• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate changes of contrast sensitivity with decreasing luminance in photopic conditions. Methods: Contrast sensitivities for 63 university students were investigated at 5 different luminance levels using FACT chart. Results: All contrast sensitivities measured were in the normal range. The peak of contrast sensitivity function was observed to move from 6 to 3 cpd between 40 and $10cd/m^2$. From an intersection point of two hypothetical lines related with contrast sensitivity for 6 and 3 cpd, we could evaluated that the peak moved from 6 to 3 cpd at about $25cd/m^2$. When luminance decreases from 120 to $10cd/m^2$, contrast sensitivity loss at 6 cpd was most, while contrast sensitivity at 1.5 cpd changed little. We could evaluate that at luminance of more than $25cd/m^2$ evaluated approximately, contrast sensitivity was high in the following order of spatial frequency: 18< 12<1.5<3<6 cpd, while at luminance of less than about $25cd/m^2$ as follows: 18<12<1.5<6<3 cpd. Contrast sensitivity losses with decreasing luminance were also evaluated using the decrements and decrement rates of contrast sensitivity. The decrement of contrast sensitivity was the greatest at 6 cpd, while the decrement rate was the greatest at 8 cpd. Conclusions: We propose that evaluation methods used in this research may be available as another methods to evaluate the changes of contrast sensitivity.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.256-266
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• 2020

Carboxypeptidase D (CPD) is a zinc-dependent protease, which is highly expressed in macrophages, and is thought to participate in inflammatory processes. In the present study, we investigated the possible regulatory effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which is an active form of vitamin A and plays a critical regulatory role in both the innate and adaptive immunity, on CPD expression and secretion in human monocytic THP-1 cells. CPD mRNA expression first increased, from a concentration as low as 10 nM ATRA to a maximum level of expression, at 1 μM. ATRA enhanced intracellular CPD expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner but did not affect cell surface CPD expression. Interestingly, 9-cis-RA did not affect CPD expression. Additionally, an experiment with RAR/RXR selective agonist or antagonists demonstrated that ATRA-induced enhancement of CPD expression was RAR/RXR dependent. ATRA also enhanced CPD secretion from THP-1 cells; however, this enhancement was RAR/RXR-independent. The anti-inflammatory agent dexamethasone reversed ATRA-induced enhancement of CPD expression and secretion. Our results suggest ATRA exerts regulatory effects on expression and secretion of CPD in human monocytes, and ATRA-induced CPD secretion may be associated with inflammatory response.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3865-3869
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• 2013

Background: Cigarette per day (CPD) use is a key smoking behaviour indicator. It reflects smoking intensity which is directly proportional to the occurrence of tobacco induced cancers. Self reported CPD assessment in surveys may suffer from digit bias and under reporting. Estimates from such surveys could influence the policy decision for tobacco control efforts. In this context, this study aimed at identifying underlying factors of digit bias and its implications for Global Adult Tobacco Surveillance. Materials or Methods: Daily manufactured cigarette users CPD frequencies from Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) - India data were analyzed. Adapted Whipple Index was estimated to assess digit bias and data quality of reported CPD frequency. Digit bias was quantified by considering reporting of '0' or '5' as the terminal digits in the CPD frequency. The factors influencing it were identified by bivariate and logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean and mode of CPD frequency was 6.7 and 10 respectively. Around 14.5%, 15.1% and 15.2% of daily smokers had reported their CPD frequency as 2, 5 and 10 respectively. Modified Whipple index was estimated to be 226.3 indicating poor data quality. Digit bias was observed in 38% of the daily smokers. Heavy smoking, urban residence, North, South, North- East region of India, less than primary, secondary or higher educated and fourth asset index quintile group were significantly associated with digit bias. Discussion: The present study highlighted poor quality of CPD frequency data in the GATS-India survey and need for its improvement. Modeling of digit preference and smoothing of the CPD frequency data is required to improve quality of data. Marketing of 10 cigarette sticks per pack may influence CPD frequency reporting, but this needs further examination. Exploring alternative methods to reduce digit bias in cross sectional surveys should be given priority.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2022

Pharmacists should maintain professional competencies to provide optimal pharmaceutical care services to patients, which can be achieved through continued commitment to lifelong learning. Traditionally continuing education (CE) has been widely used as a way of lifelong learning for many healthcare professionals. It, however, has several limitations. CE is delivered in the form of instructor-led education focused on multiple learners. Learning is passive and reactive for participants, so it sometimes does not lead to bringing behavioral changes in workplace performance. Therefore, recently the concept of lifelong learning tends to move from CE toward continuing professional development (CPD). CPD is an ongoing process that improves knowledge, skills, and competencies throughout a professional's career. It is a more comprehensive structured approach toward the enhancement of personal competencies. It emphasizes an individual's learning needs and goals and enables learning to become proactive, conscious, and self-directed. CPD consists of four stages: reflect, plan, learn, and evaluate. CE is one component of CPD. Each stage is recorded in a CPD portfolio. There are many practical difficulties in implementing the complete CPD system for lifelong learning of pharmacists in many countries including Korea. Applying a hybrid form that utilizes CPD and CE together, as in the case of some countries, could be an alternative. Furthermore, in undergraduate pharmacy education, it is necessary to teach students about CPD and train them on how to perform CPD as a pharmacist.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The purpose of the present study was to formulate the aqueous solution of 1-cyclopent-3-enylmethyl-6(3,5-dimethyl-benzoyl)-5-ethyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (CPD), a novel antivirus compound containing pirimidine structure. For this purpose, the effects of various solubilization agents such as cosolvents [ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), glycerin], surfactants (Tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ EL, Poloxamer 407, Poloxamer 188) and a complexation agent [hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (HPBCD)] , on the solubility of CPD in aqueous solution were evaluated. The solubility of CPD in water was under $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ at $20^{\circ}C$. Cosolvents such as ethanol, PG, PEG 300, PEG 400 and glycerin did not enhance the solubility of CPD at the $0{\sim}40\%$ concentration range. The solubility of CPD was significantly elevated by the addition of cosolvents over the $80\%$ concentration range. On the other hand, tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ L, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40, and HPBCD showed enhanced effects on the solubility of CPD. The enhanced effects of Poloxamer 407 or Poloxamer 188 on the CPD solubility were less pronounced compared with tween 80, Cremophor$^{(R)}$ L or Cremophor$^{(R)}$ RH40. As a results, tween 80 aqueous solution was selected as an optimum solvent system. The aqueous solutions containing $20\%$ tween 80 were formulated as a dosing solution containing CPD for its intraperitoneal and intrahypodermic administration, respectively, The formular showed physical stability after stored for 7 days at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2012

This paper give further assessment on the original DoP-CPD classification scheme. This paper provides some additional comparative study on the DoP-CPD with H/A/alpha classifier in terms of multi look effects and classification performances. The statistics and multi looking effects of the DoP and CPD were analyzed with measured polarimetric SAR data. DoP-CPD is less sensitive to the number of averaging pixels than the entropy-alpha technique. A DoP-CPD diagram with appropriate boundaries between six different classes was then developed based on the data analysis. A polarimetric SAR image DoP-CPD classification technique is verified with C-band polarimetric RADARSAT-2 images.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.790-796
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• 2009

The Continuing Professional Development(CPD) program of Korean dentists had probroms that did not resolve for many years. The primary concern of this study is to examine the problems of the CPD program of Korean dentists and to suggest practical guidelines to resolve such barriers. The findings show that the major barrier for improving CPD program is the lack of total quality management. In order to enhance the CPD program, Special plans and resolutions, such as functional organization, recertification system, pool of verified instructor, and evaluation of CPD program, have been suggested.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.241-246
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• 2013

Purpose: The aim of this study was a comparative analysis of the effect of distance contrast sensitivity when wearing free-form progressive lens and conventional progressive lens. Methods: The 20 subjects who do not have any ocular diseases were participated in this study. Contrast sensitivities at 5 different levels of spatial frequency were conducted by using FACT (Stereo Optical, USA). Results: Contrast sensitivity was measured for free-form progressive lens and conventional progressive lens in the order of right eye, left eye and binocular. Right/left/binocular contrast sensitivity values of the free-form progressive lenses compared to the conventional progressive lenses were higher 16%/17%/11% at A(1.5 cpd) of spatial frequency, 11%/5%/5% at B(3 cpd) of spatial frequency, 6%/6%/9% at C(6 cpd) of spatial frequency, 19%/16%/13% at D(12 cpd) of spatial frequency, 4%/3%/18% at E(18 cpd) of spatial frequency. Conclusions: In all the area of spatial frequency, distance contrast sensitivity values were measured highly on free-form progressive lens than on conventional progressive lens.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.225-229
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• 2014

Purpose: The study was to analyze the correlation between kinetic visual acuity (KVA), visual acuity(static visual angle, SVA) and contrast sensitivity. Methods: Ninety-nine undergraduate students studying Ophthalmic Optics were fully corrected by the Topcon CV-3000 Phoropter. The contrast sensitivity was measured for the participants under the photopic condition ($100cd/m^2$) with Vector Vision CSV-1000E at 2.5 meter, while KVA was measured with KOWA AS-4A. The participants were classified into three groups L, M and H depending on the KVA (0.1~0.3, 0.31~0.6 and greater than 0.61, respectively) and were analyzed whether there was the correlation between the contrast sensitivity, visual acuity and refractive error. Results: The KVA was correlated with the contrast sensitivity for 3 cpd (r=0.26), for 6 cpd (r=0.48), for 12 cpd (r=0.38) and 18 cpd (r=0.47). Except for the low frequency of 3 cpd, they all were higher than the one of the SVA and the KVA (r = -0.37). The contrast sensitivity for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd was 59.41, 92.22, 38.41 and 14.39 in the group L, respectively. The contrast sensitivity in the group M was 66.03, 108.78, 53.51 and 19.20 and the one in the group H was 70.90, 146.10, 62.90 and 25.33 for 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd, respectively. Conclusions: The correlation of the contrast sensitivity and the KVA was higher than the one of the contrast sensitivity and the SVA. It can be assumed that the contrast sensitivity will be high if the KVA is high, except for the case for low spatial frequency.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1991

In order to study effects of the 9round charcoal and organic acid on the egg production, White Leghorn strain(Hyline) layer of 113 week-old were fed control diet during a week of previous feeding and subsquent experimental diets during 12 weeks of experimental feeding . The experimental diets were the basal (control) diet composed of mainly corn-soybean meal, diet (CPB) substituted 0.5％ of ground charcoal with the defatted rice bran of the control, diet (PWV) added 0.1 mM(based on the acetic acid) of wood vinegar in the CPD and diet(PFA) added 0.1 mM (based on the acetic acid) of fermented acetic acid in the CPD. During experimental feeding period, birds (ed control, CPD and PWV diets showed similar feed intake which was shown a decreasing tendency in birds fed PFA diet as the passage of experimental feeding period. Birds fed experimental diets containing ground charcoal were tended to increase egg weight (g/egg) , while which of birds fed CPD was higher(P＜0.05) than that fed control diet. Chicks fed the control, CPD and PWV diets produced 75.9, 75.0 and 75. 9％ of egg, respectively, which were significantly(P＜0.05) higher than those of birds fed PFA. Daily egg mass(g/bird) were reached to 48.6, 49.9 and 49.5g i,1 layer fed the control, CPD and PWV diets, respectively, showing an increasing tendency in layer fed CPD and PWV compared with those of birds fed control, which were significantly (P＜0.05) higher than those of birds fed PFA . Although the effect of experimental diets on the feed efficiency (egg/feed) was not found, which was shown an increasing tendency in layer fed CPD compared with those in control diet. Compared with the incidence of cracked or shelless eggs in birds fed control diet, which were lowered to 37％ in birds fed CPD diet and 70％ in PWV-fed birds and increased to two times in birds fed PFA . The contents of cholesterol in egg was not affected by experimental diets, while birds fed CPD diet increased significantly(P＜0.05) the daily biosynthesis of egg protein and showed a trend to increase the thickness of eggshell and eggshell contents per eggs compared with that of control diet-fed birds. The results indicated that the ground charcoal powder improved the performance of layer.