• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1187-1192
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobuin (IVIG) administration in fullterm neonates having clinically suspected neonatal sepsis. Methods : Forty full-term neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with clinically suspected neonatal sepsis, who had at least two positive diagnostic criteria were enrolled. Twenty neonates were enrolled into the IVIG arm and 20 in the placebo arm. Neonates with a gestational age of less than 36 weeks and those with any major congenital malformation were excluded. The neonates were randomized to receive 1 g/kg of IVIG or equivalent amount of normal saline. The treatments including antibiotics and supportive care were administered. Results : The neonates in the therapy and placebo groups were comparable in terms of birth weight, gestational age, sex distribution, duration of antibiotics therapy and admission, elevation of serum IgG level, mortality rate, change of CBC, and serum level of acute phase reactants etc. Conclusion : Serum IgG values increased significantly 5 days after administration of IVIG in the IVIG-treated group and decreased significantly 5 days after administration of normal saline in the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in the duration of antibiotics therapy and admission, or of mortality between the IVIG-treated and placebo groups. No adverse reactions to the IVIG infusions were noted during the study. Our preliminary observations suggest that the administration of 1 g/kg IVIG to neonates had some effect on augmentation of humural immune status in neonates with clinically suspected sepsis. But further study is needed to verify the benefit of IVIG infusion to neonatal sepsis.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.183-194
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• 1988

Twenty five patients with histologically proven medulloblastoma received craniospinal radiotherapy (CSRT) at the Seoul National University Hospital from 1979 to 1984. The extent of tumor removal was biopsy only in 2 patients, partial in 18, and near total in 5. With orthogonal technique of CSRT, mainly 55Gy was delivered to the posterior fossa (PF), 40Gy to whole brain (WB), and 30Gy to whole spine (WS). And with AP; PA technique, 50Gy to PF, 45-50Gy to WB, and 36 Gy to WS. Complete remission was obtained in $84\%$ of patients. Among 21 CR's 10 failures were observed, thus total failure rate was $56\%$ (14/25). Of 14 faiure 13 had the primary failure, 11 failed in primary site alone, 1 failure was combined with ventricular seeding, and another 1 was combined with neck node metastasis. There was 1 isolated spinal failure. Actuarial overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years were $75\%$ and $54\%$, and disease-free survival rates were $58\%$ and $36\%$, respectively. Better 5 year disease-free survival was noted in patients with 55 Gy to the posterior fossa than those with 50Gy $(62\%\;vs\;17\%,\;p<0.05)$, in patients treated with orthogonal technique than those treated with AP:PA technique $(87\%\;vs\;12\%,\;p<0.05)$, and in patients with near total removal than those with partial or less removal of tumor $(56\%\;vs\;30\%,\;N.S.)$ Re-irradiation was not satisfactory No severe late sequelae was noted among the survivors. For the higher control of medulloblastoma, dose to posterior fossa should be at least 55Gy with orthogonal CSRT to small tumor burden. And dose reduction in the subarachnoidal spaces might be safe, but optimal dose to the subarchnoidal spaces should be determined by the thorough tumor staging before radiotherapy.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.95-103
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate feasibility of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure and to evaluate solidified fuel value of semi-dry anaerobic digestate. To evaluate semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure, 950 mL bottle type anaerobic reactor was set in the constant temperature room maintained at $35^{\circ}C$. To produce anaerobic digestate for making solidified fuel, acrylic cylindrical anaerobic digester(1,000 mm width ${\times}$ 450 mm height) was set in the constant room temperature to carry out batch test of semi-dry anaerobic digestion using same dairy cattle manure. Moisture content of dairy cattle manure and inoculum solution for anaerobic digestion were 80.64% and 96.83%, respectively. The dairy cattle manure and the inoculum solution was mixed by 1:1 ratio(v/v) for anaerobic digestion. Water content and VS/TS(Volatile Solids/Total Solids) of mixture of substrate and inoculum were 89.74% and 83.35%, respectively. In case of non-inoculated anaerobic digester, the biogas was not produced. By the semi-dry anaerobic digestion, the calorific value of the digestate was reduced by 20% compare to fresh dairy cattle manure. In other hand, ash content increased from 15% to 18.4%. The contents of Cr, Pb, Cd and S of pellet produced from anaerobically digested dairy cattle manure were not against the standard regulation for livestock manure solidified fuel. Therefore, it can be used as fuel that anaerobic digestate produced after semi-dry anaerobic digestion using dairy cattle manure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.401-407
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to know the differences of MR spectra, obtained from normal volunteers by variable TE value, through the quantitative analysis of brain metabolites by peak integral and SNR between 1.5T and 3.0T, together with PRESS and STEAM pulse sequence. Single-voxel MR proton spectra of the human brain obtained from normal volunteers at both 3.0T MR system (Magnetom Trio, SIEMENS, Germany) and 1.5T MR system (Signa Twinspeed, GE, USA) using the STEAM and PRESS pulse sequence. 10 healthy volunteers (3.0T:3 males, 2 females; 1.5T : 3 males, 2 females) with the range from 22 to 30 years old (mean 26 years) participated in our study. They had no personal or familial history of neurological diseases and had a normal neurological examination. Data acquisition parameters were closely matched between the two field strengths. Spectra were recorded in the white matter of the occipital lobe. Spectra were compared in terms of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), and echo time(TE) were estimated at both field strengths. Imaging parameters was used for acquisition of the proton spectrum were as follow : TR 2000msec, TE 30ms, 40ms, 50ms, 60ms, 90ms, 144ms, 288ms, NA=96, VOI=$20{\times}20{\times}20mm3$. As the echo times were increased, the spectra obtained from 3.0T and 1.5T show decreased peak integral and SNR at both pulse sequence. PRESS pulse sequence shows higher SNR and signal intensity than those of STEAM. Especially, Spectra in normal volunteers at 3.0T demonstrated significantly improved overall SNR and spectral resolution compared to 1.5T(Fig1). The spectra acquired at short echo time, 3T MR system shows a twice improvement in SNR compared to 1.5T MR system(Table. 1). But, there was no significant difference between 3.0Tand 1.5T at long TE It is concluded that PRESS and short TE is useful for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS, our standardized protocol for quantification of the brain metabolites at 3.0T MRS is useful to evaluate the brain diseases by monitoring the systematic changes of biochemical metabolites concentration in vivo.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.289-289
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• 2009

당근은 우리나라에서 재배되고 있는 채소 중에서 대표적인 비타민 A의 급원으로서 매우 중요한 근채류이다. 최근 친환경농산물에 대한 관심과 요구가 급증하면서 소비자들은 고품질 당근을 선호하고 있으나 유기농 당근생산에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 관행 및 유기농 재배가 당근의 생육과 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 공시품종은 '조춘5촌당근'(세미니스, A), '선홍봄5촌당근'(농우종묘, B), '홍심5촌당근'(대농종묘, C), '춘홍5촌당근'(사카타, D), '하파5촌당근'(신젠타종묘, E), '홍심5촌당근'(경신종묘, F)으로 전체 6개 품종이며, 경기도 평택시 유천동 대농종묘(주) 육종연구소 N2, N3 하우스에 9월 8일 파종하였고 재배방법은 유기농 및 관행재배표준법에 준하여 실시하였다. 관행과 유기농 재배 후 12월 3일에 수확하여 엽중, 근중, 근장, 근경, 코어, 추근성, 근피색과 가용성 당함량을 조사하였다. 근피색은 Colorimeter(Minolta, CR-400)를 이용하여 Hunter값인 L(밝기), a(녹색-적색), 그리고 b(파란색-노란색)로 표시하였다. 가용성 당함량 조사는 HPLC를 이용하여 분석하였다. 엽중은 유기농 재배 F품종에서 26.0g으로 가장 무거웠고 전체적으로 유기농 재배구에 비해 관행 재배구에서 엽중이 무거웠다. 근장은 모든 품종에서 관행구에 비해 유기농 재배구에서 현저히 길게 나타나 재배 방법 간의 유의차를 보였으며 유기농 재배의 경우 근장이 17.9cm ~ 19.0cm 범위로 품종간 유의성은 없었다. 근중은 전체적으로 관행 재배구가 우수하거나 유기농 재배구와 비슷한 경향을 보였고, 특히 관행 재배구 B품종이 58.1g, A품종이 57.1g으로 가장 무겁게 나타나 재배방법 및 품종간 비교에서 우위를 나타냈다. 당근 뿌리의 명도를 나타내는 Hunter L값은 모든 품종에서 관행 재배구가 높게 나타났으며 특히 관행재배구의 최하위 L값(45.80)이 유기농 재배구의 최상위 L값(44.81)이 보다 높게 나타나 관행 재배를했을 경우 뿌리 광택이 더욱 우수함을 알 수 있었다. Hunter b값은 노란색을 나타내는데 B품종에서 유기농 재배구 19.68, 관행 재배구 19.55로 모든 품종 중에서 가장 높은 수치를 보였다. Fructose 함량은 D품종이 관행 재배구와 유기농 재배구에서 각각 $8.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW,\;8.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났고, glucose 함량은 관행 재배구에서 D품종이 $41.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많았고 유기농 재배구에서도 역시 D품종이 $35.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$을 함유하여 가장 많게 나타났다. Sucrose 함량은 모든 품종의 관행 재배구에서 현저하게 높게 나타났다. 가용성 당함량은 F품종만이 유기농 재배구에서 높게 나타났지만, 다른 5개 품종의 관행 재배구와 비교했을 때는 가장 적은 수치를 나타내 적절한 비배관리를 통한 관행 재배 방법이 가용성 당함량을 증가시킨 것으로 생각된다. 결론적으로 생육 및 품질은 관행재배에서 유기농 재배에 비해 우수하였고 근장은 유기농재배에서 길게 나타났고 가용성당람량 역시 관행재배에서 대체적으로 높게 나타났지만 품종에 따라 유기농재배에서도 높게 조사된 것도 있어 앞으로 유기농 재배에 적합한 당근 품종선발이 필요하다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1987

From January 1970 through December 1984, 15 patients with sinonasal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma combined to the head and neck were treated by external irradiation.13 patients were stage It and 2 were stage IIE by Ann Arbor Classification. However, when using TNM system, 7 were locally advanced T3, T4 lesions. All patients had follow up from 3.7 to 16 years with the median follow-up of 8.5 years. The overall actuarial 5-year survival rates were $25\%,\;28\%$ for IE and $0\%$ for IIE. Total tumor dose varied from 40 to 68 Gy. $100\%$ complete response with a total tumor dose of more than 55 Gy and $73\%$ complete response with less than 55Gy. When the disease was staged using the TNM (AJC) system, the five-year disease free survival for T1 and T2 patients was $50\%$ as compared with $14\%$ for T3 and T4. Failure rate by stage was $33\%(2/6)$ for T1 and T2, $86\%(6/7)$ for T3 and T4, and $100\%$(2/2) for IIE. The results suggest that 1. Higher CR could be obtained with a total tuner dose of more than 55 Gy. 2. Use of TNM staging system is as important as Ann arbor in management of sinonasal NHL. 3. The addition of combination chemotherapy should be considered for T3, T4 and IIE the sinonasal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma although the disease is limited to head and neck.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.144-154
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• 2018

Metabolic disease is associated with abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. Physical activity has beneficial effects on a variety of diseases. This study examined the relationship between metabolic diseases and physical activity according to age. Among a total of 7,295 subjects, the data from 382 individuals in the normal group and 1,525 persons in the metabolic disease group were analyzed. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA, the Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The levels of hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), and creatinine (CR), were elevated when a high-intensity physical activity was performed, but they were reduced when a low-intensity physical activity was performed in the normal group aged 10~29 years and the metabolic disease group aged 50~69 years. In the normal group and metabolic disease group aged 30~49 years, the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was elevated when high-intensity physical activity was conducted, whereas it was reduced when low-intensity physical activity was performed. No difference in the level of HDL-C depending on age and exercise intensity was observed in the normal group; the level of HDL-C decreased with age and increased with exercise intensity in the metabolic disease group. Physical activity has different effects in metabolic disease depending on age.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture behavior of Zironia, glass infiltrated Alumina and PFM full crown system. Materials and methods: Fifteen crowns for each of 3 experimental groups (Zironia, glass infiltrated Alumina and PFM full crown) were made by the conventional method. The crowns mounted on the testing jig were inclined in 30 degrees to the long axis of the tooth and the universal testing machine was used to measure the fracture strength. Results: 1. The mean fracture strengths were $588.3{\pm}49.6MPa$ for zirconia system, $569.1{\pm}61.8MPa$ for PFM system and $551.0{\pm}76.5MPa$ for glass-infiltrated alumina system (P>.05). 2. The mean shear bond strengths were $25.5{\pm}5.6MPa$ for zirconia system, $38.9{\pm}5.0MPa$ for Ni-Cr alloy system and $39.4{\pm}5.1MPa$ for glass-infiltrated alumina system. 3. The chemical bonding was observed at interfaces between PFM or glass-infiltrated alumina and veneering porcelain, however, no chemical bonding was observed at interface between zirconia and veneering porcelain. Conclusion: With the study, the fracture strengths of PFM crown system had a higher fracture strength than conventional zirconia system crown and glass-infiltrated alumina crowns. and than the shear bond strengths glass-infiltrated alumina system had a higher shear bond strength than conventional PFM system and zirconia system.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.936-944
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• 1996

Background: Neutrophils or monocytes separated in vitro by the adherence to plastic surface are known to be activated by surface adherence itself and subsequent experimental data might be altered by surface adherence. Adhesion molecules and gene transcription of the inflammatory mediators are known to be associated in this process. To evaluate whether adhesion molecule and transcriptional activation of the inflammatory substances are also involved in the activation of human alveolar macrophage by the adherence procedure, we designed this experiment. Method : Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in the person whose lung of either side was confirmed to be nonnal by chest cr and alveolar macrophage was harvested. To measure the expression of Interleukin-8(IL-8) mRNA, manganese superoxide dismutase(SOD) mRNA and CD11/CD18 mRNA in human alveolar macrophage of both adherence state and suspension state, Northern blot analysis was done at 0, 2, 4, 8 and 24hrs after the adherence to plastic surface and during suspension state. Then, phorbol myristate acetate(pMA) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine(fMLP) were added respectively in the same experimental condition. Result : 1) Human alveolar macrophages in the adherent state induced IL-8 mRNA and SOD mRNA expression which was maximal at 8 hours after the adherence to plastic surface. But we could not observe the upregulation of CD18 mRNA by surface adherence. 2) PMA induced these mRNA expression both in the adherent cell and the nonadherem cells, but the induction of mRNA expression by fMLP occurred only in the adherent cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that adherence of huamn alveolar macropahge is an important cell-activating event that may play a critical role in the modulation of lung inflammatory respones.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2013

This study was aimed to provide the fundamental data about oxidized hair color products. For this reason, we collected 125 oxidized hair color products, which were distributed in domestic market from January to October, 2012, and measured the heavy metal concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper in the samples. Results were compared by domestic, foreign, henna, type and color. The average metal concentrations were as follows; 0.211 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.008 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 0.051 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.954 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 6.250 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 0.591 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 0.544 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. In case of lead and arsenic, the concentrations were much less than the regulated amount (20 ${\mu}g/g$ and 10 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively) suggested by MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety). In henna (p < 0.05), the concentrations were significantly higher than those of other domestic and foreign oxidized hair color products as follows; 1.264 ${\mu}g/g$ for lead, 0.267 ${\mu}g/g$ for arsenic, 0.025 ${\mu}g/g$ for cadmium, 4.055 ${\mu}g/g$ for chromium, 72.044 ${\mu}g/g$ for manganese, 3.076 ${\mu}g/g$ for nickel and 4.640 ${\mu}g/g$ for copper. Statistically, it showed that the heavy metal concentrations were quite different for the different types of hair color products. The cream and liquid type products had the highest average concentration in chromium (0.708 ${\mu}g/g$, 0.478 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively). On the other hand, powder type products showed the highest concentration in manganese (60.041 ${\mu}g/g$). In addition, the concentrations of heavy metals and the color of products are not quite correlated. It was shown that average concentrations of lead and chromium were higher for yellow, chromium for red and pink, manganese for brown and black, and nickel for green.