• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.787-796
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of germanium biotite (GB) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal gas emission in pigs. In Exp 1., a total of one hundred nursery pigs (initial body weight 13.12${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 21 d growth assay. The five treatments were control (CON, basal diet), GB0.5-200 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 200mesh), GB1.0-200 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 200mesh), GB0.5-325 (basal diet + 0.5% GB, 325mesh), GB1.0-325 (basal diet + 1.0% GB, 325mesh). Each treatment had four replicates with five pigs per replicate. ADG, ADFI and gain/feed were not significantly different among the treatments. Fecal NH3-N concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diet was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diet (P=0.01). The GB treatments reduced fecal volatile fatty acids significantly compared to the CON (propionic acid, P=0.01; butyric acid, P=0.01; acetic acid, P=0.02). Especially, fecal propionic acid concentration of pigs fed the GB325 diets was lower than that of pigs fed the GB200 diets (P=0.02). In Exp 2., a total of seventy five pigs (initial body weight 21.18${\pm}$0.15kg) were used in a 28 d growth assay. The treatments were same as described for Exp. 1. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. The GB1.0 treatments significantly increased the ADG compared to the GB0.5 treatments (P=0.03). The DM and N digestibility of pigs fed the GB1.0 diets were higher than that for pigs fed the GB0.5 diets (P=0.01). Also, the Ca digestibility of pigs fed the GB diets was higher than that for pigs fed the CON diets (P=0.01). The fecal NH3-N concentrations for the GB treatments were lower than that for the CON (P=0.01). The GB325 treatments significantly decreased the fecal NH3-N concentration compared to the GB200 treatments (P=0.03). The fecal butyric acid concentration for the GB325 treatments was lower than that for the GB200 treatment (P=0.04). In conclusion, the results obtained from these feeding trials suggest that the dietary GB for nursery pigs affects fecal noxious gas emission. In growing pigs, dietary GB was effective to improve ADG and decrease fecal noxious gas emission.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.241-249
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• 2011

This study was conducted to analyze ash content, mineral composition, hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) content, stable carbon isotope ratio, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns to investigate the quality characteristics of various honeys harvested from different sources and to identify differences useful for distinguishing honey sources. Ash content was 0.046-0.012% in acacia honey, 0.565-1.318% in chestnut honey, 0.06-0.582% in polyfloral honey, and 0.237-0.893% in native bee honey. Potassium content was high in order of chestnut honey>native bee honey>polyfloral honey>acacia honey. The Na/K ratio was 0.92-1.97 in acacia honey, 0.02-1.59 in chestnut honey, 0.02-5.30 in polyfloral honey, and 0.22-0.51 in native bee honey. The HMF content was 9.60-12.85, 10.15-25.75, 9.7-33.5, and 6.25-21.5 mg/kg in acacia, chestnut, native bee, and polyfloral honeys, respectively. HMF content was the highest in native bee honey. A 59 kDa protein band was revealed in all samples by SDS-PAGE analysis. Protein bands of 32.1, 31.9, and 33.5 kDa were revealed in some chestnut honeys, and protein bands of 32.3 and 32.5 kDa were shown in native bee honeys. A protein band of 72 kDa was also confirmed in some chestnut honeys.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.547-556
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• 1998

This study was performed to obtain the basic data on the serum constituents of several marine fish spesies commonly cultured in Korea. Blood samples taken from six species of fish were analyzed for various components of serum, total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), triglyceride (TRIG), cholesterol (CHOL), glucose (GLC), lipase (LIPA), amylase (AMYL), aspartate transaminoferase (AST), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (CI) and phosphorus (PHOS). The fish used were coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and jack mackerel (Trachurus jaonicus) reared at the Chungmu Experimental Fish Culture Station of KORDI when the water tempetature was ca. 16.5$^{\circ}C$. There were significant differences in TRIG, CHOL, LIPA and AMYZ among the species analyzed. TRIG concentratin were ranged 178~180mg/dl in jack mackeerel and rock fish, 126~159 mg/dl in olive flounder and sea bass, and 102~114 mg/dl in coho salmon and parrot fish, respectively. Jack mackerel showed the highest levels in CHOL (255mg/dl) and GLC(138mg/dl) among species. LIPA levels were recorded 256 U/dl in coho salmon, 41~42 U/dl in parrot fish and rock fisk, and 5~11 U/dl jack mackerel and sea bass, respectively. AMYL activity of coho salmon was measured as 2, 665 U/dl, and that of jack mackerel was 1,210 U/dl while sea bass showed 60 U/dl and parrot fish, olive flounder and rock fish had at most 5 U/dl. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the concentration of Na and CI. Na and K were proved that they were negatively correlated in all the species. Generally, among blood components, PHOS and CHOL levels were different depending on environmental temperature of each fish species, especially in olive flounder. Rock fish and parrot fish showed high blood concentration of those components during low temperature period while olive flounder and jack mackerel reached high level during their optimal environmental temperature period. The electrolyte concentration and LIPA activity were high during low water temperature period, in general, but TP and ALB concentrations were high during optimal temperature period. The concentrations of TRIG, CHOL and GLC, those which were used as energy sourses, were different among species by season.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.678-684
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• 2001

In Korea, the conger eel, Conger myriaster and sea eel, Muraenesox cinereus have been eaten as a sliced raw ash meat for a long time. This study was carried out to compare the food component and sensory differences of the conger eel and sea eel as a sliced raw fish meat. The yield and ash content of conger eel were slightly higher than those of sea eel, and no significant differences in moisture, crude protein and crude lipid. The major fatty acids of conger eel were 16:0 ($19.9\%$), 18 : 1n-9 ($36.1\%$) and 22: 6n-3 ($8.3\%$), while those of sea eel were 16:0 ($24.0\%$), 16: 1n-7 ($12.1\%$) and 18:1n-9 ($21.9\%$), The contents of (n-3)-fatty acids were low in all of the two samples. The contents of total amino acid in the conger eel and sea eel were 19,147.2 mg/100 g and 18,527.1 mg/100 g, respectively. The major amino acids of two samples were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. The chemical score in protein of conger eel was higher about $6\%$ than that of sea eel, and the Ca and P contents of conger eel were also higher than those of sea eel. Although the nutritional value of conger eel as a sliced raw fish meat was generally higher than that of sea eel, the sensory scores in taste and texture of conger eel were lower than those of sea eel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2009

Dodok (Codonopsis lanceolata Bench. et Hook) root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. To identify the major components, fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was analyzed for its chemical compositions prior to their pharmaceutical substances, which were used as the fundamental data. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 79.3%, 13.0%, 2.40% and 5.3%, respectively. The calories of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 390.5 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 47.4% of total carbohydrates. The protein was composed of 18 different amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 8,118.18 mg and 10,913.42 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca and Mg, which means fermented Codonopsis lanceolata is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 37.76%, 3.84%, and 35.64%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of crude saponin in fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 60.1 mg/g. It is expected that a follow up study on fermented Codonopsis lanceolata through development and evaluation of processed foods for their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.91-97
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• 2017

This study contains research on a bio-monitoring system (BMS) capable of detecting abnormal high water temperatures, the shell valve movements (SVMs) of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), which were measured at four different temperature (5, 10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$) under laboratory conditions. All the Pacific oysters were kept under fasting conditions for 3 days to prevent the influence of food and excretions before the onset of the experiments. SVMs did not detect at $5^{\circ}C$. However, SVMs increased with an increase in temperature (at $10^{\circ}C$ : $6.31{\pm}2.18times/hr$ and at $20^{\circ}C$: $22.0{\pm}10.0times/hr$). At $30^{\circ}C$, SVMs were divided into two groups: those with no SVMs as at $5^{\circ}C$ and those with SVMs similar to conditions at $20^{\circ}C$($23.9{\pm}9.35times/hr$). This indicates oyster shells maintain a closed condition due to a decrease in metabolism at $30^{\circ}C$, although some Pacific oysters had active SVMs due to an increase in metabolism. If a BMS using the SVM status of Pacific oysters was installed to monitor abnormal high water around oyster farms, early warning levels and serious alerts might be made available more rapidly for SVMs of more than ca. 30 times/hr and closing conditions in a matter of hours, respectively. Therefore, a BMS using the SVMs of Pacific oysters might be an effective early warning system for abnormal high water temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.113-118
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• 2010

Due to diverse soil-forming environments and different purposes of the soil classification, numerous soil classification systems have been developed worldwide. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the Soil Taxonomy of the United States are well-known in Korea. However, the German Soil Systematics based on somewhat different principles from the two former systems is little-known. The objective of this paper is therefore to give a short overview of the principles of the German Soil Systematics. The German Soil Systematics consists of a six-level hierarchical structure which comprises soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, and soil subvarieties. Soils in Germany are firstly classified into one of four soil divisions according to the soil moist regime: terrestrial soils, semi-terrestrial soils, semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and peats. Terrestrial soils are subdivided into 13 soil classes based on the stage of soil formation and the horizon differentiation. Semi-terrestrial soils are differentiated into four classes regarding the source of soil moist: groundwater, freshwater, saltwater, and seaside. Semi-subhydric/subhydric soils are subdivided into two classes: semi-subhydric and subhydric soils. Peats are classified into two classes of natural and anthropogenic origins. Classes can be compared to orders of the U.S. Taxonomy. Classes are subdivided into 29 soil types with regard to soil forming-processes for terrestrial soils, into 17 types with regard to the soil formation for semi-terrestrial soils, into five types with regard to the content of organic matter for semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and also into five types with regard to peat-forming processes for peats. The soil mapping units in Germany are types, which can be additionally subdivided into ca. 220 subtypes, several thousands of varieties and subvarieties using detailed nuances of morphologic features of soil profile. Soil types can be compared to great groups of the U.S. Taxonomy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: For the heavy metal cotamination sites, it is very important to estimate the human bioavailability quotients for heavy metals in paddy soils released from mine tailings, which is a major source of contamination in Korea, and to assess the human health risks of heavy metals. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the human bioavailability quotient of the heavy metals in paddy soils below part of the closed metalliferous mine. For estimating the human bioavailability quotients for heavy metals, 30 paddy soils below part of the closed mine were collected, and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As using simple bioavailability extraction test(SBET). The quantities of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and As extracted from paddy soils below part of the mine by using the SBET analysis were 28.1, 17.3, 34.1, 14.6 and 2.3% respectively. Specially, the maximum values of Cd, Pb and Zn were 73.3, 81.5 and 58.1% of human bioavailability quotient, respectively, and varied considerably among the sampling sites. The human bioavailability quotient of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils near the closed mine showed significant positive correlation among soil pH value, O.M. and Ex. Ca. contents, while it correlated negatively between soil Ex. K and Ex. Mg contents in paddy soils. Also, its of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in paddy soils showed significant positive correlation with 0.1M HCl extractable and total contents, while in soils, it correlated negatively with As content in soil near the closed mine. CONCLUSION: The results of the simple bioavailability extraction test (SBET) indicate that regular ingestion of soils by the local population could be closed a potential health threat due to long-term heavy metals exposure in these mine areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2008

Physicochemical characteristics of black garlic were analyzed. Colorimetry measurement showed that the black garlic, compared with fresh and steamed garlics, was the highest in a value and the lowest in L and b values. Crude lipid, crude protein, and total sugars were the highest in black garlic, which was followed by steamed and fresh garlic. On the other hand, moisture content was the lowest in the black garlic and the highest in the fresh garlic. The pH of garlics was ca. 6.8, 6.5, and 4.4 in fresh, steamed, and black garlic, respectively, which indicated that garlics tended to be acidified with the thermal processing. Total pyruvate and total thiosulfinates were the lowest in steamed garlic ($77{\mu}mol$/g and 0.07 OD/g for each) and the highest in black garlic ($278{\mu}mol$/g and 0.77 OD/g). Arabinose and galactose were detected only in black garlic and their contents were 1.6 and 13 mg/100 g, respectively. Free sugars such as glucose, sucrose and fructose were the highest in the order of fresh, steamed, and black garlic. Potassium was a predominant mineral in all garlics, constituting 76% of total minerals. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid were the major composition amino acids in all garlics, regardless of processing conditions. 15 kinds of free amino acids were detected in fresh and steamed garlic, while five more free amino acids, O-phosphoethanolamine, and urea were additionally detected in black garlic.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 2008

Powdery mildew of lettuce that is a newly reported disease became a threat to organic cultivation of lettuce in Korea since the disease caused by Podosphaera fusca resulted in a half of yield loss in heavily infected fields. To improve micro-environmental conditions around lettuce, ACF (air-circulation fan) was installed on inside roof of plastic house at 6 m intervals. The ACF increased 57% of lettuce yield and reduced 71.4% of lettuce seedling death. COY (cooking oil and yolk mixture) consisted of cooking oil 0.3% and egg yolk 0.08% reduced lettuce seedling death from 89.3% to 92.9% under the greenhouse. Seven-day interval spray of COY resulted in high control values of powdery mildew of lettuce ranging from 89.6% to 96.3%, which was comparable to a fungicide, Azoxystrobin. Lettuce yield was increased about two times compared to a non-treated conventional cultivation. Qualities of lettuce such as hardness and chlorophyll content were also improved by COY and ACF combination. Effect of COY on control of the disease was improved when $CaCO_3$ or $SiO_2$ 1,000 ppm was supplemented. Results indicated that the COY made of cooking oil such as canola emulsified with yolk was highly effective on control of powdery mildew of lettuce and suitable for organic agriculture, especially when combined with ACF.