assess chloride profile in presence of $CaCl_2$ by different way from the case in presence of NaCl solution or seawater.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

The change of strength and water vapour diffusion resistant by soluble salts was investigated in the tuff and granite used in many stone monuments of Gyeongju area. With $Na_2SO_4$ and $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ were treated the rock samples to understand the difference of solubility. The densities of the tested rocks were increased by the impregnation of $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$ and $Na_2SO_4$. The flexural strength was increased in the tuff samples but decreased in the granite as the salts increased in the pore. In the tuff, the uniaxial compressive strength was increased by $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$, but decreased by $Na_2SO_4$. In the granite, it was decreased slightly by $CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$, but increased by $Na_2SO_4$. The water vapour diffusion resistant was increased by the salts in both rocks. As results, it was cleared that the mechanical strength colud be increased in early stage of weathering by the accumulation of salt and water vapour diffusion resistant.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 1994.11a
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• pp.84-85
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• 1994

과실의 연화는 주로 조직의 세포벽의 구조적 붕괴에 기인하며 이 중 Pectin의 분해와 밀접한 관련이 있다고 한다. 과실의 세포벽에는 다량의 $Ca^{2+}$이 존재하면서 세포벽의 구조를 지지하는데 중요한 역할을 하고있다. 양액 재배시에는 배양액의 농도가 높을수록 $Ca^{2+}$ 흡수이동이 억제되어 토마토식물체의 $Ca^{2+}$ 함량은 감소하는 것으로 보고되었다. 본 실험은 $Ca^{2+}$을 이용한 토마토과실의 품질향상을 위한 연구의 기초자료를 얻고자 토마토 유식물체에 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도별, 종류별 처리를 통하여 토마토 육묘중 $Ca^{2+}$ 및 다른 양이온의 흡수 유형을 알아보고자 하였다. (중략)

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.308-311
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• 2006

Saesongi (Pleurotus eryngii) was cultivated in both potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust media supplemented with Ca salts. The addition of Ca phosphate and Ca carbonate to sawdust media did not affect the growth, whereas Ca sulfate addition suppressed the mycelial growth appreciably. The efficiencies of Ca accumulation in the fruiting were studied based on mycelial growth experiments on Ca-supplemented sawdust media. Supplementation with 0.1 to 5% Ca phosphate increased the Ca content in the fruiting body by 4.5-6.5 fold, to a level of $314.6{\pm}22.7$ to $449.7{\pm}29.3$.