• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.771-778
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• 2022

이 연구의 목적은 임상에서 AAPM CT 성능 팬텀을 이용한 CT영상 노이즈 정도관리에 사용할 수 있는 물 유효선감쇠계수의 백분율에 의한 노이즈 측정의 방법을 제시하는 데 있다. 120 kVp CT X-선 빔으로 AAPM CT 성능 팬텀을 스캔하여 얻어진 CT영상에서, CT수 직선성 삽입부분의 각 핀과 물에 대하여 평균 CT수를 측정하였다. 유효에너지는 각 핀과 물에 대하여 측정된 평균 CT수와 광자에너지별 선감쇠계수의 선형회귀분석의 상관계수들로부터 가장 큰 상관계수를 갖는 광자에너지로 결정하였다. 그리고 물과 아크릴에 대하여 측정된 평균 CT수와 유효선감쇠계수로부터 대조도 척도는 0.000188 cm^-1 · HU^-1으로 산출되었다. 산출된 대조도 척도, 물 유효선감쇠계수, 그리고 AAPM CT 성능 팬텀에서 고정핀 부분의 물에서 측정된 표준편차를 사용하여, 물 유효선감쇠계수의 백분율에 의한 노이즈 측정값은 100 ~ 300 mAs의 범위에서 0.31 ~ 0.52%를 얻었다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.517-522
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 AAPM CT 성능 팬텀 안에 있는 CT 수 교정 삽입부의 CT 슬라이스 영상들을 사용하여 CT X-선 빔들의 유효에너지를 결정하는데 있다. AAPM CT 성능 팬텀의 CT 수 교정 삽입부는 80, 100, 120 kVp X-선 빔에 대하여 CT 스캐너로 5번 스캔되었다. 각 핀의 CT 수는 각각의 CT 슬라이스 영상에 대하여 측정되었다. 상관계수들은 각 핀에서 측정된 CT 수의 평균값과 미국표준기술연구소의 자료로부터 계산된 다른 광자에너지 하에 선감약계수를 선형정합하여 얻었다. 얻어진 상관계수의 최대값에 대응하는 광자에너지는 유효에너지로 결정하였다. 결과로서, 유효에너지는 80, 100, 120 kVp X-선 빔들에 대하여 각각 56, 62, 66~67 keV이다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

영상 획득과 재구성 방법에 따라 CT 감약계수는 다양성을 보이고 관심 영역의 노이즈는 정밀도에 영향을 준다. 인체에서 간 실질조직과 위장의 물의 CT 감약계수와 노이즈를 커널에 따라 측정하였다. 다중채널 CT 스캐너를 이용하여 복부를 스캔 하였고, 커널은 B10 (very smooth), B20 (smooth), B30 (medium smooth), B40 (medium), B50 (medium sharp), B60 (sharp), B70 (very sharp), B80 (ultra sharp)으로 재구성하여 간의 실질 조직과 물이 들어 있는 위장 부위를 ROI 기능을 이용하여 평균의 CT감약계수와 표준편차인 노이즈를 측정하여 영상을 비교하였다. 간의 실질 조직에서 CT감약계수는 커널에 따라 60.4에서 69.2 HU사이에서 분포하여 차이가 없었으나, 노이즈는 커널(7.6$\sim$63.8 HU)이 높아질수록 증가하였다. 물의 CT감약계수는 -2.2 HU에서 0.8 HU사이에서 측정되었고, 노이즈는 커널(10.1$\sim$82.4 HU)이 높아질수록 증가하였다. 영상의 질을 높이기 위해서는 검사 부위에 따라 노이즈를 감소하기 위해 적절한 커널을 선택하여 CT 검사를 하여야 한다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2001

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the slice thickness and the size of region of interest (ROI) on CT number using quantitative CT phantom Materials and Methods: The phantom containing 150 mg/cc, 75 mg/cc and 0 mg/cc calcium hydroxyapatite was scanned with 1, 3, 5 and 10 mm slice thicknesses by single energy quantitative computed tomography (QCT). CT numbers were measured on center position of the phantom. Shape of ROI was circular and sizes were 1, 3, 5, 11, 16, 21, 26 and 33 mm². ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison method were performed for statistical comparison of CT numbers according to different slice thicknesses. Coefficient of variation of CT number measured in each size of ROI was evaluated in same slice thickness. Results : CT numbers had statistically significant difference according to slice thicknesses (p<0.05). As the slice thickness increased, CT number also increased. As the density of phantom became lower and the size of ROI became smaller, the coefficient of variation of CT number increased. When the size of ROI was more than 11 mm² in 1 mm slice thickness, 5 mm² in 3 mm slice thickness and 3 mm² in 5 mm slice thickness, the coefficient of variation became consistent. In 10 mm slice thickness, the size of ROI had little effect on the coefficient of variation. Conclusion: CT number had variation according to the slice thickness and the size of ROI although the object was homogeneous. The slice thickness and the size of ROI are critical factors in precision of the CT number measurements.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.10-14
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• 2013

Purpose: Due to developed simultaneous PET/MRI, it has become possible to obtain more anatomical image information better than conventional PET/CT. By the way, in the PET/CT, the linear absorption coefficient is measured by X-ray directly. However in case of PET/MRI, the value is not measured from MRI images directly, but is calculated by dividing as 4 segmentation ${\mu}-map$. Therefore, in this paper, we will evaluate the SUV's difference of attenuation correction PET images from PET/MRI and PET/CT. Materials and Methods: Biograph mCT40 (Siemens, Germany), Biograph mMR were used as a PET/CT, PET/MRI scanner. For a phantom study, we used a solid type $^{68}Ge$ source, and a liquid type $^{18}F$ uniformity phantom. By using VIBE-DIXON sequence of PET/MRI, human anatomical structure was divided into air-lung-fat-soft tissue for attenuation correction coefficient. In case of PET/CT, the hounsfield unit of CT was used. By setting the ROI at five places of each PET phantom images that is corrected attenuation, the maximum SUV was measured, evaluated %diff about PET/CT vs. PET/MRI. In clinical study, the 18 patients who underwent simultaneous PET/CT and PET/MRI was selected and set the ROI at background, lung, liver, brain, muscle, fat, bone from the each attenuation correction PET images, and then evaluated, compared by measuring the maximum SUV. Results: For solid $^{68}Ge$ source, SUV from PET/MRI is measured lower 88.55% compared to PET/CT. In case of liquid $^{18}F$ uniform phantom, SUV of PET/MRI as compared to PET/CT is measured low 70.17%. If the clinical study, the background SUV of PET/MRI is same with PET/CT's and the one of lung was higher 2.51%. However, it is measured lower about 32.50, 40.35, 23.92, 13.92, 5.00% at liver, brain, muscle, fat, femoral head. Conclusion: In the case of a CT image, because there is a linear relationship between 511 keV ${\gamma}-ray$ and linear absorption coefficient of X-ray, it is possible to correct directly the attenuation of 511 keV ${\gamma}-ray$ by creating a ${\mu}$map from the CT image. However, in the case of the MRI, because the MRI signal has no relationship at all with linear absorption coefficient of ${\gamma}-ray$, the anatomical structure of the human body is divided into four segmentations to correct the attenuation of ${\gamma}-rays$. Even a number of protons in a bone is too low to make MRI signal and to localize segmentation of ${\mu}-map$. Therefore, to develope a proper sequence for measuring more accurate attenuation coefficient is indeed necessary in the future PET/MRI.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

CT 영상은 커널의 종류와 재구성 방법에 따라 다양하게 나타나며, 관심 영역의 CT감약계수 및 노이즈는 정밀도에 영향을 준다. 커널의 종류에 따른 노이즈, 공간분해능 및 MTF를 측정하여 영상을 평가하였다. 다중채널CT 스캐너를 이용하여 팬텀 및 복부를 스캔 하였고, 커널은 B10(very smooth), B20(smooth), B30(medium smooth), B40(medium), B50(medium sharp), B60(sharp), B70(very sharp), B80(ultra sharp)으로 재구성하여 물, 공기, 간의 실질 조직, 근육, 지방 부위를 ROI 기능을 이용하여 평균의 CT감약계수와 표준편차인 노이즈를 정량적으로 측정하여 영상을 비교하였다. 그 결과CT 감약계수는 물($1.1{\sim}1.8\;HU$), 공기($-998{\sim}-1,000\;HU$)이고, 물에서의 노이즈($5.4{\sim}44.8\;HU$), 공기($3.6{\sim}31.4\;HU$)이다. 인체에서 간 실질 조직과 지방, 근육의 CT 감약계수와 노이즈를 커널에 따라 측정하였다. 지방의 CT 감약계수($-2.2{\sim}0.8\;HU$), 간의 실질 조직에서 CT감약계수($60.4{\sim}62.2\;HU$), 노이즈($7.6{\sim}63.8\;HU$), 근육의 CT감약계수($53.3{\sim}54.3\;HU$), 노이즈($10.4{\sim}70.7\;HU$) 사이에서 분포하였고, 커널이 높아질수록 노이즈도 증가하였다. 영상의 질을 높이기 위해서는 검사부위에 따라 노이즈를 감소하기 위해 적절한 커널을 선택하여 CT 검사를 하여야 한다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2023

Purpose PET-CT imaging require an appropriate quality assurance system to achieve high efficiency and reliability. Quality control is essential for improving the quality of care and patient safety. Currently, there are performance evaluation methods of UN2-1994 and UN2-2001 proposed by NEMA and IEC for PET-CT image evaluation. In this study, we compare phantom images with the same experiments before and after PET-CT 3D normalization and well counter correction and evaluate the usefulness of quality control. Materials and methods Discovery 690 (General Electric Healthcare, USA) PET-CT equiptment was used to perform 3D normalization and well counter correction as recommended by GE Healthcare. Based on the recovery coefficients for the six spheres of the NEMA IEC Body Phantom recommended by the EARL. 20kBq/㎖ of ¹⁸F was injected into the sphere of the phantom and 2kBq/㎖ of ¹⁸F was injected into the body of phantom. PET-CT scan was performed with a radioacitivity ratio of 10:1. Images were reconstructed by appliying TOF+PSF+TOF, OSEM+PSF, OSEM and Gaussian filter 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6,5 mm with matrix size 128×128, slice thickness 3.75 mm, iteration 2, subset 16 conditions. The PET image was attenuation corrected using the CT images and analyzed using software program AW 4.7 (General Electric Healthcare, USA). The ROI was set to fit 6 spheres in the CT image, RC (Recovery Coefficient) was measured after fusion of PET and CT. Statistical analysis was performed wilcoxon signed rank test using R. Results Overall, after the quality control items were performed, the recovery coefficient of the phantom image increased and measured. Recovery coefficient according to the image reconstruction increased in the order TOF+PSF, TOF, OSEM+PSF, before and after quality control, RCmax increased by OSEM 0.13, OSEM+PSF 0.16, TOF 0.16, TOF+PSF 0.15 and RCmean increased by OSEM 0.09, OSEM+PSF 0.09, TOF 0.106, TOF+PSF 0.10. Both groups showed a statistically significant difference in Wilcoxon signed rank test results (P value<0.001). Conclusion PET-CT system require quality assurance to achieve high efficiency and reliability. Standardized intervals and procedures should be followed for quality control. We hope that this study will be a good opportunity to think about the importance of quality control in PET-CT

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2008

Purpose: Computed tomography theoretically should improve detection of foreign bodies and provide more information of adjacent soft tissues. And the CT scanner and PACS program proved to be an excellent instrument for detection and localization of most facial foreign bodies above certain minimum levels of detectability. The severity of injury in penetrating trauma to the face, it is often underestimated by physical examination. Diagnosis of a retained foreign object is always critical. Methods: From March, 2005 to February 2008 a study was done with 200 patients who had facial trauma. Axial and coronal CT images were obtained with a General Electric(Milwaukee, Wis) 9800 CT scanner at 130 kV, 90 mA, with a 2-mm section thickness and a $512{\times}512$ matrix. Results: Axial and coronal CT images at various window widths should be used as the first imaging modality to detect facial foreign bodies. The attenuation coefficients for the metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies ranged from -437 to +3071 HU. As a general rule, metallic foreign bodies produced more Hounsfield artifacts than nonmetallic foreign bodies, thus providing a clue to their composition. All of the metallic foreign bodies were represented by a single peak and had a maximum attenuation coefficient of +3071 HU. Of the nonmetallic foreign bodies, glass had an attenuation coefficient that ranged from +105 to +2039, while plastic had a much lower coefficient that ranged from -62 to -35. wood had the lowest range of attenuation coefficients: -491 to -437. Conclusion: The PACS program allows one to distinguish metallic from nonmetallic foreign bodies and to individually identify the specific composition of many nonmetallic foreign bodies. This program does not, however, allow identification of the specific composition of a metallic foreign body. We recommend this type of software program for CT scanning of any patient with an injury to the face in which a foreign body is suspected.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2023

방사선 촬영 조영제는 특수 조영을 필요로 하는 병원에서 인체 장기 및 특정한 부위 검사를 촬영할 때 흔히 쓰이고 있다. 특히 컴퓨터단층촬영(Computed Tomography CT) 조영제는 요오드(Iodine)라는 물질이 혼합되어 있는데 이것이 방사선의 에너지를 흡수하면서 방사선 영상 이미지에서 하얀색으로 보이게 되어 영상의 화질을 더욱 개선시킨다. 또한, 혈관에서 혈액과 같이 움직이는 CT 조영제는 근육 및 물과 확연히 구분을 시켜주고 있어 조영제를 병원에서 많이 사용하고 있다. 이러한 조영제는 엑스레이를 흡수하지만, 엑스레이를 흡수하기 위해서는 밀도가 높거나 방사선 흡수계수가 높아야 한다. 조영제가 혈관에 투입되기 때문에 밀도가 높으면 혈관에 무리가 가서 환자는 쇼크 상태가 오기 때문에 물과 비슷한 밀도를 맞춰야 하고 부작용에 대해 항상 신경을 써야한다. 또한, CT 조영제의 양을 환자의 체형에 따라 조절하면서 쓰고 남은 조영제를 폐기하는데 이것을 방사선 차폐재로 재활용을 할 수 있는 아이디어를 알아보고자 하였다. 조영제와 물을 혼합하는 방법에는 조영제 10%와 물 90%, 조영제 30%와 물 70%, 조영제 50%와 물 50%으로 3가지로 혼합하였다. CT 촬영은 광주광역시 U병원에서 GE사 4채널 CT를 사용하였으며 조영제와 물을 혼합하여 듀란병에 저장하였으며, 물 90%와 조영제 10% 혼합 액체의 밀도가 1.4 g/mL 정도일 때의 물질을 찾아보면 MYLAR라는 물질과 비슷한 것을 확인하였고, 물 70%와 조영제 30% 혼합 액체의 밀도가 1.76 g/mL일 때는 Polyvinylidene과 비슷한 물질인 것을 알 수 있었으며, 물 50%와 조영제 50%일 때 혼합 액체의 밀도는 2.3 g/mL일 때는 콘크리트(concrete) 밀도와 비슷한 밀도를 구성하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 실험의 결과를 통해서 물 50%와 조영제 50%를 혼합한 액체는 콘크리트 차폐와 비슷한 밀도를 가지고 방사선의 차폐가 가능하였다. 따라서 콘크리트 두께와 비교하여 조영제를 50% 이상 첨가한 두께를 이용한 차폐재를 만든다면 충분한 차폐재의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.756-763
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the effects of attenuation threshold on CT pulmonary vascular volume ratios in children and young adults with congenital heart disease, and to suggest an optimal attenuation threshold. Materials and Methods: CT percentages of right pulmonary vascular volume were compared and correlated with percentages calculated from nuclear medicine right lung perfusion in 52 patients with congenital heart disease. The selected patients had undergone electrocardiography-synchronized cardiothoracic CT and lung perfusion scintigraphy within a 1-year interval, but not interim surgical or transcatheter intervention. The percentages of CT right pulmonary vascular volumes were calculated with fixed (80-600 Hounsfield units [HU]) and adaptive thresholds (average pulmonary artery enhancement [PA_avg] divided by 2.50, 2.00, 1.75, 1.63, 1.50, and 1.25). The optimal threshold exhibited the smallest mean difference, the lowest p-value in statistically significant paired comparisons, and the highest Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The PA_avg value was 529.5 ± 164.8 HU (range, 250.1-956.6 HU). Results showed that fixed thresholds in the range of 320-400 HU, and adaptive thresholds of PA_avg/1.75-1.50 were optimal for quantifying CT pulmonary vascular volume ratios. The optimal thresholds demonstrated a small mean difference of ≤ 5%, no significant difference (> 0.2 for fixed thresholds, and > 0.5 for adaptive thresholds), and a high correlation coefficient (0.93 for fixed thresholds, and 0.91 for adaptive thresholds). Conclusion: The optimal fixed and adaptive thresholds for quantifying CT pulmonary vascular volume ratios appeared equally useful. However, when considering a wide range of PAavg, application of optimal adaptive thresholds may be more suitable than fixed thresholds in actual clinical practice.