• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.46-55
• /
• 1992

Methoxyverapamil, $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, when given intravenously by means of bolus, produced the transient increase of urine flow, and then methoxyverapamil was infused in this experiments. Methoxyverapamil, when infused into vein, elicited the increase of urine flow ancampanied with the increased glomeralar filtration rate(GFR), renal plasma flow(RPF), excretion amounts of sodium and potassium in urine($E_{Na},\;E_k$) and osmolar clearance(Cosm), wherease produced the no change of free water clearance($C_{H2O}$) and the reduction of reabsorption rates of sodium and potassium in reral tubules($R_{Na},\;R_k$). Methoxyverapamil, when infused into a renal artery, exhibited the diuretic action in only infused Kidney, at this time changes of renal function were the same aspect to that of intravenously infused methoxyverapamil. Methoxyverapamil, when infused into a carotid artery, exhibited the decreased urine flow along with the reduction of Cosm, $C_{H2O}\;and\;E_{Na}$. Above results suggest that methoxyverapamil possess both the diuretic action by direct action in kidney and antidiuretic action through the central function.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.360-378
• /
• 1992

This study was performed to investigate effect of dietary protein and calcium levels on cad-mium intoxication in rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley male rate(245$\pm$21g) were blocked into 18 groups of 7 animals according to body weight Nine experimental diets different with protein(40%, 15%, 7%) and calcium (1.3%, 0.6%, 0.1%) levels were prepared. Nine groups of animals were fed each diet with 50ppm cadmium in drinking water and the other 9 groups without cadmium for 30days. Results were summarized as follows: 1) Body weight gain F. E. R(Food Efficiency Ratio) and weights of liver kidney and femur were higher in high protein groups among cadmium exposed groups. 2) Cadmium contents in liver and intestine were higher in rats fed high protein diet or low calcium diet among cadmium exposed groups. Fecal cadmium excretion was highest in high protein-high calcium diet group among cadmium exposed animals. Metallothionein contents in liver kidney and intestine were higher in animals exposed to cadmium and fed high protein diets. 3) Gel filtration chromatography of cytosolic solution showed that the higher dietary protein and calcium levels were the more cadmium was found in metallothionein fractions. 4) No gross histopathological change was seen in liver kidney and intestine of cadmium exposed rats. However a significant increase of smooth endoplasmic reticulum which was alleveated by high protein-high calcium diet was observed. Results obtained indicated that not only high protein diet but also high calcium diet showed preventive effect on cadmium intoxication by increasing the induction of metallothionein syn-thesis and decreasing the cadmium absorption.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.87-92
• /
• 2014

The work is directed toward the synthesis of a series of DO3A conjugates of tranexamates (1c-e) and their Gd complexes (2c-e) for use as a liver-specific MRI CA. All these complexes show thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities comparable to those of structurally related clinical agents such as Dotarem$^{(R)}$. Their $R_1$ relaxivities also compare well with those of commercial agent, ranging 3.68-4.84 $mM^{-1}s^{-1}$. In vivo MR images of mice with 2a-e reveal that only 2a exhibits liver-specificity. Although 2b and 2c show strong enhancement in liver, yet no bile-excretion is observed to be termed as a liver-specific agent. The rest behaves much like ordinary ECF CAs like Dotarem$^{(R)}$. The new series possess no toxicity to be employed in vivo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.229-240
• /
• 2003

An in vitro test and a broiler feeding trial were conducted to test the effect of hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran on phytate-P degradation and it’s feeding effect on performance of broilers. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran was carried out at 55$^{\circ}C$ with pH 5.5 buffer solution. Phytate-P content of wheat bran decreased quadrically as the wheat bran: buffer solution ratio increased from 1:0.5 to 1:5. Phytate-P degradation was not significantly affected by incubation times above 10 min., drying temperature (55$^{\circ}C$, 65$^{\circ}C$ and 75$^{\circ}C$) or pH of the buffer solution (5.5 and 7.0). A feeding trial was conducted with 240 sex separated d-old broiler chickens (Ross$^{\circledR}$). Broilers were randomly housed to 24 cages of 10 birds each. Six cages (3 of each sex) were assigned to 4 treatments: Control-normal level of non-phytate-P (NPP); LP-low NPP treatment which had 0.1% lower NPP than Control; LPWB-LP with wheat bran which provided 475 IU of plant phytase per kg diet; LPHWB-LP with hydrothermally treated wheat bran. Results of the feeding trial showed that broilers in the LP treatment gained significantly less than other treatments in starter period (1-21d) but only male broilers for growing LP gained significantly less than Control in the grower (22-35d) and overall period. There were no significant differences in weight gain among the birds of LPWB, LPHWB and Control. Feed intake during the overall period was not significantly different between LPWB and Control but that of LP was lower than LPHWB and that of LPHWB was lower than Control. Feed/gain ratio was significantly lower in LPHWB and LP than in Control and LPWP. Mortality was highest in LPHWB. Availability of crude fat, crude ash and Ca was significantly lower in LP than other treatments. Availability of P and Zn was higher in LPWB and LPHWB than in Control and LP. Availability of P, Mg and Zn was highest in LPHWP treatment. Excretion of P was significantly lower in low NPP treatments than in Control. Serum Ca level was highest whereas serum P level was lowest in LP. Tibial crude ash content was higher in wheat bran treatments, but lower in LP than Control. However, tibial Ca content was higher in Control and LP than wheat bran treatments. Tibial P content of LP and LPWB was lower than Control. However, tibial content of Fe was highest in LP. It was concluded that wheat bran, a source of plant phytase, could be used in low NPP broiler diets to prevent the depression of performance. Reduction of P excretion can be achieved concomitantly. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran was effective in improving utilizability of some minerals but was not effective in improving performance of broilers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.407-418
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of wheat and wheat bran  as the source of phytase in a 5 week broiler feeding trial. One thousand day-old broiler chickens(Ross$^{(R)}$) were divided into 20 pens of 50 broilers(25 male and 25 female) each. Four pens were randomly arranged to one of the five dietary treatments: T1, control diet containing normal nonphytate P(NPP) ;  T2, T1 － 0.1% NPP; T3, T2 ＋ 600IU microbial phytase(NOVO$^{(R)}$) per kg diet; T4, T2 ＋ 600IU plant phytase from wheat and wheat bran; T5, T2 ＋ 600IU plant phytase from wheat and hydrothermally treated wheat bran. Reduction of NPP level by 0.1%(T2) reduced weight gain and feed intake but plant phytase treatments(T4 and T5) recovered the lost performance. Plant phytase treatments showed better (p<0.05) weight gain and intake than the microbial phytase treatment(T3). There was no difference between regular wheat bran treatment(T4) and hydrothermally treated wheat bran treatment(T5). Mortality was the highest by low NPP diet(T2). Availability of ether extract and crude ash of grower diet was the highest(p<0.05) in normal wheat bran diet(T4). Availability of Ca and P of grower diet was the highest(p<0.05) in T4 followed by T3 and T5. Availability of Mg, Fe and Zn was drastically improved by phytase treatments(T3, T4 and T5). Excretion of Ca, P, Mg, Fe and Zn was the lowest(p<0.05) with microbial phytase treatment(T3). Serum level of Ca and Mg was the highest(p<0.05) with the low NPP treatment(T2). Tibial ash content of T2 and T3 was lower(p<0.05) than that of T1, T4 and T5. However, tibial Ca content was higher(p<0.05) in T1 and T2 than other treatments. Tibial P and Mg contents were the highest(p<0.05) in T1. It was concluded that plant phytase from wheat bran can be effectively used to improve P utilization. Hydrothermal treatment of wheat bran prior to inclusion in the diet had no beneficial effects.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.60-65
• /
• 2005

The human solute carrier, SLC41Al, is a $Mg^{2}+$ transporter that is regulated by extracellular magnesium. Although intracellular magnesium plays a fundamental role in cellular metabolism, little is known about how $Mg^{2}+$ is taken up and controlled by cells. Magnesium plays a fundamental role in cellular metabolism so that its control within the body is critical. Magnesium homeostasis is principally a balance between intestinal absorption of dietary magnesium and renal excretion of urinary magnesium. The kidney, mainly the distal convoluted tubule, controls magnesium reabsorption. Although renal reabsorption is under the influence of many hormones, selective regulation of magnesium transport is due to intrinsic control involving transcriptional processes and synthesis of transport proteins. Using microarray analysis, identification of the genetic elements involved with this transcriptional control has been begun. SLC41A1(GenBank Accession No. AJ514402), comprises 10 putative transmembrane domains, two of which are highly homologous to the integral membrane part of the prokaryote transports $Mg^{2}+$ and other divalent cations $Sr^2+,\;Zn^2+,\;Cu^2+,\;Fe^2+,\;Co^2+,\;Ba^2+,\;and\;Cd^2+,\;but\;not\;Ca^2+,\;Mn^2+,\;and\;Ni^2+.$ Transport of $Mg^{2}+$ by SLC41Al is rheogenic, voltage dependent, and not coupled to Na or Cl. Expressed SLC41Al transports a range of other divalent cations: $Mg^{2+},\;Sr^{2+},\;Zn^{2+},\;Cu^{2+},\;Fe^{2+},\;Co^{2+},\;Ba^{2+},\;and\;Cd^{2+}$. The divalent cations $Ca^{2+},\;Mn^{2+},\;and\;Ni^{2+}$and the trivalent ion $Gd^{3+}$ did not induce currents nor did they inhibit $Mg^{2+}$ transport. The nonselective cation $La^{3+}$ abolishes $Mg^{2+}$ uptake. Computer analysis of the SLC41Al protein structure reveals that it belongs to MgtE protein family & suggested that the human solute carrier, SLC41Al, might be a eukaryotic $Mg^{2+}$ transporter closely related $(60-70\%)$ protein encoded by SLC41A2 is a $Mg^{2}+$ transporter that might be involved in magnesium homeostasis in epithelial cells also transports a range of other divalent cations: $Ba^2,\;Ni^2,\;CO^2,\;Fe^2,\;or\;Mn^2,\;but\;not\;Ca^2,\;Zn^2,\;or\;Cu^{2+}$ that may have related functional properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2013

Two digestion trials, one with sheep and another with goats, were conducted to evaluate the long-term bias (LTB) of the indigestible dry matter (iDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) internal markers. The study used eight Santa In$\hat{e}$s castrated male sheep (average body weight of 16.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares and eight Saanen castrated male goats (average body weight of 22.6 kg) distributed in two $4{\times}4$ Latin squares. The experiments were conducted simultaneously, and the animals were housed in 1.2 $m^2$ individual pens with wood-battened floors equipped with individual feeders and drinkers. The animals received isonitrogenous diets that were offered ad libitum and contained 14% crude protein and 70% sugar cane (with 0, 0.75, 1.5 or 2.25% CaO, in natural matter percentage), corrected with 1% urea and 30% concentrate. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 14 d each, with the feed, leftovers and feces sampled on the last four days of each period. The marker concentrations in the feed, leftovers and fecal samples were estimated by an in situ ruminal incubation procedure with a duration 240 h. The relationship between the intake and excretion of the markers was obtained by adjusting a simple linear regression model, independently from the treatment (diets) fixed effects and Latin squares. For both the sheep and goats, a complete recovery of the iDM and iNDF markers was observed (p>0.05), indicating the absence of LTB for these markers. However, the iADF was not completely recovered, exhibiting an LTB of -9.12% (p<0.05) in the sheep evaluation and -3.02% (p<0.05) in the goat evaluation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.305-316
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship of the dietary nutrients to blood pressure among preschool children in Seoul and to concurrently study the effect of seasonal variance on the aforementioned relationship. The subjects of the study consisted of 203 preschool children aged four to six years. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, pulse rate and blood pressure, urinary excretion of five cations(Na, K, Ca, P, Mg), creatinine and urea nitrogen and dietary questionaires concerning sodium, potassium calcium and phosphorus were taken during the two periods of summer(Aug. 1986)and winter(Feb, 1987). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) The daily urinary excretion of five cations, creatinine and urea nitrogen is summer and winter was as follows; The sodium content was 57.8 mEq in the summer and 59.4 mEq in the winter ; potassium 20.4 mEq and 23.0 mEq, respectively ; calcium, 5.5 mEq and 3.6 mEq, respectively ; and phosphorus, 27.4 mEq and 19.9 mEq, respectively. Only calcium and phosphours excretions in the urine showed significant differences per season(p<0.05). 2) The average dietary intake per day of sodium was 2349mg in the summer and 2155mg in the winter ; potassium consumption was 1425mg in the summer and 1448mg in the winter ; intake of calcium was 472mg in the summer and 500mg in the winter ; and phosphours consumption was 642mg in the summer and 634mg in hte winter. The sodium-to-potassium consumption ratio 1.6 and 1.5, respectively, in the summer and in the winter and the calcium-to-phosphorus ration was 0.7 in the summer and 0.8 in the winter. The dietary calcium intake showed significant differences between the seasons. 3) The principal source of sodium consumption among preschool children was from seasoning-including talbe salt, soy sauce and instant sauce-which accounted for higher then 45% of the sodium intake in both seasons. The main source of potassium was frutis and vegetables which accounted for 29.6% of the potassium intake in the summer and 25.7% in the winter. Milk and milk products were the primary dource of calcium(higher then 40% in both seasons) 4) In the summer, urinary phosphours levels were weakly reated to systolic blood pressures. (0.05

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 1993

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary calcium on blood and tissue lipids of adult rats fed a high fat diet with or without supplemental cholesterol for 4 weeks. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets containing 18%(w/w) beef tallow and three levels of calcium 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.5%. The contents of total lipid, cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in blood, liver, small intestine, aorta, small intestinal contents and feces were determined. Only in rats fed the diets containing 1% cholesterol the concentration of cholesterol in aortic serum and various tissues significantly increased, and then decreased with increasing dietary calcium intake. Another observation was that high Ca intake significantly facilitated the fecal lipid and cholesterol excretion and bowel movement. These results suggest that possible hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary calcium could be related to the hypercholesterolemia and to the increase in excretion of fecal lipid and cholesterol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effect of bluefin tuna bone on the bone metabolism of the rats. Weaned 6-week old male rats were fed low-calcium diets for 2 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed experimental diets for six weeks. Experimental groups were \circled1 Normal calcium: CC (0.5% CaCO$_3$; control) \circled2 TB (bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled3 CT (citrated bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled4 BB (bovine bone powder) \circled5 CL (calcium lactate) \circled6 Low calcium LC (0.15% CaCO$_3$). Low-calcium diet group (LC) showed the lowest calcium retention. There was no differences in calcium excretion in stool and calcium absorption among various calcium sources. Serum calcitonin levels were high in TB, CT and BB group compared to those in CC, CL LC group. Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin levels showed no differences among experimental groups. Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were significantly higher in LC group than in other groups. Wet weight of the femur were significantly high in TB and CT group, and dry weight of femur showed no differences among normal calcium groups. Bone density of femur in LC group was significantly lower than those of normal calcium feeding group, and TB group showed highest bone density among experimental groups. There was no differences in bone metabolism among various calcium sources. Therefore, it is pointed out that the amount of calcium intake is very important because there was significant differences between normal calcium diet and low calcium diet. According to the results of femur weight, ash, calcium and bone density, it is suggested that bluefin tuna bone have alternative effects to bovine bone powder on the maintenance of bone health.