• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2009

The growth of international trade and the formation of supranational economic and political trading blocks have noticeably widened the presence on the market of products of different national origins. This has stimulated interest in explaining the Country-of-Origin (COO) role in domestic and international markets and its consequences on consumer behaviour. Since the consumer purchasing decisions can be decisive to the success of a company's strategy in domestic and foreign markets, the objective of this study is to present empirical evidence on the extent to which reputation of firms associated to a certain COO are related to consumer purchase intention. Additionally our study considers ethnocentrism as a variable that partially explains the rejection of imports products based on its foreign origin. The empirical application of the proposed model is related to the purchase of Korean automobiles which represents 5.7% of the national market share in Spain. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data collected from 202 personal interviews carried out in a large Spanish region. The results show that reputation of firms associated to a certain COO in an important factor to establish business relationships involving consumers and firms from different countries and increase intentions to purchase Korean products. Additionally, ethnocentric consumers prefer to purchase domestic products rather than foreign imports as an attempt to protect national economy however the negative effect of ethnocentrism is weaker than positive effect of firms reputation of a COO.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.241-247
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• 1991

The Poly (4-vinyipyridine-co-styrene) membrane containing Pyridine as fixed carrier was synthesized and characterized. And the active transport mechanism of Cl- and $CCl_3COO^-$ with changing concentration of $H^+$ and $OH^-$ was investigated. $CCl_3COO^-$ was transported not only by a symport mechanism with $H^+$ transfer but also by an antiport mechanism with $OH^-$transfer, while $Cl^-$ was transported only by a symport mechanism with $H^+$ transfer. Observing the initial flux of anions, salt formation constant between ions and membrane (K), and diffusion coefficient in membrane (D) were calculated as follows: for $Cl^-, \;K=4.60{\times}10^2\;mol^{-1}{\cdot}\textrm{cm}^3, \;D=1.57{\times}10^{-3}{\textrm{cm}^2/h$ and for $CCl_3COO^-, \;K=1.l0{\times}10^4\;mol^{-1}{\cdot}\textrm{cm}^3, \;D=1.14{\times}10^{-4}{\textrm{cm}^2}/h$.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.1-23
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• 1995

The aim of this study is to compare the diseases which are in the Sun Woo-Yees charts with the diseases which are in the medical books excavated in MA WANG TEI(馬王堆), "YOUNG COO(靈樞)" and "SO MUN(素問)", and to investigate their interactions. The results obtained are as follows : 1. JOE(疽) which is made in stomach and bowels is not found at the medical books excavated in MA WANG TUI(馬王堆), "YOUNG COO(靈樞)" and "SO MUN(素問)". JOE(疽) which is made on the breast is similar to JOE(疽) which is made on the chest of "YOUNG COO(靈樞)". 2. It is said in Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts that mental depression blocks up the circulation of Kl(氣), and it is the same viewpoint of "YOUNG COO(靈樞)"and "SO MUN(素問)". 3. The POONG GYUL(風厥) and the YOUL GYUL(熱厥) that are found in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is similar to those of "SO MUN(素問)", but different from those of "YOUNG COO(靈樞)". 4. It is regarded that YONG SAN(涌疝) in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is similar to the COONG SAN(퇴산) in "SO MUN(素問)", KI SAN(氣疝) in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is related to the TUI SAN(癡疝) of the medical books excavated in MA WANG TUI(馬王堆), "YOUNG COO(靈樞)" and "SO MUN(素問)", MO SAN(牡疝) in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is considered PE SAN(肺疝) and PE POONG SAN(肺風疝) in "SO MUN(素問)", but more and deeper study is required. In the change of the terms ; from TUI SAN(癡疝) to TUI SAN(퇴산), from PYUN SAN(偏疝) to HO SAN(狐疝), it can be guessed that the terms changed, as new doctrines were introduced and reorganiged with the development of the medical theory. 5. POONG BI in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is not found in "YOUNG COO(靈樞)", but it is similar to DAN FEVER(단열) in "SO MUN(素問)". It is regareded that PE SO DAN(폐소단) in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is the same as that of "YOUNG COO(靈樞)". 6. DONG PUNG in Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is not found in "YOUNG COO(靈樞)"and "SO MUN(素問)", but it seems like DONG SOEL(洞泄) in "YOUNG COO(靈樞)". It is regareded that the DONC PUNG(동풍) in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts was at first changed into DONG SOEL(洞泄), and later differentiated into DOHG SOEL(洞泄) and SON SOEL. 7. In the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts, the treatment of the decayed tooth had the classification of the right and left, seeing cauterization with moxa on SU YANG MYOUNG MAEK(手陽明脈), it is considered that the tooth was decayed in the lower right. region. A tooth was related to QI MAEK(齒脈) and BI YANG MYUNG MAEK(臂陽明脈) in the early stage, but gradually was related to not only SU YANG MYUNG MAEK(手陽明脈) but also JOK YANG MYUNG MAEK(足陽明脈), JOK SO YIN MAEK(足少陰脈), JOK TAE YIN MAEK(足太陰脈), and in regards to the tooth and KYUNG MAEK(經脈), "YOUNG COO(靈樞)" emphasised the course of the KYUNG MAEK(經脈), "SO MUN(素問)" emphasised the attachment of the five elements. 8. In regards to BI(痺), the importance of the five elements theory given in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts is similar to that of "SO MUN(素問)", and "YOUNG COO(靈樞)" and the medical books excavated in MA WANG TUI(馬王堆) give the same importance to the Kyung MAEK(經脈) theory. 9. The explanation of the irregular menstruation in the Sun Woo-Yee(淳于意)'s charts was fundamentally similar to that of "SO MUN(素問)", but it shows the another theory that can not found in "SO MUN(素問)".

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 2015

In this study, the porous CuO/MnO₂ catalyst was prepared through the co-precipitation process from an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), manganese(II) acetate (Mn(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O) and copper(II) acetate (Cu(CH₃COO)₂·H₂O). The phase change in MnO₂ was analyzed according to the reaction molar ratio of KMnO₄ to Mn(CH₃COO)₂. The reaction mole ratio of KMnO₄ to Mn(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O was varied at 0.3:1, 0.6:1, and 1:1. The aqueous solution of Cu(CH₃COO)₂ was injected into a mixed solution of KMnO₄ and Mn(CH₃COO)₂ to 10~75 wt% relative to MnO₂. The Cu ion co-precipitates as CuO with MnO₂ in a highly dispersed state on MnO₂. The physicochemical property of the prepared CuO/MnO₂ was analyzed by using the TGA, DSC, XRD, SEM, and BET. The different phase types of MnO₂ were prepared according to the reaction mole ratio of KMnO₄ to Mn(CH₃COO)₂·4H₂O. The results confirmed that the porous CuO/MnO₂ catalyst with γ-phase MnO₂ was produced in the reaction mole ratio of KMnO₄ to Mn(CH₃COO)₂ as 0.6:1 at room temperature.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.33-33
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• 1999

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 1991

X-ray methods have been used to determine the chain conformation and packing of the thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester prepared from 50% tarephthaloyl chloride(TPA) and 50% (1-phenylethyl) hydroquinone(PEHQ). The x-ray patterns of annealed melt-spun fibers contain a series of annealed melt-Pointing to a well ordered crystalline structure, despite the random sense(2 or 3-) of the 1-phenylethyl substiuttion on the TPA-hydroquinone backbone. The crystalline fiber is monoclinic with space group P2l and the unit cell has dimensions 11=12.77 A, b=10.17 A (upique axis), c=12.58 h (fiber axis). and β=90.1° and contains TPA-PEHO units of to or chains. The random substitution of 1-phenylethyl groups was modelled by placing these groups at both the 2and 3 positions and giving each a weight of one-hal(. T he structure has been refined by linked a rom least square methods(LALS) against 16 observed and 21 unobserved reflections. and had a final R value of 0.20. Packing of the side chains is effected by staggering adjacent chains along the b axis by approximately c/2, so that the side chains are interleaved. The phenyl-COO and COO-phenyl torsion angles are -6.1 and 65.6, respectively, such that the main chain phenyls are mutually inclined at 59.5 (the ester groups are assumed to be planar). These torsion angles compare very well with those for the model compounds, notably phenylbenzoate, and can be used in future analyses of the structures of more complex random sequence copolyesters.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

Purpose - This study aims to proposes a conceptual framework to segment multi-national products based on a Chinese consumer's perception of multi-national products, to find the role of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) in country of origin (COO) effects for Chinese, and to figure out how different dimension of CET Effects on purchase intention developed market and home country. Research design, data and methodology - This study selected a 2×2×2 factorial design for the hypothesis test based on the product category × combination of manufactured type × Ethnocentrism level. This study distinguishes products between luxury (Burberry) and non-luxury (Nike) products and choose combination of manufactured type (Spain vs India/ Spain vs China) in order to perform comparative studies. A total of 223 Chinese participated in the experiment. After being exposed to each scenario, participants were asked to respond to questions about brand preference and purchase intention Results - Regarding to luxury made in developed country, it is worth that exposing COO information to low level of ethnocentrism consumers. Regarding to non-luxury product made in emerging country, it makes it worse when COO information to high level of ethnocentrism consumers. Lastly, regarding to non-luxury product, patriotic consumers prefer to purchase product made in home country.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.193-197
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• 2005

CuO has been synthesized using the layered organic-inorganic hybrids, $Cu_2(OH)_3(CH_3COO){\cdot}H_2O$ as precursor. The simple thermal decomposition of $Cu_2(OH)_3(CH_3COO){\cdot}H_2O$ is used without any external organic templates. This method provides large-scale production at a low cost of the single-crystalline CuO particles. The morphology of CuO aggregated particles is strongly dependent on structure of the precursor.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.859-866
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• 2006

The aim of this survey is to examine factors that influence on the perceived helpfulness in consumers' predicting its quality and safety when the country of origin (COO) of beef is declared. The data were analyzed that had collected from a consumer survey done in March 2006. 250 consumers living in Suncheon, Jeollanamdo were randomly selected as respondents. Eleven of them did not complete the survey material, so the total number of available samples were 239. All samples were estimated using proc logistic procedure of SAS package. The results indicate as follows: first, the levels of perceived helpfulness of COO in consumers' predicting beef quality and safety depend significantly on he age, the occupation, and the education level of demographic variables. Second, when analysing attitude variables to beef, the levels are significantly correlated with the respondents' ability to acquire information, their trust of information about beef, nd their interest about bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE). The proportional odds assumptions of models are not violated at p<0.05. Third, it is the gender, the age, and the education level of the respondents, and the respondents' ability to acquire information which significantly effect on the level of the perceived helpfulness of COO in predicting beef quality. Fourth, it is the consumer's age, their education level, and their trust of information about beef which statistically have a significant effect on the level of perceived helpfulness of COO in predicting beef safety.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.558-559
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• 2007

A commercially de-waxer which kinds of solvent after was used to remove a thick organic wax film after polishing process and several steps of SC-1 cleanings were followed for the removal of organic wax residues and particles which requires long process time and high cost of ownership (COO). DIO3 was used to remove organic wax residues too achieve low COO. In this study, 0103 rinsing could use instead of 01 water rinsing. The process time and chemical consumption were reduced by using DIO3.