• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the impact of early weaning of lambs at approximately seven weeks of age onto a herb-clover mix on the liveweight gain of lambs and their dams. Methods: In 2015, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 134) were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: i) Early-weaned (58 days after the midpoint of lambing) onto an unrestricted allowance (>1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of herb-clover mix (HerbEW); ii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of herb-clover mix until conventional weaning (95 days after the midpoint of lambing) (HerbCW); iii) Lambs+dams unweaned onto an unrestricted allowance of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (GrassCW). In 2016, twin-born lambs that weighed a minimum of 16 kg (n = 170) were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: i), ii), iii) (similar to 2015) and iv) Lambs+dams unweaned onto a restricted allowance (<1,200 kg dry matter/ha) of grass-clover pasture until conventional weaning (93 days after the midpoint of lambing) (Restricted-GrassCW). Results: In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbCW and GrassCW lambs did not differ (p>0.05), but were greater than HerbEW lambs. In 2016, HerbCW lambs had greater (p<0.05) liveweight gains from L51 to L93 than GrassCW followed by HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW lambs. In 2015, liveweight gain from L58 to L95 of HerbEW ewes were greater than both GrassCW and HerbCW ewes while in 2016, liveweight gain of from L51 to L93 GrassCW and HerbCW ewes did not differ (p>0.05) but were greater (p<0.05) than those of HerbEW and Restricted-GrassCW ewes. Conclusion: These results indicate that when grass-clover pasture supply can be maintained at unrestricted intake level, there may be no benefit of weaning lambs early. However, at restricted pasture conditions lambs can achieve greater liveweight gains when weaned early onto a herb-clover mix.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2005

Bacillus cereus 28-9 is a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from lily plant in Taiwan. This bacterium exhibited biocontrol potential on Botrytis leaf blight of lily as demonstrated by a detached leaf assay and dual culture assay. At least two chitinases (ChiCW and ChiCH) were excreted by B. cereus 28-9. The ChiCW-encoding gene was cloned and moderately expressed in Escherichia coli DH5$\alpha$. Near homogenous ChiCW was obtained from the periplasmic fraction of E. coli cells harboring chiCW by a purification procedure. An in vitro assay showed that the purified ChiCW had inhibitory activity on conidial germination of Botrytis elliptica, a major fungal pathogen of lily leaf blight.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2008

In this paper, MAC algorithm for the IEEE 802.11 DCF improving the performance is proposed and analyzed by simulation. The MAC of IEEE 802.11 WLAN to control data transmission uses two control methods called DCF(Distributed Coordination Function) and PCF(Point Coordination Function). The DCF controls the transmission based on CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance), that decides a random backoff time with the range of CW(Contention Window) for each station. Normally, each station increase the CW to double after collision, and reduces the CW to the minimum after successful transmission. The DCF shows excellent performance relatively in situation that competition station is less but has a problem that performance is fallen from throughput and delay viewpoint in situation that competition station is increased. This paper proposes an enhanced DCF algorithm that increases the CW to maximal CW after collision and decreases the CW smoothly after successful transmission in order to reduce the collision probability by utilizing the current status information of WLAN. To prove efficiency of proposed algorithm, a lots of simulations are conducted and analyzed.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.339-355
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• 2022

The high cost of ultra-high-performance engineered cementitious composite (UHP-ECC) is currently a crucial issue, especially in terms of the polyethylene (PE) fibers use. In this paper, cheap calcium carbonate whiskers (CW) were evaluated on the feasibility of hybrid with PE fibers. Diverse combinations of PE fibers and CW were employed to investigate the multi-scale enhancement on the UHP-ECC performance. A probabilistic-based UHP-ECC tensile strain reliability analysis approach was utilized, which was in general agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, a multi-dimensional integrated representation was conducted for the comprehensive assessment of UHP-ECC. Results illustrated that CW improved the compressive strength and energy dissipation capacity of UHP-ECC owing to the microscopic strengthening mechanism. CW and PE fiber further promoted the saturated cracking of composite by multi-scale crack arresting effect. In particular, PE1.75-CW0.5 specimen possessed the best overall performance. The ultimate cracking width of PE1.75-CW0.5 group had 98 ㎛, which was 46.18% lower compared to PE2-CW0 group, the 28d compressive strength were slightly improved, the tensile strain capacity was comparable to that of PE2-CW0 group. The results above demonstrated that combinations of PE fiber and CW could significantly enhance the comprehensive performance of UHP-ECC, which was beneficial for large-scale engineering applications.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2014

CW-4Y was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. by morphological and physiological characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rDNA gene sequence. Nitrogen removal by CW-4Y was analyzed in relation to the ammonium concentration, presence of organic carbon, carbon source, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Stenotrophomonas CW-4Y has heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification abilities. Stenotrophomonas CW-4Y utilized only glucose as carbon sources, and heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification were observed regardless of the type of nitrogen source. The maximum ammonium removal rate of CW-4Y was 80 $mg-N{\cdot}L^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ and its denitrification rate of 192 $mg-N{\cdot}L^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ at $NO_3{^-}-N$ (about 280 ppm) in shake culture experiments at a C/N ratio of about 15 was about 30 times higher than those of other bacteria with the same ability.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2013

For the germination and differentiation of immature embryos obtained by artificial crossing between tetraploid grape 'Fujiminori' (Vitis vinifera ${\times}$ V. labruscana) and triploid 'Summer Black' (V. labruscana ${\times}$ V. vinifera), were incubated in vitro using MS medium supplemented with $GA_3$ or coconut water (CW) at various concentrations. The percentage of embryo formation of 'Fujiminori' ${\times}$ 'Summer Black' was 64.3%. Embryo germination percentage was higher than 95% in all the $GA_3$ treatments at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, and $1.25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. However, only 15.8-31.6% of the germinated embryos successfully developed into normal plantlets. At higher concentration of $GA_3$, the plantlets developed infirm hypocotyls with over elongated and less enlarged structure. Among the treatments of CW at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v), 10% and 15% were more effective and plantlet achievement percentage were 68.4 and 66.7%, respectively. The addition of 10% CW was most effective to obtain plantlets with optimal shoot length, node and root numbers. 15% CW was suitable to obtain plantlets with longer roots. Accordingly, the embryo culture using the MS medium supplemented with 10-15% CW was observed to be more efficient for germinating and growing the immature embryos produced from artificial crossing between tetraploid grape 'Fujiminori' and triploid 'Summer Black'.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.109-118
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• 2017

The key word (KW) is a set of words to clearly express the important causations of marine accidents; they are determined by a judge in a Korean maritime safety tribunal. The selection of KW currently has two main issues: one is maintaining consistency due to the different subjective opinion of each judge, and the second is the large number of KW currently in use. To overcome the issues, the systematic framework used to construct KW's needs to be optimized with a minimal number of KW's being derived from a set of Common Words (CW). The purpose of this study is to identify a set of CW to develop the systematic KW construction frame. To fulfill the purpose, the word reduction method to find minimum number of CW is proposed using P areto distribution function and Pareto index. A total of 2,642 KW were compiled and 56 baseline CW were identified in the data sets. These CW, along with their frequency of use across all KW, are reported. Through the word reduction experiments, an average reduction rate of 58.5% was obtained. The estimated CW according to the reduction rates was verified using the Pareto chart. Through this analysis, the development of a systematic KW construction frame is expected to be possible.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2007

Constructed wetlands and other aquatic systems have been successfully used for waste and wastewater treatment in either temperate or tropical regions. To treat waste or wastewater in a sustainable manner, the integrated eco-engineering designs are explained in this paper with 2 case studies: (i) a combination of vertical-flow constructed wetland (CW) with plant irrigation systemfor fecal sludge management and (ii) integrated CW units with landscaping at full-scale application for domestic wastewater treatment. The pilot-scale study of fecal sludge management employed 3 vertical-flow CW units, each with a dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}0.65m$ (width ${\times}$ length ${\times}$ media depth) and planted with cattails (Typha augustifolia). At the solid loading rate of 250 kg total solids (TS)/$m^2.yr$ and a 6-day percolate impoundment, the CW system could achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), TS and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies in the range of 80 - 96%. The accumulated sludge layers of about 80 - 90 cm was found at the CW bed surface after operating the CW units for 7 years, but no clogging problem has been observed. The CW percolate was applied to 16 irrigation Sunflower plant (Helianthus annuus) plots, each with a dimension of $4.5{\times}4.5m$ ($width{\times}length$). In the study, the CW percolate were fed to the treatment plots at the application rate of 7.5 mm/day but the percolate was mixed with tap water at different ratio of 20%, 80% and 100%. Based on a 1-year data of 3-crop plantation were experimented, the contents of Zn, Mn and Cu in soil of the experimental plots were found to increase with increasing in CW percolate ratios. The highest plant biomass yield and oil content of 1,000 kg/ha and 35%, respectively, were obtained from the plots fed with 20% or 50% of the CW percolate, whereas no accumulation of heavy metals in the plant tissues (i.e. leaves, stems and flowers) of the sunflower is found. In addition to the pilot-scale and field experiments, a case study of the integrated CW systems for wastewater treatment at Phi Phi Island (a Tsunami-hit area), Krabi province, Thailand is illustrated. The $5,200-m^2$ CW systems on Phi Phi Island are not only for treatment of $400m^3/day$ wastewater from hotels, households or other domestic activities, but also incorporating public consultation in the design processes, resulting in introducing the aesthetic landscaping as well as reusing of the treated effluent for irrigating green areas on the Island.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.02a
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• pp.158-159
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• 2003

In four-wave-mixing wavelength converter, we investigated the performance through simulation by using VPI tool, changing the input signal power and CW power at 2.SGb／s. Controlling optimal CW power to each input signal power, we extended the input signal power range to 20dB, which guarantees the minimum power penalty.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.281-283
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• 2007

DCF 프로토콜 상에서 성공적인 패킷 전송을 위해서는 CW 값이 최솟값이 되어야 한다. 성공적인 전송을 위해서는 CW 값이 알맞아야 한다. 이것은 충돌을 유발할 수 있으므로 CW값은 경쟁레벨과 같은 길이가 되어야 한다. Slow CW Decrease(SD)는 경쟁레벨을 유지할 수 있는 방법을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 Idle and Collision time Ratio(ICR)을 이용한 향상된 SD 방법을 제안한다.