• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.180-183
• /
• 2006

We report for the first time two-bit operational characteristics of a high-density NOR-type polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) array with common source line (CSL). An undesired disturbance, especially drain disturbance, in the NOR array with CSL comes from the two-bit-per-cell operation. To solve this problem, we propose an efficient bulk-biased programming technique. In this technique, a bulk bias is additionally applied to the substrate of memory cell for decreasing the electric field between nitride layer and drain region. The proposed programming technique shows free of drain disturbance characteristics. As a result, we have accomplished reliable two-bit SONOS array by employing the proposed programming technique.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.9
• /
• pp.1332-1339
• /
• 2017

Objective: This study investigated the effects of Bacillus subtilis CSL2 (B. subtilis CSL2) administration before Salmonella challenge on the fecal microbiota and microbial functionality of Hy-line Brown (HLB) laying hens. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from control (CON), Salmonella-infected (SAL) and Salmonella-infected, probiotic-treated (PRO) groups before and after Salmonella challenge for microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. Results: Infection with Salmonella led to decreased microbial diversity in hen feces; diversity was recovered with Bacillus administration. In addition, Salmonella infection triggered significant alterations in the composition of the fecal microbiota. The abundance of the phylum Firmicutes decreased while that of Proteobacteria, which includes a wide variety of pathogens, increased significantly. Bacillus administration resulted in normal levels of abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Analysis of bacterial genera showed that Salmonella challenge decreased the population of Lactobacillus, the most abundant genus, and increased populations of Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium genera by a factor of 3 to 5. On the other hand, Bacillus administration caused the abundance of the Lactobacillus genus to recover to control levels and decreased the population of Pseudomonas significantly. Further analysis of operational taxonomic units revealed a high abundance of genes associated with two-component systems and secretion systems in the SAL group, whereas the PRO group had more genes associated with ribosomes. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that B. subtilis CSL2 administration can modulate the microbiota in HLB laying hens, potentially acting as a probiotic to protect against Salmonella Gallinarum infection.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2000.04a
• /
• pp.313-316
• /
• 2000

When 3 recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cell lines, CHO/dhfr-B-22-4, $CS13-1.00^{\ast}$ and $CSl3-0.02^{\ast}$, were cultivated in hyperosmolar media resulting from NaCl addition, their specific foreign protein productivity increased with medium osmolality. Glycine betaine was found to have a strong osmoprotective effect on all 3 rCHO cell lines. Inclusion of 15 mM glycine betaine in hyperosmolar medim enabled rCHO cell lines to grow at 557-573 mOsm/kg where they could not grow in the absence of glycine betaine. However, effect of glycine betaine inclusion in hyperomolar medium on foreign protein production differed among rCHO cell lines. CHO/dhfr-B22-4 cells retained enhanced specific human thrombopoietin (hTPO) productivity in the presence of glycine betaine, and thereby, the maximum hTPO titer obtained at 573 mOsm/kg was increased by 72% over that obtained in the control culture with physiological osmolality (292 mOsm/kg). On the other hand, enhanced specific antibody productivity of $CSl3-1.00^{\ast}$ and $CSl3-0.02^{\ast}$ at elevated osmolality decreased significantly in the presence of glycine betaine at a cost of the recovery of cell growth. As a result, the maximum antibody titer at 557 mOsm/kg was similar to that obtained in the control culture with physiological osmolality. Taken together, efficacy of the simultanous use of hyperosmotic pressure and glycine betaine as a means to improve foreign protein production was variable among different rCHO cell lines.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.165-178
• /
• 2014

Statistical medium optimization has been carried out for the production of succinic acid in anaerobic fermentations of Actinobacillus succinogenes. Succinic acid utilized as a precursor of many industrially important chemicals is a fourcarbon dicarboxylic acid, biosynthesized as one of the fermentation products of anaerobic metabolism by A. succinogenes. Through OFAT (one factor at a time) experiments, corn steep liquor (CSL), a very cheap agricultural byproduct, was found to have significant effects on enhanced production of succinic acid, when supplemented along with yeast extract. Hence, using these factors including glucose as a carbon/energy source, interactive effects were investigated through $2^n$ full factorial design (FFD) experiments, showing that the concentration of each component (i.e., glucose, yeast extract and CSL) should be higher. Further statistical experiments were conducted along the steepest ascent path, followed by response surface method (RSM) in order to find out optimal concentrations of each constituent. Consequently, optimized concentrations of glucose, yeast extract and CSL were observed to be 180 g/L, 15.08 g/L and 20.75 g/L respectively (10 g/L of $NaHCO_3$ and 100 g/L of $MgCO_3$ to be supplemented as bicarbonate suppliers), with the estimated production level of succinic acid to be 92.9 g/L (about 3.5 fold higher productivity as compared to the initial medium). Notably, the RSM-estimated production level was almost similar to the amount of succinic acid (92.9 g/L vs. 89.1 g/L) produced through the actual fermentation process performed using the statistically optimized production medium.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2002.04a
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2002

Acetobacter xylinum KJ1 efficiently producing bacterial cellulose(BC) in shaking culture was isolated from a rotten grape. The strain was used to investigate optimum operating conditions for increasing BC production and factorial design model was employed for the optimization. The results of experiments were statistically analyzed by SAS program. Reciprocal effects of each factors(carbon source concentration, shaking speeds(rpm), oxygen pressure, and CSL concentration) and culture condition of BC production were examined by getting regression equation of the dependent variable. Comparisons between experimental results and predicted results about BC concentration were done in total 24 experiments by combination of each factors using SAS program, and the correlation coefficients of BC concentration and BC yield were 0.91 and 0.81, respectively. The agitated cultures were performed in various operation conditions of factors which affected considerably to BC production in jar fermentor. The results showed that BC concentration was 11.67g/ L in 80 hours cultivation under the condition of carbon source concentration shaking speeds(rpm) : oxygen pressure: CSL concentration = 4% : 460rpm : 0.28 : 6%. On the other hand BC yield was 0.42g/g in 80 hours cultivation under the condition of carbon source concentration shaking speeds(rpm) : oxygen pressure: CSL concentration = 4% : 564rpm : 0.21 : 2%. The BC production could be enhanced up to more than 65.3% by factorial design. The result of a verifying experiment under the optimal conditions determined by the factorial design to the BC production showed that the model was appropriate by obtaining BC concentration of 11.02g/L in the optimum condition

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.807-817
• /
• 2016

Many onion growers and researchers assert that differences in soil type, agricultural practices, weather, and duration of prolonged onion cultivation in a particular field could affect onion bulb quality. This study evaluates the bulb quality of onions grown in different regions and determines the correlations between bulb characteristics and postharvest loss during cold and ambient storage. Soil and onion bulbs were collected from fields in six onion growing regions in Korea, during the growing season of 2011-2012. The fresh weight, dry matter content, and carbon (C), sulfur and magnesium contents of the onion bulbs were significantly affected by the location in which they were grown. Bulbs grown in Muan had the greatest number of scales, thinnest scale thickness, and the highest total soluble solids (TSS) and total flavonoids (TF). Bulbs originating from Jecheon had the lowest pyruvic acid (PA), total phenolics and TF. Storage loss of bulbs from the different regions was similar in refrigerated storage, but differed in ambient temperature storage. Bulb fresh weight was positively correlated with scale thickness (r = 0.617) and cold storage loss (CSL; r = 0.398). Dry matter content was positively correlated with C (r = 0.958) and TF (r = 0.256) contents, while it was negatively correlated with CSL (r = -0.424). CSL was primarily affected by the fresh weight, as well as the dry matter, C, and PA contents of the bulbs, while ambient storage loss was primarily influenced by the amount of TSS.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 2004

Lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. The study of microbial lipases has been stimulated in resent years. It is due to the potential uses of lipases in esterification of oils to glycerol, alcohols and carbohydrates. Development of lipase producing yeast has been focused concerning to the utilization of yeast culture for animal feed. In this study, yeast like cells was isolated from a waste oil and sludge. A strain having higher lipase activity was selected by random mutagenesis using UV-radiation. The optimal cultivation conditions in submerged culture were examined in terms of lipase production. 2.0％ of high fructose syrup, 1,0％ of CSL, and 1.0％ of olive oil were selected as the nutritional media for the production of lipase. The maximum lipase activity of 1.12 U/ml and viable cell number of 8.8${\times}$10$\^$7/ cells/mL were obtained at 27$^{\circ}C$ with an initial pH of 5.0.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.620-635
• /
• 2010

In this paper we describe current activities on the project Multi-Scale Modeling and Analysis of convective boiling (MSMA), conducted jointly by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the Swiss Nuclear Utilities (Swissnuclear). The long-term aim of the MSMA project is to formulate improved closure laws for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations for prediction of convective boiling and eventually of the Critical Heat Flux (CHF). As boiling is controlled by the competition of numerous phenomena at various length and time scales, a multi-scale approach is employed to tackle the problem at different scales. In the MSMA project, the scales on which we focus range from the CFD scale (macro-scale), bubble size scale (meso-scale), liquid micro-layer and triple interline scale (micro-scale), and molecular scale (nano-scale). The current focus of the project is on micro- and meso-scales modeling. The numerical framework comprises a highly efficient, parallel DNS solver, the PSI-BOIL code. The code has incorporated an Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) to tackle complex geometries. For simulation of meso-scales (bubbles), we use the Constrained Interpolation Profile method: Conservative Semi-Lagrangian $2^{nd}$ order (CIP-CSL2). The phase change is described either by applying conventional jump conditions at the interface, or by using the Phase Field (PF) approach. In this work, we present selected results for flows in complex geometry using the IBM, selected bubbly flow simulations using the CIP-CSL2 method and results for phase change using the PF approach. In the subsequent stage of the project, the importance of effects of nano-scale processes on the global boiling heat transfer will be evaluated. To validate the models, more experimental information will be needed in the future, so it is expected that the MSMA project will become the seed for a long-term, combined theoretical and experimental program.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.395-403
• /
• 2023

The paper investigates the effect of two parameters - sand content (SC) and grain migration during shearing - on the mechanical properties of gravel-sand mixtures. Consolidated undrained (CU) triaxial tests were carried out on eight series of mixtures containing gravel (1<d<16 mm) and sand (0.1<d<1 mm). The prepared mixtures have sand contents of 0, 10, 15, 20, 40, 54, 94 and 100%, and a relative density of 60%. The transition sand content (TSC) is experimentally defined and marks the transition from gravel-driven to sand-driven behavior. For SC<TSC, the dry density of the mixture increases with SC. This induces an increase in undrained peak strength and dilative trend. The slope and position of the critical state line (CSL) are also deeply dependent on SC. At SC=TSC, the mixtures exhibit the largest dry density and yield the highest undrained peak strength and the largest dilative trend. During shearing, large internal migration of grains was observed at the TSC, causing heterogeneity in the sample. Analysis of the CSL deduced from the final points of the triaxial tests shows that, at the TSC, failure appears to correspond to the behavior of the coarsest fraction of the soil. This fraction is located in the upper part of the sample, where the sand particles had been eliminated by suffusion. On the other hand, in the more stable materials, the CSL is consistent with the bulk grain size distribution of the soil.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 1973

Breads were made from composite flours based on domestic resources and their quality was assessed to obtain the following results. 1) When barley bread was made according to the formula for standard wheat bread, its specific loaf volume (SLV) was quite low (1.3 at 100% addition of water) in comparison with 3.3 for wheat bread. Addition of 10% defatted soy flour increased its SLV to 1.7 (at 100% water). Among various flour-improving additives, the use of 1.5% GMS + 0.5% CSL gave best results (SLV: 2.0 at 100% water). Admixture of wheat flour with the composite flour based on barley was most effective. Replacement of barley flour with 25% wheat flour gave SLV of 2.8 (at 90% water) and that with 50% wheat flour gave SLV of 3.2 (at 90% water), comparable to standard wheat bread with respect to loaf volume, color and texture. 2) Sweet potato bread had the characteristics of turning black-brown on baking. Use of 20% defatted soy flour and GMS + CSL gave higher SLV (1.9 at 100% water). Addition of wheat flour at 25% or 50% level to the composite flour based on sweet potato flour gave SLV of 2.3 and 2.6, respectively, at 90% water and its color and texture were improved 3) Potato flour was different from sweet potato flour in baking, the effect of GMS + CSL being quite low. Bread from corn flour was different from barley flour bread and defatted rice bran was not suitable for bread-making. 4) Bread was made from following composite flours based on naked barley and sweet potato flours along with the use of proper additives: (a) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (45 : 10 : 45) (b) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (67 : 10 : 23) (c) naked barley flour + defatted soy flour (90 : 10) (d) sweet potato flour + defatted soy flour + wheat flour (40 : 20 : 40) (e) sweet potato flour + defatted soy flour (60 : 20 : 20) Sensory evaluation of above breads in comparison with standard wheat bread (So) gave the following decreasing order of scores, So>(a)>(b)>(c)>(e)>(d) and Duncan's multiple range test showed that bread (a) was not different from standard wheat bread significantly at 5% level, in overall evaluation including color, texture, taste and flavor.