• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

A metabolism trial with four castrated male Brahman cattle, average body weight 320 kg, was conducted in order to determine the nutritive value of chopped sugarcane stalk (CSS) for the establishment of feeding strategy in the dry season in Northeast Thailand. Animals were subjected to the following four dietary treatments: Treatment 1; 100% of CSS, Treatment 2; 70% of CSS and 30% of commercial complete feed (TMR), Treatment 3; 40% of CSS and 60% of TMR, and Treatment 4; 100% of TMR. The average CP, ether extracts, nitrogen free extracts, crude fiber and ash contents of CSS were 2.0, 0.9, 79.0, 16.1 and 2.2%, respectively. Although the amount of feed given was approximately at maintenance level, animals in treatments 1 and 2 refused a part of feed. The metabolism trial revealed that total digestible nutrient and metabolizable energy contents of CSS were 61.5% and 9.04 MJ/kgDM, respectively, when it was properly supplemented with protein sources. Nutritive value of CSS was lowered when animals were given CSS solely. This was due to the large loss of energy into urine and methane. Voluntary intake of CSS in cattle was not enough to satisfy energy requirement for maintenance. The CSS can be used as a roughage for feeding cattle in the dry season with proper supplementation of protein and energy.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.451-457
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• 2016

For a carferry with a displacement of 1,633 tonf, a seakeeping analysis-based direct load approach (DLA) was used in Part I of these series, where the final deliverable was the long-term probabilistic acceleration components. In Part II of these series, the tangential acceleration components are explained based on two approaches: a standard called the IMO CSS code and simple formulas with the probable maximum roll and pitch rotations. The subsequent tangential acceleration-induced external force components are also introduced for these two approaches. The lashing strength components were selected from the IMO CSS code. It was assumed that two different vehicles (a car and a truck) were stowed at the most distant locations on the main deck to assume the largest tangential acceleration components and were secured with four steel wires with longitudinal and transverse lashing angles of $45^{\circ}$. Four cases were considered, with different methods for predicting the acceleration components and different tools for the external loads and lashing strengths involved: cases Rule-LS (rule-based maximum probable roll and pitch angles for predicting the acceleration components in conjunction with LashingSafety), DLA-LS (seakeeping-based long-term acceleration components with LashingSafety), CSS-LC (IMO CSS code-based acceleration components using LashCon), and CSS-LS (IMO CSS code-based acceleration components using LashingSafety). In terms of the acceleration and external force components, the CSS-LC and CSS-LS results are more than two times the results of Rule-LS. Thus, when the external forces and lashing strengths are evaluated using CSS-LC and CSS-LS, the truck needs more lashing wires, while Rule-LS and DLA-LS predict that the present lashing configuration is on the safe side.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1549-1558
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• 2012

Location-aware system is utilized in various fields such as Logistics, Home Network, Healthcare, Military and Transportation systems. In this paper, we designed and implemented a Location-aware system based on IEEE 802.15.4a CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) technology in variable environment. The CSS is possible to precision location awareness using RF signal. According to experimental result, the implemented system has recognition error less than 0.5m within 20m radius in space.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.4C
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• pp.469-475
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• 2009

Overlap is one of the techniques for increasing bit rate in chirp spread spectrum (CSS). More overlaps can offer higher data throughput; however, they may cause more intersymbol interference (ISI) at the same time, resulting in serious bit error rate (BER) performance degradation. Thus, the number of overlaps should be decided according to the required BER performance. In this paper, we derive a closed form expression for BER of the overlap-based CSS system, exploiting the approximated Gaussian Q function. The derived BER expression includes the number of overlaps as a parameter, and thus, would be very useful in determining the number of overlaps for a specified BER. The numerical results demonstrate that the BER derived in a closed form closely agrees with the simulated BER.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.2C
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• pp.99-104
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• 2011

The chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technique spreads the data signal over a frequency bandwidth wider than minimum required bandwidth. By using time overlapping, the bit rate in CSS can be increased. However, for reliable transmission of data signal, the intersymbol interference (ISI) due to overlap should be analyzed. In this paper, the relation between the degree of overlap and ISI is analyzed in direct modulation binary phase shift keying CSS systems. In some cases, the overlap does not incur ISI at all and the ISI fluctuates or monotonically increases as the number of overlaps changes. It is also shown that the simulation results closely agree with the analytic results.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.97-114
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• 2018

Purpose Compliance support system (CSS) aims to support employees' voluntary compliance activities, however, it requires a different approach from the acceptance of other general information systems. In other words, the user's concern that his/her compliance activities recorded in the system are monitored may hinder the active use of the system. In this regard, we set up a research model to investigate the factors that affect the intention to use CSS, by including perceived usefulness, compliance commitment, and surveillance concern. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire survey was conducted for the employees of a domestic oil-company, who operates their own CSS. Based on the 865 data collected, a structural model analysis using PLS was conducted. As a result, all four hypotheses were accepted. It was found that perceived usefulness of CSS has a positive effect on the intention to use CSS. Compliance commitment has a positive effect both on perceived usefulness and intention to use CSS. In contrast, surveillance concern of one's non-compliance recorded in the CSS was shown to have a negative effect on the relationship between compliance commitment and perceived usefulness. Findings This study has academic implications in that it extends the viewpoint of the existing technology acceptance mechanism by examining the two aspects, i.e., compliance commitment and surveillance concern. This study may also provide practical directions to strengthen the use of the active compliance support system by the employees.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3524-3533
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to verify the differential influences of two emotional labor strategies on perceived CSS and burnout, and the mediating role of perceived CSS between emotional labor and burnout. The data was collected using self-reported questionnaires. A total of 568 hotel service employees who worked in various service jobs, participated in this study. The result indicated that surface acting had a positive influence on perceived CSS and burnout, and perceived CSS performed a mediating role between surface acting and burnout. In addition, deep acting had a negative effect on burnout but no effect on perceived CSS. As a result, deep acting reduced burnout without increasing perceived CSS, unlike surface acting. These results suggest that the two emotional labor strategies need to be treated differently. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.36-47
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• 2021

Objective: This study determined the optimal ratio of whole plant corn silage (WPCS) to corn stover (stems+leaves) silage (CSS) (WPCS:CSS) to reach the greatest profit of dairy farmers and evaluated its consequences with corn available for other purposes, enteric methane production and milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) at varying milk production levels. Methods: An optimization model was developed. Chemical composition, rumen undegradable protein and metabolizable energy (ME) of WPCS and CSS from 4 cultivars were determined to provide data for the model. Results: At production levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg milk/cow/d, the WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit of dairy farmers was 16:84, 22:78, 44:56, and 88:12, respectively, and the land area needed to grow corn plants was 4.5, 31.4, 33.4, and 30.3 ha, respectively. The amount of corn available (ton DM/ha/yr) for other purposes saved from this land area decreased with higher producing cows. However, compared with high producing cows (30 kg/d milk), more low producing cows (10 kg/d milk) and more land area to grow corn and soybeans was needed to produce the same total amount of milk. Extra land is available to grow corn for a higher milk production, leading to more corn available for other purposes. Increasing ME content of CSS decreased the land area needed, increased the profit of dairy farms and provided more corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, MNE and enteric methane production was greater, but methane production per kg milk was lower, for high producing cows. Conclusion: The WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit for dairy farms increases with decreased milk production levels. At a fixed total amount of milk being produced, high producing cows increase corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, methane emission intensity is smaller and MNE is greater for high producing cows.

• IEMEK Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.148-155
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• 2009

Precise localization heavily relies on the accuracy of its underlying ranging technique. It has been known that the Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) defined in the IEEE 802.15.4a provides more dependable ranging accuracy than the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in the IEEE 802.15.4. This paper examines the accuracy of the CSS-based ranging technique in the indoor/outdoor environments and discovers its consistent inaccuracy in different environments. Next, it proposes an error-correction architecture for the CSS-based ranging technique that exploits the per-environment consistent inaccuracy information and user visiting patterns (represented by weights for each environment).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.237-247
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• 2004

To investigate the applicability of automated ball indentation (ABI) tests in the evaluation of the tensile properties of cast stainless steel (CSS), ABI tests were performed on four types of unaged CSS and on 316 stainless steel, all of which had a different microstructure and strength. The reliability of ABI test data was analyzed by evaluating the data scattering of the ABI test and by comparing tensile properties obtained from the ABI test and the tensile test. The results show that the degree of scattering of the ABI test data is reasonably acceptable in comparison with that of standard tensile data, when two points data that exhibit out-of-trend are excluded from five to seven points data tested on a specimen. In addition, the scattering decreases slightly as the content of ${\delta}-ferrite$ in CSS increases. Moreover, the ABI test can directly measure the flow parameters of CSS with error bounds of about ${\pm}10\%$ for the ultimate tensile stress and the strength coefficient, and about ${\pm}15\%$ for the yield stress and the strain hardening exponent. The accuracy of the ABI test data is independent of the amount of ${\delta}-ferrite$ in the CSS.