• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.292-298
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dual tasks on balance and postural control during standing in patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA). It was hypothesized that CA patients would exhibit different sway characteristics of the center of mass (COM) depending on the complexity of the secondary cognitive tasks compared with normal control subjects. Methods: A total of 8 patients with CA and age-matched healthy control subjects participated in this study. They were instructed to perform two balance tasks (non-dual and dual movement) with 3 different complexity of dual tasks. Range, variability, and velocity of COMs were measured. Results: According to the results CA patients showed deficits in balance and postural control with increased dual-task complexity during the static balance task in saggital sway movements. However, there was no significant difference in static balance in frontal sway. With higher difficulty in the cognitive task, CA patients took longer to stabilize their body center, while normal control subjects showed no change between conditions. In addition, CA patients had a greater COM resultant velocity during recovery in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. These findings indicate that CA patients had defendable compensatory strategies in performing dual tasks. Conclusion: In conclusion, CA patients appeared to manage the priority to balance and postural control. Particularly in a situation with a postural threat such as when potential consequences of the loss of stability increase, they appeared to prioritize the control of balance and posture over the performance of the secondary task.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2001

The Ca and P balance studies were carried out with two different diets varying Ca levels : the current Korean RDA level(normal Ca diet) and the high level (High Ca diet) which was determined by adding 2SD to mean Ca intake of all subjects. The subjects were sever healthy adult woman, aged from 25 to 32 years old. The metabolic studies were conducted for two weeks with a days recess in between : during the fist week with normal Ca diet and during the second week with high Ca diet. The composition of nutrients excepting Ca of both diets was similar to subjects usual intake. The result were summarized as follows: Mean daily Ca intake was 728.8mg from norma Ca diet and 945.5mg from high Ca diet. Fecal excretion of Ca increased significantly(p<0.05) on high Ca diet, but urinary excretion of Ca did not show any differences between the two diet periods. There were also no significant differences in Ca retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater during high Ca diet period: 112.1mg/day during normal Ca diet period vs 208.2mg/day during high Ca diet period. Mean apparent Ca absorption was 41.2% on normal Ca diet and 42.1% on high Ca diet, indicating it was not affected by high Ca intake level used in this study. On the contrary, P retention was significantly increased up to 109.4mg/day with high Ca diet as compared to- 41mg/day with normal Ca diet. There were no significant differences in fecal and urinary excretion of P but those to be lower during high Ca diet period. The above results showed that higher Ca intake more than current RDA(700mg/day), in the level of 945.5mg/day, could increase Ca retention through Ca absorption comparable to the rate appeared on RDA level intake. P retention was also improved by high Ca intake. Therefore, higher Ca intake than the current RDA level seemed to produce favorable effects on bone health in adult women. However, the current RDA level seemed to be relatively appropriate, considering the results that all the subjects but one maintained positive Ca balance with normal Ca diet. (Korean J Nutrition 34(1):54-61, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.326-336
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• 1991

Present study was to investigate the effect of dietary vegetable sources such as carrot, peahull and squash on mineral balance of Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mg in mice. It would also determine if the kind, level and feeding period of vegetables can affect the mineral balance. One hundred and thirty mice weighing $29{\sim}30g$(8 weeks of age) were randomly selected. Ten mice were fed their standard diet, and the others were divided into three experimental groups that were fed standard diet supplemented with carrot, peahull and squash. Mineral intake and urinary and fecal excretion of minerals were measured to investigate the effect of the kind, level and feeding period of vegetables on absorption rate and balance of minerals. Body-weight gain was increased in high peahull diet group compared to the control. No significant difference was observed for feed efficiency ratios between different experimental groups and urine volume was increased by vegetable fed group. Na, Ca, Fe, and Cu intake were lower in high squash-diet fed soup. K intake was higher in carrot fed mice, and Zn, and Mg intake were higher in peahull fed mice. Absorption rate and balance of mineral in control group resulted in positive balance while experimental groups showed negative. The kind of vegetable, feeding level and feeding period affected the intake of Na, K, Ca, Cu and absorption rate of Cu, Zn and balance of K, Cu, Zn to negative. In spite of the higher intake of t Zn and Mg, in experimental groups the absorption rate showed negative balance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of manganese (Mn) supplementation on bone status and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats according to the calcium intake levels. Total of 50 Sprague Dawley female rats (6 weeks) were divided into 5 groups and bred for 12 weeks: sham operated control group (SACa), OVX Ca deficiency group (OLCa) with Ca deficiency diet (0.1% Ca modified AIN-93N diet), OVX Ca deficiency & Mn supplement group (OLCaMn), OVX adequate Ca group (OACa; 0.5% Ca AIN-93N diet) and OVX adequate Ca & Mn supplement group (OACaMn). BMD (bone mineral density) of the femur was increased by Mn supplementation in OVX adequate Ca group. However, BMDs of spine, femur and tibia were lowered in OLCa compared to the OLCaMn group. Bone strength of tibia in OLCaMn group was significantly lower than OLCa group. Serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and CTx (C-telopeptide of collagen cross-links) levels were significantly higher in ovariectomized rats than those in the sham group, but they were not changed by Mn supplementation. Ca retention rate and Ca absorption rate did not differ among the experimental groups. Urinary Ca excretion was increased by Mn supplementation in Ca deficiency rats. In summary, Mn supplementation resulted in positive effects on bone mineral density ovariectomized rats with which intake adequate Ca. However, Mn supplementation on Ca deficiency ovariectomized rats resulted in decrement of BMO and bone strength by increasing Ca excretion. Therefore, it is encouraged to consider calcium intake levels in supplementation of manganese in order to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis and to keep bone healthy. (KoreanJNutr2008; 41(3): 206~215)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.716-728
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of dietary Ca levels on metabolic changes of Ca and skeleton in postmenopausal women, 10-month-old ovariectomized female rats were compared with 2 month old rats. The rats were fed either 0.2% or 1.2% Ca diets for 16 weeks. Food intake and weight gain as higher in rats fed high Ca diets and in ovariectomized rats. Apparent Ca absorption as higher, and Ca balance was lower in the low Ca groups. Vertebrae density was higher in old rats or those fed a high Ca diets. The old rats and ovariectomized rats showed decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption and kidney function deterioration resulting in increased urinary Ca excretion. Contradictory to the above observation, old rats and ovariectomized rats still showed higher bone mass and bone ash content. Therefore aging was not fully onging in 10-month-old rats. Bone weights, mineral contents, and mineral/wt ratio were lower in ovariectomized rats. Dietary Ca level did not affect urinary Ca excretion, urinary protein excretion, GFR, serum alkaline phosphatase, or urinary hydroxyporline excretion. This means that dietary Ca level did not influence kidney function or bone turnover. However Ca content and the ash content of femur, 4th vertebra, and scapula were increased in high Ca groups. Therefore, it is considered that decreased bone formation and accelerated bone resorption may account for the increased osteoporotic risk in women in menopause after middle age. However, Ca metabolism can be improved and bone components can be maintained if Ca is supplemented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.433-439
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• 2001

Intakes and excretions of calcium and phosphorus were determined for 8 female adolescents(aged 16.3$\pm$0.5y; body mass index 20.4$\pm$1.3kg/$m^2$; body fat 33.3$\pm$2.5%; bone mineral density of lumbar spine in L2-L4; 0.96$\pm$0.08g/$\textrm{cm}^2$) when they consumed diets basal and high in calcium for 6 days each. All subjects consumed a basal Ca diet containing 800mg, Korean RDA level of the subjects, and a high Ca diet containing 1200mg, RDA plus 2 SDs of calcium intake. The diets provided 58% of energy intake as carbohydrate, 25% as fat, and 17% as protein. Food, urine, and fecal composites were collected during the last 3 days of each feeding period. Fecal excretion of calcium was significantly greater on the high Ca than on the basal Ca diet. Hence, apparent absorption rate was significantly lowered from 40.9% on the basal Ca diet to 33.1% on the high Ca diet. There was no significant difference in calcium retention between the two diet periods but it tended to be greater on the high Ca diet. However, excretions and retention of phosphorus did not show any significant difference even though intake was significantly increased from 1,253mg on the basal Ca diet to 1,583mg on the high Ca diet. The results indicate that higher calcium intake than the Korean RDA level is recommended for adolescents to meet peak bone mineral accretion and attain a desirable level of calcium retention. (Korean J Nutrition 34(4) : 433~439, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 1986

The present study conducted to examine the effects of proteins from different sources on Ca excretion in 6 healthy young adult Korean women. The subjects were given meat protein diet for 5 days and soy protein diet for subsequent 5 days. the two diets were similar in protein and Ca contents. Urinary and fecal samples were collected for the last 2 days of each diet period and were analyzed for Ca and P. The results were as following ; 1) Mean daily urinary calcium excretion was 126.5$\pm$22.70mg for meat protein diet and 83.7$\pm$17.19mg for soy protein diet and the difference was significant (P<0.025). 2) Fecal Ca excretion did not show significant difference between two experimental preiod ; 466.9$\pm$73.68 mg of meat portein diet 284.4$\pm$54.96mg for soy protein diet. 3) Three out of six subjects showed negative balance on meat protein diet, but only one showed negative balance on soy protein diet. The averageof the balances on meat protein diet was -65.4 $\pm$68.19 and that of soy protein diet was 155.3$\pm$52.28 ; the difference was significant(P<0.025). 4) Urinary P excretion tended to be higher on meat protein diet but was not significant compared to soy protein diet . Fecal P excretion was significantly higher (P<0.001) on soy protein diet. Overall P balances for meat protein diet and soy protein diet were 219.94 mg and 229.46mg respectively (P<0.05). The above results show that urinary Ca excretion was significantly higher on meat protein diet but fecal excretion did not show significant difference between meat protein diet and soy protein diet. The overall Ca balance was significantly higher on Soy protein diet compared to meat protein diet.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.854-859
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• 2015

This experiment was performed to develop a model for nutrition ion concentration and EC in regard to change in pH from 4.0 to 8.0 in nutrient solution. The pH changes according to the variation of $HPO_4{^{-2}}$ and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ in the nutrient solution while variation of EC increased from pH 4.0 to 5.0, stabilized from pH 5.0 to 7.0 and increased again from pH 7.0 to 8.0. For the variance of major elements in the nutrient solution, K, Ca, N and P increased while pH was higher, especially the variables for K and P were increased largely. On the other hand, variables of Mg and S were stable. Based on analysis of the ion balance model of nutrient solution, the cation increased than anion over rising the variation of pH while balance point of ion moved from a-side to d-side. In addition, the imbalance increased while it moved away from the EC centerline as variance of pH increased. It was larger than effect of EC variance to correction values of equivalence ratios of K and Ca about variation of $HPO_4{^{-2}}$ and $H_2PO_4{^-}$ while as variance of pH increased, K decreased but Ca increased. These showed the result that variance of pH about correction values of equivalence ratios of K and Ca gave a second-degree polynomial model rating of 0.97. Through this research, it was identified the pH variable model about variance among pH, ion and EC according to gradient of phosphate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Neurocognitive Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to determine correlations between the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Korean (MoCA-K) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) targeting stroke patients, and it seeks to analyze the influence among each factor to establish the fundamental research in evaluating the functional performance capability of stroke patients. The study was conducted between December 2017 and March 2018 and the target of the study was 34 stroke patients who are hospitalized and treated in Y rehabilitation hospital located in Goyang city. Following in criteria of how participants were selected. First, a person without the onset of 6months or more. Second, a person who can communicate and score over 20 points on MMSE-K. Third, a person without unilateral neglect. Fourth, a person without lower motor neuron lesion and orthopedic disease on the bilateral lower extremity. Fifth, a person without audiovisual problem and history of using drug or surgery that influence athletic function. sixth, patients who agreed on participating in the study. The evaluation was processed by measuring BBS, MoCA-K, and MBI with the occupational therapist and physical therapist. Also, one assistant was participated in measuring balanced ability for the safety reason. It was found that significantly correlates (p<.01) with BBS and MoCA-K (r=.459), BBS and MBI (r=.550), MoCA-K and MBI (r=.565). This study is meaningful that it provided the basis for the active use of BBS, MoCA-K and MBI as a clinical evaluation tool and its usefulness.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2012

Controlling metabolism throughout life is a necessity for living creatures, and perturbation of energy balance elicits disorders such as type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. $Ca^{2+}$ plays a key role in regulating energy generation. $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is maintained through the action of $Ca^{2+}$ channels and the $Ca^{2+}$ ATPase pump. Once released from the ER, $Ca^{2+}$ is taken up by mitochondria where it facilitates energy metabolism. Mitochondrial $Ca^{2+}$ serves as a key metabolic regulator and determinant of cell fate, necrosis, and/or apoptosis. Here, we focus on $Ca^{2+}$ transport from the ER to mitochondria, and $Ca^{2+}$-dependent regulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism.