• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.91-117
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• 2007

Through a simple study of the medical classics in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', we have summarized them as follows. 1) Traditional Indian medicine started in the Ganges river area at about 1500 B. C. E. and traces of medical science can be found in the "Rigveda" and "Atharvaveda". 2) The "Charaka" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞集)", ancient texts from India, are not the work of one person, but the result of the work and errors of different doctors and philosophers. Due to the lack of historical records, the time of Charaka or $Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞)s' lives are not exactly known. So the completion of the "Charaka" is estimated at 1st${\sim}$2nd century C. E. in northwestern India, and the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" is estimated to have been completed in 3rd${\sim}$4th century C. E. in central India. Also, the "Charaka" contains details on internal medicine, while the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" contains more details on surgery by comparison. 3) '$V\bar{a}gbhata$', one of the revered Vriddha Trayi(triad of the ancients, 三醫聖) of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', lived and worked in about the 7th century and wrote the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ $A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ $h\d{r}daya$ $sa\d{m}hit\bar{a}$ $samhit\bar{a}$(八支集)" and "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$(八心集)", where he tried to compromise and unify the "Charaka" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". The "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$" was translated into Tibetan and Arabic at about the 8th${\sim}$9th century, and if we generalize the medicinal plants recorded in each the "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" and the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", there are 240, 370, 240 types each. 4) The 'Madhava' focused on one of the subjects of Indian medicine, '$Nid\bar{a}na$' ie meaning "the cause of diseases(病因論)", and in one of the copies found by Bower in 4th century C. E. we can see that it uses prescriptions from the "BuHaLaJi(布哈拉集)", "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". 5) According to the "Charaka", there were 8 branches of ancient medicine in India : treatment of the body(kayacikitsa), special surgery(salakya), removal of alien substances(salyapahartka), treatment of poison or mis-combined medicines(visagaravairodhikaprasamana), the study of ghosts(bhutavidya), pediatrics(kaumarabhrtya), perennial youth and long life(rasayana), and the strengthening of the essence of the body(vajikarana). 6) The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the "Charaka", 1200 for the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$", 1150 for the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and 1100 for the "$Nid\bar{a}na$", The use of various mineral medicines in the "Charaka" or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and 'XiZhang(西藏)' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' today. 7) The "Charaka" is a book inclined to internal medicine that investigates the origin of human disease which used the dualism of the 'Samkhya', the natural philosophy of the 'Vaisesika' and the logic of the 'Nyaya' in medical theories, and its structure has 16 syllables per line, 2 lines per poem and is recorded in poetry and prose. Also, the "Charaka" can be summarized into the introduction, cause, judgement, body, sensory organs, treatment, pharmaceuticals, and end, and can be seen as a work that strongly reflects the moral code of Brahmin and Aryans. 8) In extracting bloody pus, the "Charaka" introduces a 'sharp tool' bloodletting treatment, while the "$Su\scute{s}hruta$" introduces many surgical methods such as the use of gourd dippers, horns, sucking the blood with leeches. Also the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" has 19 chapters specializing in ophthalmology, and shows 76 types of eye diseases and their treatments. 9) Since anatomy did not develop in Indian medicine, the inner structure of the human body was not well known. The only exception is 'GuXiangXue(骨相學)' which developed from 'Atharvaveda' times and the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$". In the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$"'s 'ShenTiLun(身體論)' there is a thorough listing of the development of a child from pregnancy to birth. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is not just an ancient traditional medical system but is being called alternative medicine in the west because of its ability to supplement western medicine and, as its effects are being proved scientifically it is gaining attention worldwide. We would like to say that what we have researched is just a small fragment and a limited view, and would like to correct and supplement any insufficient parts through more research of new records.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.198-205
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 현 식품공전에 기준규격이 마련되어 있지 않은 젓갈, 양념젓갈, 식해류 등 총 554건(젓갈 102건, 양념젓갈 448건, 식해류 3건)에 대해 위생지표 미생물인 대장균군, 대장균, 일반세균 및 식중독 원인균인 황색포도상구균과 장염비브리오균을 모니터링 검사하였다. 국내에서 제조 및 유통되고 있는 젓갈류에 대해 대장균군은 전체시료의 31.9%가 $0{\sim}20,000$ CFU/g의 범위로 검출되었고, 평균 2.3 logCFU/g를 보였다. 유형별로는 양념젓갈에서 시료의 37.7%가 검출되었는데, 이는 젓갈에서 대장균군의 검출률 5.9%와 검출량 1.4 logCFU/g에 비해 검출률에서 6배가, 검출량에서는 2배가 더 높은 값이었다. 미생물 한도시험법에 따라 실시한 대장균은 총 9건에서 검출되었는데, 이는 모두 양념젓갈에서 검출된 것으로 오징어젓, 낙지젓, 명란젓, 밴댕이젓, 갈치순태젓 등이었으며 일반세균은 $0{\sim}8.9{\times}10^8CFU/g$까지 넓은 범위로 검출되었다. 염도에 따라 분류해 본 결과, 염도변화에 따른 대장균군의 정량변화는 크지 않았지만, 대장균은 모두 식염도 10% 미만의 저염젓갈 시료에서 검출되었고, 일반세균수 역시 염도가 높아질수록 $5.5{\sim}3.6$ logCFU/g 까지 단계별로 8배, 10배씩 검출량이 낮아졌다(Table 4). 식중독균으로 분류한 황색포도상구균 및 장염비브리오균의 경우는 식품공전상의 정성시험법과 2배 희석시료를 사용한 정량방법으로부터 한 건도 검출되지 않아 이들 식중독균에 의한 오염에 대해 젓갈류는 다소 안전한 것으로 판단할 수 있었다. 이번 연구를 통하여 최근 젓갈의 저염화에 따라 대두되었던 미생물학적 안전성을 확인 점검하는 기회가 되었으며 궁극적으로 위생적이고 안전한 젓갈의 생산 및 관리를 위한 기준 규격 개정안을 마련하는 성과를 이룰 수 있었다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.232-237
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 Ir-192 선원의 검교정을 겉보기 방사능(apparent activity)을 이용하지 않고 물속 기준점에서 흡수선량을 측정함으로써 공기커마 세기(air-kerma strength, Sk)를 계산하고자 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 연구를 위하여 근접치료용 다목적 팬톰(multi purpose brachytherapy Phantom, MPBP)을 제작하였다. 물 흡수선량 측정은 고선량률 근접치료기(micro-Selectron, Nucletron, Netherlands)에 장착된 Ir-192 선원(Mallinckrodt Medical B.V., Netherlands)을 대상으로 측정하였다. 물 흡수선량은 몬테칼로 계산방법으로 계산된 이온전리함(TM30013, PTW, Germany)의 물 흡수선량 교정인자($N_{D.W.Q}$)를 이용하여 결정하였다. 물 흡수선량은 한 개의 선원에 대하여 4 cm에서 7 cm까지 측정하였다. 측정된 값은 전산화 치료계획 장치에서(plato BPS, ver 13.2, Nucletron, Netherlands) 계산된 값과 비교하였다. 공기커마 세기(Sk)는 기준점 5 cm되는 곳에서 3개의 Ir 선원에 대하여 구하였다. 계산된 공기커마 세기는 선원제조사에서 제공된 값과 비교하였다. 몬테칼로 계산방법으로 계산된 이온전리함의 물 흡수선량 교정인자는 5.28 cGy/nC이었다. 한 개 선원에서 측정한 물 흡수선량 값은 -2.16%에서 -0.84%까지 상대오차를 나타내었다. 공기커마 세기는 제조사에서 제공된 값과 비교하여 -0.6%에서 +1.8% 제조사 권고치 ${\pm}5%$ 이내로 잘 일치하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 알고리즘은 기준점에서의 물 흡수선량을 정확히 결정함으로써 선원의 공기커마 세기를 구할 수 있었다. 이러한 물 흡수선량을 통한 Ir-192 선원의 검교정 방법들은 미국의학물리학회(AAPM) 보고서 TG-43에서 권고한 흡수선량 계산 알고리즘에 바로 적용할 수 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.489-495
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• 2023

방사선 방어시설은 진단용 방사선 발생장치가 설치되어 있는 장소에 구축되어 환자, 방사선 작업 종사자 등의 피폭을 방지한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 방사선 방어시설의 주 재료인 납에 대해 최대관전압별 차폐 두께의 경향성을 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션과 실측을 통해 비교 검증하고자 한다. 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션 코드 중 Monte Carlo N-Particle 6를 활용하였으며 해당 시뮬레이션 상에 모사한 납 차폐 구조도는 선원과 납 시트 사이의 거리는 100 cm, 조사야 크기는 10 × 10 cm²이며 관전압은 80, 100, 120, 140 kVp로 설정하였다. 각 관전압별 에너지 스펙트럼을 산출하여 시뮬레이션에 적용하였다. 80, 100, 120, 140 kVp별 각각 50, 70, 90, 95% 차폐율을 보이는 납 두께를 산출하였다. 80 kVp에서 각 차폐율에 해당하는 두께는 각각 0.03, 0.08, 0.2 1, 0.33 mm이며, 100 kVp에서는 0.05, 0.12, 0.30, 0.50 mm, 120 kVp에서는 0.06, 0.14, 0.38, 0.56 mm, 140 kV p에서는 0.08, 0.16, 0.42, 0.61 mm로 나타났다. 산출된 납 두께에 대해 실측을 진행하였으며 사용된 방사선 발생장치는 GE Healthcare 사의 Discovery XR 656이며 선량계측기의 경우 IBA 사의 MagicMax이다. 실측결과 80 kVp에서 각 두께별 차폐율은 43.56, 70.33, 89.85, 93.05%였으며 100 kVp에서는 52.49, 72.26, 86.31, 92.17%, 120 kVp에서는 48.26, 71.18, 87.30, 91.56%, 140 kVp에서는 50.45, 68.75, 89.95, 91.65%.로 나타났다. 시뮬레이션과 실측을 비교한 결과 두 값의 차이가 평균 약 3% 이내로 작은 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 몬테칼로 시뮬레이션의 신뢰성을 검증함과 동시에 향후 방사선 방어시설의 구축에 있어 기초 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.119-145
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• 2008

Through a simple study of the medical classics in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', we have summarized them as follows. 1) Traditional Indian medicine started in the Ganges river area at about 1500 B. C. E. and traces of medical science can be found in the "Rigveda" and "Atharvaveda". 2) The "Charaka(閣羅迦集)" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞集)", ancient texts from India, are not the work of one person, but the result of the work and errors of different doctors and philosophers. Due to the lack of historical records, the time of Charaka(閣羅迦) or $Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞)s' lives are not exactly known. So the completion of the "Charaka" is estimated at 1st$\sim$2nd century C. E. in northwestern India, and the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" is estimated to have been completed in 3rd$\sim$4th century C. E. in central India. Also, the "Charaka" contains details on internal medicine, while the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" contains more details on surgery by comparison. 3) '$V\bar{a}gbhata$', one of the revered Vriddha Trayi(triad of the ancients, 三醫聖) of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', lived and worked in about the 7th century and wrote the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ $Ast\bar{a}nga$ hrdaya $samhit\bar{a}$ $samhit\bar{a}$(八支集) and "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$(八心集)", where he tried to compromise and unify the "Charaka" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". The "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$" was translated into Tibetan and Arabic at about the 8th$\sim$9th century, and if we generalize the medicinal plants recorded in each the "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" and the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", there are 240, 370, 240 types each. 4) The 'Madhava' focused on one of the subjects of Indian medicine, '$Nid\bar{a}na$' ie meaning "the cause of diseases(病因論)", and in one of the copies found by Bower in 4th century C. E. we can see that it uses prescriptions from the "BuHaLaJi(布唅拉集)", "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". 5) According to the "Charaka", there were 8 branches of ancient medicine in India : treatment of the body(kayacikitsa), special surgery(salakya), removal of alien substances(salyapahartka), treatment of poison or mis-combined medicines(visagaravairodhikaprasamana), the study of ghosts(bhutavidya), pediatrics(kaumarabhrtya), perennial youth and long life(rasayana), and the strengthening of the essence of the body(vajikarana). 6) The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the "Charaka", 1200 for the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$", 1150 for the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and 1100 for the "$Nid\bar{a}na$". The use of various mineral medicines in the "Charaka" or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and 'XiZhang(西藏)' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' today. 7) The "Charaka" is a book inclined to internal medicine that investigates the origin of human disease which used the dualism of the 'Samkhya', the natural philosophy of the 'Vaisesika' and the logic of the 'Nyaya' in medical theories, and its structure has 16 syllables per line, 2 lines per poem and is recorded in poetry and prose. Also, the "Charaka" can be summarized into the introduction, cause, judgement, body, sensory organs, treatment, pharmaceuticals, and end, and can be seen as a work that strongly reflects the moral code of Brahmin and Aryans. 8) In extracting bloody pus, the "Charaka" introduces a 'sharp tool' bloodletting treatment, while the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" introduces many surgical methods such as the use of gourd dippers, horns, sucking the blood with leeches. Also the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" has 19 chapters specializing in ophthalmology, and shows 76 types of eye diseases and their treatments. 9) Since anatomy did not develop in Indian medicine, the inner structure of the human body was not well known. The only exception is 'GuXiangXue(骨相學)' which developed from 'Atharvaveda' times and the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$". In the "$Ast\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$"'s 'ShenTiLun(身體論)' there is a thorough listing of the development of a child from pregnancy to birth. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is not just an ancient traditional medical system but is being called alternative medicine in the west because of its ability to supplement western medicine and, as its effects are being proved scientifically it is gaining attention worldwide. We would like to say that what we have researched is just a small fragment and a limited view, and would like to correct and supplement any insufficient parts through more research of new records.