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Isolation and Morphological Identification of Fresh Water Green Algae from Organic Farming Habitats in Korea (유기농업 생태계로부터 담수 녹조류 분리 및 형태적 동정)

  • Kim, Min-Jeong;Shim, Chang-Ki;Kim, Yong-Ki;Hong, Sung-Jun;Park, Jong-Ho;Han, Eun-Jung;Jee, Hyeong-Jin;Yun, Jong-Chul;Kim, Suk-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.743-760
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    • 2014
  • This study aimed to isolate and identify freshwater algae from the organic agricultural ecosystems and investigate its biological characteristics to study the possibility of utilizing a biomass freshwater algae in organic farming. In the survey area, average water temperature was $12.4{\sim}28.2^{\circ}C$ and the pH ranges were from 6.1 to 8.5. The solid culture method is more suitable than liquid culture method for isolation of freshwater algae with lower contamination level and higher isolation frequency. A total of 115 strains were isolated from six freshwater algae habitats in nine regions in Korea. BGMM (BG11 Modified Medium) amended with NaNO3 and $KNO_3$ as a nitrogen, and $Na_2CO_3$ as carbon source was designed to isolate and culture freshwater algae. Absorbance of freshwater algae culture has increased dramatically to four days and decreased after eight days after inoculation. CHK008 of the seven isolates showed the highest absorbance in seven days after culturing in BGMM. The optimal pH of BGMM for culturing freshwater algae was pH 6-7. As light intensity increased, growth of freshwater algae increased. Among the five kinds of carbon sources, glucose and galactose promoted good growth of freshwater algae in BGMM. The colony color of purified 16 green algae isolates showed a separation of green, dark and light green, and of them, eleven algae strains showed a strong fluorescent light under fluorescence microscopy. Cell size of the green algae showed a wide range of variation depending on the species. General morphology of the green algae strains was spherical. Chlamydomonas sp. was elliptical, and Chlorella sorokiniana was ellipsoidal and cylindrical. All strains of the green algae except for Chlamydomonas sp. did not have flagella. One isolate of Chlamydomonas sp. and five isolates of C. sorokiniana secreted mucus. Sixteen isolates of 16 green algae were identified as two family and six species, Chlorella vulgalis, C. sorokiniana, C. pyrenoidosa, C. kessleri, C. emersonii, and Chlamydomonas sp. based on their morphological characteristics.

Physico-chemical and Microbiological Changes of Traditional Meju during Fermentation in Kangweondo Area (강원도 지방의 재래식 메주 발효중 이화학적 특성 및 미생물의 변화)

  • Yoo, Jin-Young;Kim, Hyeon-Gyu;Kim, Wang-June
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.908-915
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    • 1998
  • By using Korean native soybean, traditional meju was prepared in Chuncheon, Kangweondo according to the traditional process. Analysis of physico-chemical, enzymatic and microbiological changes during meju fermentation were carried out in order to obtain a basic information for industrial scale production of meju. The enviroments for natural meju fermentation were $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ and $60{\sim}70%{\;}RH$. Moisture content decreased from 59% to 11% (exterior section) and 19% (interior section). the pH of meju rapidly increased up to 8.5 at $33^{rd}{\;}day$ of fermentation and thereafter decreased down to 7.9 at $70^{th}{\;}day$ of fermentation. Souble protein content was 1.47% at initial stage and increased up to $6.31{\sim}7.34%$ at $33^{rd}{\;}day$ of fermentation. Amino nitrogen content was $460{\sim}770{\;}mg%$ at $70^{th}{\;}day$ of fermentation. the color of meju became gradually black and decreased in redness and yellowness. During the process, protease and lipase seemed to play an important role in the digestion of soy protein and fat. Acidic protease activity increased up to $135.9{\sim}152.4{\;}unit/g$ at $33^{rd}{\;}day$ of fermentation and were $181.3{\sim}272.6{\;}unit/g$ at $70^{th}{\;}day$ of fermentation. Lipase activity increased up to 6 unit/g (interior section) and 15 unit/g (exterior section) at $70^{th}{\;}day$ of fermentation. the viable cell count of meju was at the level of $10^8{\;}CFU/g$ during the overall fermentation period. Aerobic halophilic count was $1.51{\times}10^7{\;}CFU/g$ at initial stage and maintained $10^8{\;}CFU/g$ level during the process. Initial anaerobic cell count was $2.0^9{\times}10^4{\;}CFU/g$ and increased up to $10^5{\;}CFU/g$ level at 47 days. Yeast and mold counts were $10^4{\sim}10^5{\;}CFU/g$ for the fermentation period.

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A New Early-Heading, High-Yielding Triticale Cultivar for Forage, 'Shinseong' (숙기가 빠르고 종실 수량이 많은 트리티케일 신품종 '신성')

  • Han, Ouk-Kyu;Park, Hyung-Ho;Park, Tae-Il;Oh, Young-Jin;Song, Tae-Hwa;Kim, Dea-Wook;Chae, Hyun-Seok;Hong, Ki-Heung;Bae, Jeong-Suk;Kim, Ki-Soo;Yun, Geon-Sig;Lee, Seong-Tae;Ku, Ja-Hwan;Kweon, Soon-Jong;Ahn, Jong-Woong;Kim, Byung-Joo
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.142-149
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    • 2016
  • 'Shinseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar 'Shinseong' was selected from the cross RONDO/2$^*$ERIZO_11//KISSA_4/3/ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1998. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection programs at Mexico from 1999 to 2004, and a line 'CTSS98Y00019S-0MXI-B-3-3-5' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield testing in Korea for 3 years, the line was designated 'Iksan47'. The line was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in seven locations, Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Gangjin, Daegu, and Jinju from 2013 to 2015 and was finally named 'Shinseong'. Cultivar 'Shinseong' has the characteristics of light green leaves, yellow culm and spike, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Shinseong' was April 24 which was 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust of 'Shinseong' were similar to those of the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Shinseong' at milk-ripe stages was $15MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 3% lower than that ($15.5MT\;ha^{-1}$) of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Shinseong' (6.7%) was higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (5.9%) in crude protein content, while was similar to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in acid detergent fiber (34.6%), neutral detergent fiber (58.6%), and total digestible nutrients (61.6%). It showed grain yield of $7.2MT\;ha^{-1}$ which was 25% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' ($5.8MT\;ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

Chinese Consumer Preference of Chicken Burgers Cooked by Sous-vide with Korean-styled Seasoning and Available on the Chinese Fast Food Market (진공저온조리를 이용한 한식 스타일 치킨버거와 중국 시판 치킨버거의 중국 소비자 기호도)

  • Bae, Sungeun;Jang, Jin A;Oh, Jieun;Lee, Kyungwon;Cho, Mi Sook
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.45 no.1
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    • pp.126-132
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of Chinese consumer preference between chicken burgers cooked by Sous-vide adding Korean-styled seasoning and chicken burgers from local fast food restaurants. For Chinese women in their 20s who reside in Beijing, China, the most important attribute for eating-out was taste (M=6.5), health (M=6.0) and pleasure (M=5.6) in order and 68.60% of them replied that they were interested in Korean cuisine. More than 90% answered they like Korean food for its good taste, shape and color. As for burger preference, BB was significantly higher in terms of the overall and appearance preference. However, there was no significant difference between AB and SB. As for flavor and texture, it showed no significant differences among BB, AB, and SB products. For SB, total balance, soft texture of patty and balance of flavor characteristics were the reasons for their preference of the burger.

Reduction in bitter taste and quality characteristics in pickled bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) by different pretreatment conditions (전처리 조건에 따른 여주(Momordica charantia L.) 초절임의 쓴맛 감소와 품질평가)

  • Park, HyoSun;Moon, BoKyung;Kim, Suna
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.48 no.5
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    • pp.466-473
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    • 2016
  • This study was performed to investigate the reduction in bitter taste and quality characteristics by pretreatments (brining; 1, 5% and blanching; 1, 3 min) in pickled bitter melon, respectively. We prepared picked bitter melon samples at 1%-1 min, 1%-3 min, 5%-1 min, 5%-3 min. Total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents were found to be the highest in 5%-1 min at $14.23{\pm}0.40mg\;CE/g$ (dry) and $4.46{\pm}0.10mg\;RE/g$ (dry), respectively. L-ascorbic acid level was the highest in control samples. Arginine and glutamic acid were increased by brining and blanching. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity were found to be the highest at $43.60{\pm}0.40$ and $44.88{\pm}0.20%$ at 5%-1 min, respectively. ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity was the highest at 5%-1 min. The a value was statistically different, whereas L and b values were similar among different pretreatments. Hardness in pretreated samples was decreased as compared to that in the control. Among sensory evaluations, 'color' did not indicate any statistical difference, while 'texture', 'bitterness preference' and 'overall preference' increased with pretreatments, and 'bitter intensity' decreased.

Optimization of sterilization conditions for the production of retorted steamed egg using response surface methodology (반응표면분석을 이용한 레토르트 계란찜의 살균조건 최적화)

  • Cheigh, Chan-Ick;Mun, Ji-Hye;Chung, Myong-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.3
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    • pp.331-338
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    • 2018
  • The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum sterilization conditions for the production of retorted steamed egg using response surface methodology. Sterilization processes for eighteen conditions using varying sterilization temperature ($X_1$), time ($X_2$), and method ($X_3$) as the independent variables were carried out through a $3^2{\times}2$ experimental factorial design. Quality evaluations after sterilization included measurements of $F_0$ value ($Y_1$), peak stress ($Y_2$), pH ($Y_3$), color value ($Y_{4-6}$), and organoleptic test [preference for appearance ($Y_7$), overall acceptability ($Y_8$), and preference for texture ($Y_9$) and egg taste ($Y_{10}$)]. Dependent variables ($Y_{1-10}$) of eighteen conditions were more affected by temperature and time than by the sterilization method. Eight factors were selected among the dependent variables as significant factors related to the quality of the steamed egg. Finally, by establishing an optimum range of each dependent variable and contour analysis, the optimum sterilization conditions for the production of steamed egg were determined to be $120^{\circ}C$ for 25 min using a 2-step sterilization process.

Breeding of Middle Season Pear Cultivar 'Shinil' with Attractive Appearance for Chuseok Season (외관(外觀)이 수려한 추석(秋夕) 출하용 중생종 배 '신일(新一)' 육성(育成))

  • Kim, Whee-Cheon;Hwang, Hae-Sung;Shin, Yong-Uk;Shin, Il-Sheob;Lee, Don-Kyun;Kang, Sang-Jo;Cheon, Byung-Deok;Moon, Jong-Youl;Kim, Jung-Ho
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.60-65
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    • 2001
  • 'Shinil' pear cultivar (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) which was originated in a cross between 'Shinko' (non-patented, released in 1941) and 'Hosui' (non-patented, released in 1972) in 1978 was released as a middle season harvest variety. Its usual picking time coincided with 'Chuseok' season which is one of the most famous national holiday in Korea. The fruit showed high soluble solids content and good appearance. The cultivar was preliminarily selected in 1991, and its regional adaptability was evaluated in the name of 'Wonkyo Na-13' at 9 sites for four years from 1992, and finally selected and named in 1995. 'Shinil' is medium in tree vigor like 'Hosui' and spreading in tree habit as 'Niitaka', a leading cultivar in Korea, and consistently very productive. It has high resistance to black rot caused by Alternaria kikuchiana and pear necrotic spot caused by pear necrotic spot virus. Its full bloom is one day earlier than that of 'Niitaka' cultivar and harvest time is September 25 at Suwon area which is 3 days later than that of 'Hosui'. Fruit is round in shape with a deep medium stalk cavity and medium calyx basin and has attractive light yellow brown skin color. The fruit weight ranges between 300 and 400 g, which is similar to 'Chojuro', 'Shinko', and 'Hosui'. Soluble solid content is approximately at the level of 13-14 Brix, which is higher than that of 'Chojuro'. The flesh is cream-white, very juicy, and light grit with soft and fine texture.

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Physicochemical Characteristics of Traditional Fermented Soybean Products Manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang Region (순창 고추장민속마을에서 생산한 전통 장류의 이화학적 특성)

  • Kim, Jong-Wook;Kim, Yong-Suk;Jeong, Pyeong-Hwa;Kim, Hyung-Eun;Shin, Dong-Hwa
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.223-230
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    • 2006
  • For standardization of quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang Region, the physicochemical characteristics of 28 Kochujang, 28 Doenjang, and 18 Chunggukjang were compared. Moisture contents of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $46.9{\pm}3.6,\;60.6{\pm}1.9,\;and\;57.0{\pm}3.10%$, respectively. On the basis of average moisture contents, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents were calculated to $6.2{\pm}0.7,\;2.0{\pm}0.5,\;and\;8.2{\pm}1.1%$ in Kochujang, $13.2{\pm}1.0,\;7.1{\pm}0.6,\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.5%$ in Doenjang, and $18.9{\pm}1.2,\;6.1{\pm}1.4,\;and\;5.1{\pm}1.7%$ in Chunggukjang, respectively. Reducing sugar, salinity, and water activities in Kochujang were $19.25{\pm}4.1%,\;7.3{\pm}1.1%,\;and\;0.790{\pm}0.003$, in Doenjang were $2.38{\pm}0.89%,\;14.2{\pm}1.4%,\;and\;0.835{\pm}0.020$, and in Chunggukjang were $0.51{\pm}0.24%,\;4.2{\pm}1.6%,\;and\;0.962{\pm}0.028$, respectively. Amino-type nitrogen contents, which affects delicate flavors of fermented soybean products, of Kochujang, Doenjang, and Chunggukjang were $114.03{\pm}19.04,\;734.32{\pm}147.70,\;and\;600{\pm}150mg%$, respectively. Lightness (l), redness (a), and yellowness (b) values in color of Kochujang were $14.49{\pm}1.44,\;15.45{\pm}1.77,\;and\;8.34{\pm}1.02$, respectively, and the redness was lower than that of other ones. Those of Doenjang were $26.69{\pm}4.33,\;7.25{\pm}1.03,\;and\;12.02{\pm}1.82$, respectively, and those of Chunggukjang were $35.62{\pm}2.05,\;6.31{\pm}0.37,\;and\;13.50{\pm}0.78$, respectively. These results indicate that the salt concentration and quality of traditional fermented soybean products manufactured in Folk Villages of Sunchang region must be lowered and standardized, respectively.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Schizandra chinensis for the Delayed Ripening Kimchi Preparation (오미자(Schizandra chinensis) 추출물이 김치의 과숙억제에 미치는 영향)

  • Moon, Young-Ja;Park, Sun;Sung, Chang-Keun
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 2003
  • This study mainly focused on to investigate the effects of Schizandra chinensis on the growth of a bacterium, CS6 which was isolated from kimchi. CS6 was final]y identified to lactobacillus plantarum that caused acidification of kimchi. The ethanolic extract of Schizandra chinensis(EES) inhibited the growth of L. plantarum. Minimum inhibition concentration of crude EES on L. plantarum was 62.5mg/$m\ell$. In broth culture, 5$\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ of EES completely inhibited the growth of L. plantarum during fermentation. The addition of 0.4% of EES has no apparent effect on quality including the taste and color on kimchi. It was expected that EES-containing kimchi could extend the period of preservation. Analysis of organic acids in water fractions of EES was carried out by HPLC. It is apparent that antimicrobial active fractions contained the highest concentration of succinic acid, a little tartaric acid and malic acid. Among these organic acids, succinic acid showed the strong inhibitory effect against L. plantarum CS6 in vitro. Succinic acid-containing kimchi with a concentration of 0.4 and 0.5% had the inhibitory effect on growth of L. plantarum. Inhibitory effect of EES on amylase, cellulase and pectinase was also tested. In conclusion, the present experiment demonstrated that EES inhibited the growth of L. plantarum, and various enzyme activity. EES-containing kimchi was sustained the hardness, and initial acidity during fermentation. EES was considered as the possible additive of kimchi process and EES added in kimchi increase the quality, and storage period of kimchi.

Quality Characteristics of Bread Added with Prickly Pear(Opuntia ficus-indica) Powder (손바닥선인장 열매 분말 첨가 식빵의 품질 특성)

  • Shin Doo-Ho;Lee Yeon-Wha
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.341-348
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    • 2005
  • The quality characteristics of bread added with the levels of $0\%,\;1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were investigated. Mixing water absorption capacity was increased by increasing amounts of prickly pear powder. Mixing time of dough was increased compared to that of wheat flour by added prickly pear powder, while it decreased as prickly pear powder content increased. Dough stability of wheat flour added with $1.0\%$ prickly pear powder was similar to wheat flour dough, while decreased by increasing amount of prickly pear powder at the range of $2.0\~4.0\%$. Pasting temperature($66.1\~66.9^{\circ}C$) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder was lower($67.8^{\circ}C$) than that of wheat flour. Peak viscosity($2,226\~2,375$ cp) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were higher(2,288 cp) than control, and increased with increasing amount of prickly pear powder Setback($797\~750$ cp) of wheat flour added with $1.0\%,\;2.0\%\;3.0\%\;and\;4.0\%$ prickly pear powder were lower(803 cp) than that of wheat flour, and decreased with increasing amount of prickly pear powder. The volume of dough added with prickly pear powder decreased compared to that of the wheat dough. The specific loaf volume of bread added with prickly pear powder decreased($8.0\~18.5\%$) compared to that of the wheat bread. Color of crumb was deep red gradually with the increasing amount of substituted prickly pear powder. Hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of bread were increased gradually with the increasing amount of substituted prickly pear powder but the springiness was decreased. The sensory evaluation showed that bread of wheat flour added with $2.0\%$ prickly pew powder was superiority than the wheat flour bread.