• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.501-507
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• 2010

Three hundred chicks were randomly assigned among four treatments to evaluate the effect of an organic selenium supplement at various levels of dietary protein. Two levels of supplemental selenium (0 and 0.3 mg/kg) from zinc-L-selenomethionine were tested at two levels of dietary protein (normal and reduced) in a completely randomized design with $2{\times}2$ factorial layout. The experiment lasted up to 49 d of age during which all birds were exposed to $31{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The effects of selenium or its interaction with CP on growth performance and carcass characteristics were not significant. However, feeding the reduced-CP diet decreased weight gain in the starting period and increased liver and abdominal fat weights relative to body weight. Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) was not significantly affected by dietary CP and Se or their interaction though FRAP values were numerically higher in the Se-supplemented group. Dietary CP content did not affect the activity of plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), though Se significantly elevated plasma GSHPx activity. The interaction of CP and Se was not significant for FRAP and plasma GSHPx activity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 1995

This study was carried out to examine the genetic constitution of serum proteins and enzymes in Holstein Friesian cattle population. The genetic variants of post-transferrin-2(pTf-2), transferrin(Tf), post-albumin(pAlb), ceruloplasmin(Cp) and amylase-I(Am-I) were analyzed by using PAGE(polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and STAGE(starch gel electrophoresis). In serum proteins, the pTf-2 locus were observed to be controlled by codominant alleles designated F and S, and the distribution of genotypes were 76.34, 14.50 and 9.10% for pTf-2 FF, FS and SS types, respectively. The gene frequencies of the pTf-2 F and S allele were 0.836 and 0.164. The Tf locus were found to be controlled by four alleles, Tf A, D1, D2 and E at a single locus, and the distribution of genotypes were 6.11, 32.06, 19.08, 1.53, 10.69, 18.32, 9.92 and 2.29% for Tf AA, AD1, AD2, AE, D1D1, D1D2, D2D2 and D2E type, respectively. The gene frequencies of the Tf A, D1, D2 and E wee 0.321, 0.359, 0.298 and 0.019. The pAlb locus were identified to be genetically controlled by two alleles, pAlb F and S allele, and the distribution of genotypes were 32.06, 29.77 and 38.17% for pAlb FF, FS and SS types, respectively. The gene frequencies of the pAlb F and S allele were 0.461 and 0.531. The Alb locus were observed to be controlled by Alb A and B allele, and the gene frequencies of these were 0.996 and 0.004. In serum enzymes, the Cp locus were found to be controlled by F and S allele, and the distribution of genotypes were 46.57, 27.48 and 25.95% for Cp FF, FS and SS types, respectively. The gene frequencies of F and S allele were 0.603 and 0.394. The Am-I locus were observed to be controlled by Am-I B and C allele, and the distribution of genotypes were 39.69, 21.73 and 38.93% for Am-I BB, BC and CC types, the gene frequencies of Am-I B and C were 0.503 and 0.497, respectively.

• ALGAE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2014

The red seaweed, Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, was cultivated in open water farms in urbanized estuaries of Long Island Sound (26-30 psu of salinity) and New York City (20-25 psu), USA in 2011. Plants were harvested monthly from summer (August, $24^{\circ}C$) to fall (November, $13^{\circ}C$) and analyzed for total nitrogen, protein, and amino acid content. On a dry matter (DM) basis, nitrogen and protein significantly increased over the harvest period until October and then plateaued. Nitrogen increased from $22{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $39{\pm}3g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in October (p < 0.001). Protein increased from $107{\pm}13g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in August to $196{\pm}5g\;kg^{-1}$ DM in November (p < 0.001). With two exceptions, amino acid concentrations expressed on a crude protein (CP) basis were similar over the harvest period. Essential amino acids accounted for $48{\pm}1%$ of all amino acids present with lysine and methionine averaging $56{\pm}2g\;kg^{-1}$ CP and $18{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP, respectively. Histidine was underrepresented among essential amino acids and averaged $13{\pm}1g\;kg^{-1}$ CP. Taurine ranged from 2.1 to $3.2g\;kg^{-1}$ DM. With its moderate levels of lysine, methionine and taurine, ocean farmed G. tikvahiae has the potential of overcoming many nutrient deficiencies currently associated with terrestrial plant ingredients in alternative feeds for fish and shrimp.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.379-383
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• 1997

To study the effect of amylose on the mechanism of gel formation, swelling power, water solubility, the pattern of alkali gelatinization and gel properties were investigated. The swelling power of waxy maize starch (Amioca) was the highest and followed by those of PFP > Amaizo > Amylomaize VII. Amioca showed higher iodine affinity of soluble amylose than other maize starches. The apparent viscosity of alkali gelatinization measured by Brookfield viscometer for Amaizo was 70${\times}$10$^3$cp which was higher than Amylomaize VII. The apparent viscosity of PFP was increased to 70${\times}$10$^3$cp and then decreased. As maize starches were autoclaved at 121$^{\circ}C$ with starch: water ratio (1 : 9) and autoclaving-cooling cycle were up to 4 times, gel properties were measured by rheometer. Amaizo showed the highest value for hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, and cohesiveness, and hardness of gel after two cycles of autoclaving-cooling was the highest. Gel properties seemed to be affected by the chain length of amylose rather than the content of amylose.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2005

A DNA vaccine methodology using eukaryote expression vectors to produce immunizing proteins in the vaccinated hosts is a novel approach to the development of vaccine and immuno-therapeutics, and it has achieved considerable success over several infectious diseases and various cancers. To further enhance its efficiency, attempts were made to develop novel plasmid vectors containing multiple immunostimulatory CpG motifs, for rapid and strong immune response. First, a 2.9 kb compact plasmid vector (pVAC), containing CMV promoter, polycloning site, BGH poly(A) terminator, ampicillin resistance gene and pBR322 origin was constructed. A pVAC-hEPO was also constructed, which contained a human erythropoietin gene, for evaluating the transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA both in vitro and in vivo. To examine the adjuvant effect of multi-CpG motifs on naked plasmid DNA, 22 and 44 enriched and unmethylated CpG motifs were introduced into pVAC to generate pVAC-ISS1 and pVAC-ISS2, respectively. $100{\mu}g$ of pSecTagB, pVAC, pVAC-ISS1 or pVAC-ISS2 were each injected intramuscularly into the tibilias anterior muscle of Balb/c mice. The level of interleukin-6 induced in the mice injected with pVAC-ISS1 and pVAC-ISS2 were significantly elevated after 12 hours, which were almost 2 and 2.5 times higher than that in the mice injected with pSecTagB, respectively. These results suggest that DNA vaccine plasmids with enriched CpG motifs can induce rapid secretion of interleukin-6 by lymphocytes. In conclusion, these vectors can contribute to the development of adjuvant-free DNA vaccinations against infectious diseases and various cancers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2004

공액계 유기가교로서 butadiene을 사용한 이핵 유기금속착체를 합성하였고, 합성된 유기금속착체 화합물에 대한 구조적 특징과 두 금속간의 전기화학적 특성에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. $[Cp*Fe(CO)_2]_2-({\mu}-CH=CH-CH=CH)$ 착체는 $Cp*(CO)_2$FeK와 cis-3,4-dichlorocyclobutene과의 반응으로 합성하였고, 이 착체에 결합된 CO기는 UV 광반응하에서 $PPh_3$로 치환시켜 $[Cp*Fe(CO(PPh)_3]_2-({\mu}-CH=CH-CH=CH)$를 합성하였다. 합성된 착체에 대한 전기화학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 CV 실험결과, 전위차 ${\Delta}E^{\circ}=0.575{\sim}0.605$ V이고 $K_c$값은 $109{\sim}1010$으로 매우 큰 값을 얻음으로서 두 금속간의 상호작용이 탄화수소사슬을 통해 활발하게 이루어지고 있음을 알수가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1314-1321
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• 2006

The objective of this work was to study the effect of mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8 on detoxification of cottonseed meal (CSM), and to investigate the effect of fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment on the reduction of free gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM. Experiment 1: Three groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. tropicalis ZD-3, A. niger ZD-8 or mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8). One non-inoculated group was used as the control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol (FG), CP and in vitro CP digestibility were assayed. The results indicated that mixed culture fermentation was far more effective than single strain fermentation, which not only had higher detoxification rate, but also had higher CP content and in vitro digestibility. Experiment 2: CSM substrates were treated according to experimental variables including fermentation period, proportion of CSM in substrate, sodium carbonate, minerals and heat treatment, Then, the treated CSM substrates were inoculated with mixed culture (C. tropicalis ZD-3 with A. niger ZD-8) and incubated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 36 h in a 95% relative humidity chamber. After fermentation ended, FG and CP content of fermented CSM substrate was assayed. The results showed that the appropriate fermentation period was 36 h, and the optimal proportion of CSM in substrate was 70%. Addition of sodium carbonate to CSM substrate was beneficial for fermentative detoxification. Heat treatment could facilitate fermentative detoxification, and supplementation with minerals was instrumental in reducing gossypol levels during mixed culture solid substrate fermentation of CSM.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.364-369
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• 1989

Experiments were carried out to investigate on the effect of cryoprotectants to the quality changes of pork and beef muscles during frozen storage . Beef and pork muscles were mixed with various cryoprotectants and stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ in a chest freezer for 12 weeks. Samples were analyzed for pH changes, TBA value, free atty acid contents, water and salt soluble protein extractability. The results obtained are summerized as follows. The pH value in all of cryoprotectants added samples were increased up to 0.25-0.5 as in non-treated samples . The TBA value, free fatty acid contents were increased with storage time as compared with the non-treated sample. Cryoprotectant effect on water soluble protein extractability was greater in pork than in beef muscle during frozen storage, especially in pork muscle treated CP-B, mixture of sorbitol, sucrose and sodium tripolyphosphate, as compared with non-treated sample. Cryoprotectant effect on salt soluble protein extractability during frozen storage was more pronounced in the beef muscle treated with CP-A which was mixture of sorbitol, mono sodium glutamate and sodium tripolyphosphate, and in the pork muscle treated with CP-B, mixture of sorbitol, sucrose and sodium tripolyphosphate than in the non-treated sample.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.1607-1615
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• 2021

Objective: Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf has been found to be an important source of protein, vitamins, minerals, as well as phytonutrients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) with various level of crude protein (CP) in the concentrate on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability in in vitro gas production technique. Methods: In an in vitro rumen fermentation study the dietary treatments were arranged according to a 3×5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, consisting of Factor A: three levels of CP of concentrate mixtures (14%, 16%, and 18% CP, respectively) and Factor B: five levels of CHYP supplementation (at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of dry matter substrates). Results: The gas production kinetics, fraction (a) and fraction (b) were lower (p<0.05) with an increasing CHYP addition. Additionally, the fraction (a+b) was found to yield a significant interaction (p<0.05) while the fraction (c) was not impacted by CHYP addition. However, in vitro DM degradability was enhanced and interactive (p<0.05), using 16% CP of concentrate with 6% and 8% CHYP, when compared with 18% CP in the non-addition. Additionally, the treatment with higher CP of the concentrate was higher in NH₃-N concentration (p<0.001) and by CHYP supplementation group (p<0.05). Nevertheless, protozoal counts in the rumen were remarkably decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of CHYP supplementation. Furthermore, rumen C₂ concentration was lower (p<0.05) in the treatments with CHYP supplementation, while C₃ was significantly increased and interactive (p<0.05) between levels of CP and CHYP supplementation especially at 8% CHYP supplementation. Conclusion: Based on this study, the results revealed CHYP as a promising feed supplement to enhance rumen fermentation and to mitigate methane production. However, in vivo feeding experiments should be subsequently conducted to elucidate the effect of CHYP supplementation on rumen fermentation, as well as ruminant production efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 1996

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) tomato strain was isolated from tomato "Seo-Kwang" in Korea. The virion was purified by density gradient centrifugation, and total viral RNA was isolated from the purified particles. Coat protein (CP) cDNA of the virus was synthesized by RT-PCR, and the purified cDNA fragment was subcloned to pBluescript II SK-. The analysis of nucleotide sequence showed that this cDNA was 693 nucleotides long from the insert of clone p1571 and p1572 which contain complete codons of the viral coat protein gene (474 nucleotides) and 3' untranslated region. The nucleotides of coat protein encoding cDNA of the strain were 6 nucleotides less than that of TMV common strain isolated from tobacco plant in Korea. The CP gene showed 70% maximum homology with that of the common strain in the nucleotide level and 86% maximum homology in amino acid level.cid level.