• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.379-387
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• 1998

Magnesium(Mg) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and Mg deficiency but Ca sufficiency Increases serum cholesterol and triglyceride. The relationships of serum Mg, Ca, Ca/Mg ratio with lipids was examined in 79 female college students in Choong-Nam area. Subjects were divided into underweight, normal and overweight groups according to their BMI. The average age, body weight, height and BMI were 21.9yr, 55.9kg, 158.5cm and 22.62kg/$m^2$ respectively. Height was not different between groups. Serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the underweight group than other groups. BMI had positive correlations with LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI) and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio(LPH), and negative correlations with HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio. Serum minerals (serum Mg, Ca, Ca/Mg ratio) and serum lipid concentrations were not significantly different between groups. However, there was a tendency of increasing serum Mg level with increasing serum HDL-cholestrol, HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and decreasing serum LDL-cholesterol, LPH, total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio(TPH) and AI. And there was a tendency of increasing serum Ca level with increasing serum HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio and decreasing serum triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, LPH, TPH and AI. And there was a tendency of increasing serum Ca /Mg ratio level with decreasing triglyceride, serum LDL-cholesterol and TPH. This study was limited within serum levels of minerals (serum Mg, Ca and Ca/Mg ratio), serum lipids concerned with CHD, therefore I hope there will be wider efforts to consider about the dietary levels of minerals for presentation of the connection between dietary Mg, Ca and serum lipids.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.299-303
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• 1986

To provide useful information on the improving cultural practices of mungbean, investigations were made on Ca/Mg and (equation omitted) ratio in soil and plant grown under three fertilizer levels of N, P, K with different upland soils, using variety, Kyonggijaerae 5. Highly significant possitive correlations were observed between the soil extracted molar Ca/Mg ratio, (equation omitted) ratio at flowering time and yield, number of pods per plant, respectively. Soil-extracted Ca/Mg ratio at flowering time ranged from 1.9 to 6.4 and (equation omitted) ratio ranged from 0.17 to 0.33. Yield decreased rapidly as extracted soil Ca/Mg ratio became smaller than the ratio of 3.9, and yield was the highest the (equation omitted) ratio adjusted to 0.23 at flowering time. At harvesting time, Ca/Mg ratio in plant ranged from 1.4 to 4.3 and the yield decreased rapidly as Ca/Mg ratio in plant became smaller than 2.6. Yields, however, were not related to the soil-extracted Ca/Mg ratio interval from 3.9 to at least 6.4 in flowering time and Ca/Mg ratio in plant ranged from 2.6 to 4.3 at harvesting time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Acid deposition in forest adjacent to the industrial complexes causes soil acidification resulting in the leaching of cations, decreases of buffering capacity and increases of toxic metal concentrations such as Al, Fe, Mn and Cu in soil solution. Changes of nutrient availability equilibria by acid deposition have been known to retard the growth of pine trees. Objective of this research was to assess the critical ratios of Ca/Al and Mg/Al limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii in the hydroponic culture. The Ca concentration and Ca/Al ratio in stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Ca/Al molar ratio in the nutrient solution, but were not changed when the Ca/Al molar ratio was adjusted to greater than 1. Growth of Pinus thunbergii was inhibited at the Ca/Al molar ratio lower than l due to the Ca deficiency. The molar ratios of Ca/Al in the needles of Pinus thunbergii showed the similar tendency with the stalks. This indicated that Ca/Al molar ratio of 1 in the growth media was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii. Concentration of Mg and Mg/Al molar ratios in the stalks of pine tree were increased as increasing Mg/Al molar ratio in nutrient solution. Molar ratios of Mg/Al in the needles were increased as increasing Mg/Al ratios in nutrient solution up to 0.83, which was the critical level limiting the growth of Pinus thunbergii.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.70-70
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• 1998

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.728-742
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• 1993

The effects of dietary calcium levels on the blood pressure and calcium metabolism were investigated. Nine normotensive female college students having hypertention family history were participated in 4-week dietary expeiments. They were provided with either high Ca diet (HCa, average 797mg/day) or low Ca diet(LCa, average 225mg/day) during two weeks, each, consecutively. Sodium amounts of the body diets were 3566~4022mg/day, which were ordinary sodium intake levels in Korea. After the HCa, systolic blood pressures(SBR) in both seated and isogrip-seated postitions were decreased by about 2.5mgHg, comparing with those after the LCa(p<.05). Diastoilc blood pressures(DBP) were not changed by dietary calcium levels. Serum total Ca, ionized Ca, Mg and P levels and Ca/Mg ratio were not different between the HCa and the LCa. Serum parathyroid hormone(PTH) levels were similar between two diets, but individually in seven of nine subjects, the slightly lower values of PTH were observed after the HCa than after the LCa. Urinary excretion of Ca(p<.01), Mg(p<.05) and P(p<.1) were increased after the HCa comparing with the LCa, but Ca/Mg ratio were not different between the two diets. SBP was in positive correlations with boty urinary excretion of Ca(supine, r=.7356, p<.05) and urinary Ca/Mg ratio(isogrip-seated, r=.7483, p<.05). SBP was also negatively correlated with serum P level(supine, r=-.6930, p<.05) and DBP was in negative correlation with urinary P excretion(seated, r=-.8586, p<.01). Serum total and ionized Ca, Mg, Ca/Mg ratio were not significantly correlated with blood pressures.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.311-328
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• 1992

In other to classify calcicoles and calcifuges and calcifuges within plant communities occurring on limestone and granite soils in chungbuk province, korea, soil propertile, constancy for species by prsence or absence, and ratios of soluble to insoluble $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were investigated. In the limestone soils ph values and $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ content, ranging 7.26 ~7.48, 5.32~7.37 mg $Ca^{2+}/g$ and 0.42~0.62 mg $Mg^{2+}/g$, respectively, were higher than those in the granite soil with ph 5.76, 1.03mg $Ca^{2+}/g$ and 0.24mg $Mg^{2+}/g$. species with high constancy in the 5 communities were classified into three groups; species group a(29~36% of total number of species) was composed of species occuring on the granite soil; group c(16~24%) is commonly distributed throughout both soils. Ratios of soluble to insoluble $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ranged from 0.1 to 81.3 in the group a, 0.2 to 0.8 in the group b and 0.2 to 8.7 in the group c. species within each group can be divided into two groups based on the values of the ratio, below or above 1.0. consequently, each of the group a and c was classified again into two groups; the group a1 and c1 with the ratio of above 1.0 and the group a2 and c2 withbelow 1.0 but the ratio could not further subdivide the group b. from these results it was proposed that plants of the group a1 were termed as obligate calcicoles, the group b as obligate calcifuges, the group c1 as facultative calcicoles, the group c2 as facultative calcifuges and the group a2 as avoiding calcifuges.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 1987

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of Ca and Mg saturation ratios of soil on the uptake of Ca, Mg and K by rice plant. A silty loam soil was treated with $CaCl_2$ and $MgCl_2$ to obtain different degrees of Ca and Mg saturation. The studied ranges of Ca and Mg saturation ratios were 81:19, 70:30, 52:48, 55:45, and 31:69 in terms of the ratio of exchangeable Ca and Mg. Two levels of K application (90kg/ha, and 180kg/10a as $K_2O$) were also included in this study. The significant observation were summarized as follows. 1. When the Ca saturation of soil was dominant over Mg, the soil solution contained more Ca than Mg and vice versa. These led to the higher uptake of Ca by rice plant in Ca dominant soils and higher uptake of Mg in Mg dominant soils. 2. When the Ca and Mg saturation ratio was about equal, more Mg was released to soil solution leading to higher concentration of Mg in rice plant compare to that of Ca. 3. A trend was observed that the concentration of K in soil solution was lower in Mg dominant soils than in Ca dominant soils. This also resulted in the depressed uptake of K by rice plant under Mg dominant system when compare to Ca dominant system. 4. The increase application of K led to the increase in relative concentration of K to (Ca+Mg+K), and to the depression of divalent uptake by rice plant. However, it was observed that the degree of depression in uptake divalent by K application was more sensitive in case of Mg than that of Ca. 5. When viewed from grain yield of rice, it is pointed out that the optimum range of Ca to Mg ratio in soil may fall in the vicinity of 7:3. 6. Although K uptake by rice plant was influenced by the term of $AK^+/{\sqrt{A(Ca^{{+}{+}}+Mg^{{+}{+}})$ in soil solution, $AK^+$ itself was affected by the ratios of Ca:Mg in soil, as it were $AK^+$ value was decreased in Mg dominant soil than in Ca.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.388-394
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• 2001

This study was conducted ton investigate the mineral contents of commercial baby foods. Samples were classified into 4 groups; powdered formula, baby juice product (domestic), juice and paste products (imported) and soymilk-based formula. We analyzed Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn contents by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after dry-ashing. The difference of analyzed value versus labeled value and Ca/P ratio of analyzed value were calculated. The difference (%) of analyzed value on the labeled value was Ca: 98.6, P: 121.8, Mg: 146.1, Na: 87.4, K: 104.3, Fe: 104.8, Cu: 120.2, Zn: 109.8 in powdered formula, Mg showed the highest difference among the elements. The Ca/P ratio of powdered formula was 1.41 (1.70-1.99). Baby juice products (domestic) were fortified Ca, Fe and the difference (%) of analyzed value on labeled value of Ca and Fe contents was 131.8, 110.2, respectively. The Ca/P ratio of these was 2.36 (1.64-3.71). Differently the domestic products, imported juice and paste products were not fortified Ca, Fe and its Ca/P ratio was 0.38(0.14-0.59). The difference (%) of analyzed value on the labeled value was Ca: 110.2, Mg: 179.5, Na: 83.7, K: 87.8, Cu: 107.8, Fe: 219.8, Zn: 100.5, P: 126.6 in soymilk-based formula, Fe showed the highest difference among the elements. The Ca/P ratio of soymilk-based formula was 1.17 (1.04-0.39).

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2014

The thermal effect on the compositional change of the $SO_2$ absorption process product was investigated compared with the composition of raw material when dolomite is employed in place of lime in the scrubbing process based on thermodynamic estimation. It was considered that the equilibrium reactions which directly related with the formation of $CaSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$, the absorption process products, are those between $Ca^{2+}$ and $Ca(OH)_2$, $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mg(OH)_2$, and the secondary dissociation reaction of $H_2SO_4$. It was thought to be necessary to examine the enthalpy change for the formation reactions of $CaSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ along with the thermal feature of the relative reactions to figure out the influence of temperature on the compositional change of absorption process products. The stable regions for $Ca(OH)_2$ and $Mg(OH)_2$ in Pourbaix diagram were found to be increased as temperature rises and the equilibrium reaction between $Ca^{2+}$ and $Ca(OH)_2$ was investigated to be more strongly influence by temperature change compared with the equilibrium reaction between $Mg^{2+}$ and $Mg(OH)_2$. The amounts of $CaSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ were anticipated to be decreased with temperature considering the thermal characteristics for the equilibrium reactions regarding calcium, magnesium, and $H_2SO_4$. It was understood that the formation ratio between $CaSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ is greater than the composition ratio between calcium and magnesium contained in dolomite at specific temperature and the decrease of the formation ratio of $CaSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ with temperature was estimated to be diminished as the content of calcium in dolomite is increased. In addition, the extent of the change in the compositional ratio between absorption process products was examined to be reduced compared with the composition of raw material as the calcium content in dolomite is raised.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1989

This pot experiments were conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratios of the N:S:P anions and K:Ca:Mg cations of major nutrients in an orchardgrass/ladino clover mixed sward. The optimum ratios in equivalent basis were computed by the Homes systematic variations technique. The soil samples were collected from the newly reclaimed soils, which are located on colluvial hilly area with a good consideration for the hilly pasture development. The results were summarized as follows; 1, the optimum fertilization ratios of major nutrients for the high yields by the forage species in a mixed sward were obtained (Table 4 in detail); N:S:P = 3:l: 1 and K:Ca:Mg = 1:l: 1 for grass and grass plus legume, and N:S:P = 1:6:43 and K:Ca:Mg = 1: 3: 1 for legume in general. 2. The yield increases from the systematic variations in this mixed sward were laid in following order; N > P >S-group and K >Mg >Ca-group for grass and grass plus legume, and P >S >N-group and Ca >Mg > K-group for legume. Especially, the yields were greatly increased at the N-group for grass, and at the Pand Ca-groups for legume. 3. Soil pH-value was descreased at the Sgroup, and somewhat increased at the Ca- and Mg-groups. The content of available $P_2O_5$, CEC and base saturation were greatest with the Ca-group. 4. At the N-group, the N-contents were highest and the P-contents were lowest in grass and grass plus legume, which resulted in the highest Ca/P ratio of 2.15 among the anion groups. Whereas the highest Ca/P ratio of 9.20 in legume was obtained at the Ca-group. Legume showed in general higher Ca/P ratio and lower K/(Ca+Mg) ratio than these in grass. 5 . There were differences in the effects of systematic variations of major nutrients on the dry matter yields and the mineral yields. The optimum fertilization ratios of anions and cations for the high mineral yields were obtained (Table E), which showed differences comparing with the ratios for the high dry matter yields. The antagonis between the cations K and Mg was known from the point of mineral yields of mixed forages.