• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.279-286
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• 2008

Numerical analysis is done to investigate which would be the most influencing process parameter in determining the uniformity of deposition thickness in TiN ICP-CVD(inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition). Two configurations of ICP antenna are modeled; side and top planar. Side and top gas inlets are considered with each ICP antenna geometries. Precursor for TiN deposition was TDMAT(Tetrakis Diethyl Methyl Amido Titanium). Two step volume dissociation of TDMAT is used and absorption, desorption and deposition surface reactions are included. Most influencing factors are H and N concentration dissociated by electron impact collisions in plasma volume which depends on the relative positions of gas inlet and ICP antenna generated hot plasma region. Low surface recombination of N shows hollow type concentration, but H gives a bell type distribution. Film thickness at substrate edges is sensitive to gas flow rate and at high pressures getting more dependent on flow characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.421-421
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• 2012

Graphene has drawn enormous attention owing to its outstanding properties, such as high charge mobility, excellent transparence and mechanical property. Synthesis of Graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an attractive way to produce large-scale Graphene on various substrates. However the fatal limitation of CVD process is high temperature requirement(around $1,000^{\circ}C$), at which many substrates such as Al substrate cannot endure. Therefore, we propose plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) and decrease the temperature to $400^{\circ}C$. Fig. 1 shows the typical structure of RF-PECVD instrument. The quality of Graphene is affected by several variables. Such as plasma power, distance between substrate and electronic coil, flow rate of source gas and growth time. In this study, we investigate the influence of these factors on Graphene synthesis in vacuum condition. And the results were checked by Raman spectra and conductivity measurement.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.08a
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• pp.760-763
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• 2007

The properties of carbon nanotube obtained by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process were investigated as a function of ammonia $(NH_3)$ gas in hydrocarbon gas, Fe catalyst thickness, and growth temperature. Fe catalyst was prepared by DC magnetron sputter and pre-treated with ammonia gas. CNTs were then grown with ammonia-acetylene gas mixture by thermal CVD. The diameter of these CNTs shows a strong correlation with the gas rate, the catalyst film thickness and temperature. From our results, it was found that the factors of grown CNTs positively acted to improve CNT quality.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.113-124
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• 2022

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the levels of lead (Pb) exposure and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Korean adult women. We used cross-sectional data on blood lead and self-reported diagnoses of ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and hypertension in a subsample of 1.821 adults 19 years and older who participated in the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). CVD and blood Pb concentrations were analyzed through logistic regression analysis, and correlations between factors were confirmed using the pearson correlation coefficient. An increase of blood Pb was associated with an increased risk of IHD (OR 5.68, 95% CI 1.01-17.51) and hypertension (OR 3.37, 95% CI 2.24-5.07) only in women. Additionally, there was a correlation between blood Pb and nutrient intake. This suggest that blood Pb levels may be used as a key predictor of CVD development, and that women are more susceptable to IHD and hypertension associated with Pb exposure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.511-520
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• 2013

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genetic polymorphism in the regulatory regions of MCP-1 could affect MCP-1 expression. The purpose of the study was to explore the possible association of MCP-1 -2518 A/G genetic polymorphism and CVD risk factors in the elderly Korean population. Dietary, anthropometric, and biochemical factors were assessed in 168 subjects. The frequency of A/A, G/A, and G/G genotypes was 14.2%, 45.8%, and 40.0%, respectively. The blood level of MCP-1 was significantly higher in subjects with A/A genotype. The MCP-1 level was significantly higher in A/A genotype with hypercholesterolemia than in other genotypes. Meat intake and percent energy from lipids were significantly positively correlated with the MCP-1 level, especially, stronger in A/A genotype. In the stepwise discriminant analysis, TNF-${\alpha}$ level, meat intake, HDL-C were associated with MCP-1 in all subjects (model $R^2=24%$). TNF-${\alpha}$ level, sugar intake, cholesterol intake, and meat intake affected MCP-1 in A/A genotype (model $R^2=82%$), but not in G/A or G/G. In conclusion, subjects possessing A/A genotype exhibited higher levels of MCP-1 than other genotypes in Korean elders. Further, meat, sugar, and cholesterol intakes affected the MCP-1 level. Therefore, the decrement of meat, sugar, and cholesterol intakes helps to normalize the MCP-1 level and can decrease CVD risk in A/A genotype.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.748-759
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effect of spouses participating in health coaching on stage of the change, health behaviors, and physiological indicators among male office workers with cardiocerebrovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and compare the findings with trainers who provided health coaching only to workers. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used. Convenience sampling was used to recruit participants from a manufacturing research and development company in the city of Gyeonggi province. The health coaching program for the experimental group (n=26) included individual counseling sessions according to workers' stage of change, and provision of customized health information materials on CVD prevention to workers and their spouses for 12 weeks through mobile phone and email. Results: After 12 weeks of intervention, the total score for health behavior, and scores on the sub-areas of exercise and health checkups significantly improved in the experimental group, but there were no significant differences in the scores of stage of the change and physical indicators. The results of a paired t-test showed a significant decrease in the body mass index, abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride values, and a significant increase in the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol value in the experimental group after the intervention. Conclusion: To improve the health of male workers with CVD risk factors in the workplace, sharing health information with their spouses has proven to be more effective than health coaching for only workers. Therefore, it is important to develop strategies to encourage spousal participation when planning workplace health education for changing health-related behaviors.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2017

Objective: Growing evidence suggests that increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with female infertility caused by conditions such as polycystic ovarian disease, obesity, thyroid dysfunction, and endometriosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether any relationship exists between CVD and unexplained infertility. Methods: Sixty-five women with unexplained infertility and 65 fertile controls were enrolled in the study. CVD risk markers such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), insulin resistance (defined by the homeostasis model assessment ratio), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. Results: TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels were higher and HDL levels were lower in patients with unexplained infertility than in fertile controls (p<0.05 for all). Positive associations were found between unexplained infertility and TG, TC, LDL, and hs-CRP levels, and a negative correlation was found for HDL (p<0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TG, HDL, and hs-CRP were independent variables associated with unexplained infertility. Conclusion: Our study showed that women with unexplained infertility had an atherogenic lipid profile and elevated hs-CRP levels, suggesting a higher risk of developing CVD in the future. Further studies with larger groups are needed to investigate the nature of this link.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the level of knowledge on preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and nicotine dependency among smoking male college students, and to examine the predicting factors of nicotine dependency. Methods: This study was conducted as cross-sectional descriptive research using structured questionnaires. Data were collected from 411 smoking male college students ($22.5{\pm}2.59$ yr) at two universities located in two cities in Korea from September 2012 to April 2013. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios of nicotine dependency. Results: The mean value of nicotine dependency was $4.2{\pm}1.96$ and the percentage of participants who had strong nicotine dependency (${\geq}7$) was 10.7%. Logistic regression analysis showed that, when adjustment was made for age, nicotine dependency was predicted by the frequency of alcohol drinking (${\geq}3$ times/week), knowledge on CVD prevention, the age starting drinking, and the total length of smoking. Conclusion: Nicotine dependency was strongly related to the frequency of drinking alcohol and lower knowledge on CVD prevention. Therefore, male college students who have a dependent smoking habit and drink alcohol frequently need to take more interest in health through educational counseling to modify their lifestyle behaviors and to have preventive knowledge related to CVD.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to understand the mechanism of cardiovascular disease (CVD) caused by exposure to hazardous chemicals. We investigated changes in the symptoms of metabolic syndrome, which is strongly related to CVD, and in levels of other CVD risk factors, with a special emphasis on the roles of catecholamines and oxidative stress. The results revealed that neither body mass index (BMI) nor waist and hip circumferences were associated with exposure to hazardous chemicals. Among metabolic syndrome criteria, only HDL-cholesterol level increased on exposure to hazardous chemicals. Levels of epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NEP) were not influenced by exposure to hazardous chemicals; however, the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) reduced because of increased oxidative stress. Both hazardous chemical exposure level and metabolite excretion were related to EP, NEP, and the oxidative stress index (OSI). Logistic regression analysis with these factors as independent variables and metabolic syndrome criteria as dependent variables revealed that EP was associated with blood pressure, and NEP with metabolic syndrome in the chemical-exposed group. In conclusion, the results suggest that reactive oxygen species generated and oxidative stress due to exposure to hazardous chemicals act as mediators and cause changes in the physiological levels of EP and NEP to increase blood pressure. This ultimately leads to the development of CVD through increase in cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood glucose levels by lipid peroxidation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.268-275
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• 2010

Coronary artery calcium scores(CACS) has been used as surrogate marker for coronary atherosclerosis. We evaluated 1042 patients who visited the Department of Health Promotion Center in Chonnam National University Hospital and had a test of the CACS from January 2006, to December 2008. This study was performed to evaluate the relation of the CACS with Cadiovascular disease(CVD) risk factors and FRS. CACS and FRS was a significant difference between the group whose calcium score was 0 and the group whose calcium scores were 1 in case of men 2.38(95% CI, 1.83-3.11), women 2.12(95% CI, 1.03-4.35). The age-and sex-adjusted odds ratios for predictor of CVD risk factors to women with age was 1.10(95% CI, 1.06-1.15), HDL-cholesterol was 2.38(95% CI, 1.04-5.44), Fasting plasma glucose was 2.89(95% CI, 1.16-7.21), to men with age was 1.11(95% CI, 1.08-1.14), LDL-cholesterol was 2.12(95% CI, 1.28-3.50), gamma-GTP was 1.73(95% CI, 1.17-2.55), Diabetes mellitus medication was 3.92(95% CI, 1.73-8.89). The CACS seems to be a siginificant factor to evaluate the CVD risk factors.