• 유기물자원화
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 UASB 반응조를 이용한 슬러리형 돈사폐수의 혐기성 소화시 암모니아 부하의 영향을 평가하였다. UASB 반응조는 $0.02{\sim}0.96kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$ 범위의 NVLR로 운전되었으며, 정상상태에서 biogas내 메탄함량은 73.3~77.9%였다. FA 농도는 메탄생성미생물의 저해 범위까지 증가하였으나, 메탄함량을 고려할 때, FA와 TA로 인한 저해는 발생하지 않았다. NVLR이 증가함에 따라 COD 제거율은 악화되었으며, $0.55kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$ 이하의 부하에서 COD 제거율을 60% 이상으로 유지할 수 있었다. NVLR이 0.09에서 $0.96kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$로 증가함에 따라, biogas의 생성량은 3.71에서 9.14L/day로 증가하였으며, COD의 메탄으로 전환율은 0.32에서 $0.20m^3CH_4/kg$으로 감소하였다. FA농도, COD 제거율, 메탄생성률 등을 고려할 때, UASB 반응조는$0.40kg{NH_4}^+-N/m^3/day$ 이하의 NVLR로 운영되어야 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.677-682
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• 2007

This study was performed to provide the basic information on characteristics of groundwater pollution in Gyeongsan city. Forty two groundwater samples were collected, and pH, DO, COD, $NH_3-N,\;NO_3^--N$, T-N, $PO_4^{3-}-P$, Cl, Ca, Mg, hardness, evaporate residues and others were investigated. And, ANOVA analyses were carried out to reveal the differences in water pollution indicator values of by industry, commerce/residence and agriculture areas. The results were as follows. 1. The mean values of pH, DO, COD, $NH_3-N,\;NO_3^--N$, T-N, $PO_4^{3-}-P$, Cl, evaporate residues, Ca and hardness were 6.9, $7.9mg/\ell,\;0.4mg/\ell,\;2.44mg/\ell,\;2.73mg/\ell,\;6.06mg/\ell,\;0.82mg/\ell,\;32.72mg/\ell,\;381.67mg/\ell,\;41.53mg/\ell,\;177.17mg/\ell$, respectively. 2. As groundwater became deeper, the values of Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, hardness and evaporate residues remarkably increased, but those of COD, $NH_3^--N,\;NO_3^--N,\;NO_2^-N$, T-N decreased. 3. The values of COD, Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, hardness and evaporate residues were very high in industrial area, and those of $NH_3-N,\;NO_2^--N$, T-N were very high in commercial/residential area, and those of $NO_3^--N$ were a little high in agricultural area. 4. The correlations between depth and each value of Mg, Na, Fe, hardness and evaporate residues were highly positive, and those between DO and each value of Mg, Cu, Fe, hardness and evaporate residues were highly negative. 5. According to ANOVA analyses, the differences in three area groups (industry, commerce/residence and agriculture) on the values of $NH_3-N$, T-N, evaporate residues, hardness, Ca, Mg, K and Fe were significant at 1% level.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.67-75
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to develop a system for treating industrial wastewater with high carbonaceous and nitrogenous materials. To investigate the potential of using this system, a number of experiments are conducted for about 7 months with the varieties of COD and $NH_3-N$ concentrations, and hydraulic retention time. In the system, 1,500mg/L of COD is remover over 95% in a retention time as low as 9 hours, and the $NH_3-N$ removal efficience is nearly 100% with 90mg/L of $NH_3-N$ in the influent. These results illustrate that the system can effectively be used to treat industrial wastewater containing high concentration of COD and $NH_3-N$.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.31-47
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• 1983

This study was performed to investigate how much chemical constituents are contained and to what extent they are spread in the major streams running through Taegu City, i. e.: Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung, Dalseo, during the seven months Period between March to September, 1982. Nine constituents, pH, DO, COD, T-N, $NH_4-N, NO_2-N, NO_3-N, Cl^-, SO_4--$ and $PO_4-P---$, were found to be-contained in those streams. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. 1) Each chemical constituent detected in the five streams has the following variation range. pH(7.0-9.10), DO (ND-7.46ppm), COD (5.4-173ppm), T-N(13-42ppm), $NH^+_$-N$ (10.2-32.2ppm), $NO^-_2-N$ (0.007-2.53ppm), $NO^-_3-N$ (0.005-2.16ppm), $Cl^-$ (150-469 ppm), $SO_4^{3-}$ (71-1000ppm), $PO_4^{3-}-P$ (0.9-53ppm) The amount of all the constituents except pH, and $NO_3-N$, exceeded the standard value allowed for drinking, farming, and industrial water. 2) The monthly variation in the amount of each constituent differs according to the station from which it was sampled, but in general, the amount increased during the season from March to July when the rainfall was little while it decreased in August when the rainfall was abundant. 3) A statistical analysis of the constituents shows positive correlations that T-N and $NH^+_4-N$, water temperature and $NO^-_3-N$, but there were no ones beween the COD and $NH^+_4-N$ 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo. 5) Five major streams in Taegu City, Yeechun, Beomeo, Chilsung Dalseo, and Kongdan, are so narrow in width and so short in length that they flow into the Sincheon river or the Gumho river without undergoing self-purification. The increase in population and various kinds of industrial pollutants make the supply insufficient and water pollution inevitable. 4 ) The degree of COD pollution in each stream is in the following order. Kongdan, Yeechun, Beomeo, ChiLsung, and Dalseo.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1994

This study was conducted to develop a new RBC process available for the effective removal of organic matters and nitrogen in sewage. The RBC process for the oxidation organic compounds and nitrification was designed to occur at the 1st-stage and next-stage RBC respectively. Then nitrified water was recycled to the denitrifying RBC located at the lower part of the 1st-stage RBC. Some results were summarized as follows. 1. The loading limitation was represented as $60g{\cdot}COD/gm^2/day$ in experiment of simultaneous removal of organic matter and nitrogen. The maxmum COD % removal was 85% at the load $35g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$. 2. The $NO_3-N$ % removal was approximately 80% at the load $60g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ remaval rate was $3.9g{\cdot}COD/m^2/day$ and the overall C/N ratio of 11.0 as required to achive 80% of $NO_3-N$% removal. 3.$NO_3-N$ removal rate was rapidly decreased above the load $7g{\cdot}NH_4{^+}-N/m^2/day$ and the maximum $NO_3-N$ removal rate was $3.7g{\cdot}NO_3-N/m^2/day$. 4. Irrespective of the recycle ratio, the COD % removal at the system of 2-stage RBC unit was nearly constant as 89% while the maximum one in the 1st-stage unit was 77% in the case of 50% recycle. 5. The maximum COD % removal in the 3-stage RBC system was 93% while 1st-stage one being 80%, under the $NH_4{^+}-N$ load of $7.4g/m^2{\cdot}d$. Also maximum percentage of nitrification and denitrification was 69% and 41% respectively, under the same $NH_4{^+}-N$ load.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1997

This research was intended as an investigation of applying Reduced Pressure Evaporation as efficient treatment method for landfill leachate. According to the variance of time, temperature, pressure and pH in experiments, the properties of leachate treatment are follows. The removal efficiencies of COD, NH$_{3}$-N, TOC, Conductivity and SS on the basis of reaction time was 96.4%-97.5%, -1.4%-53.7%, 81.7%-89.0%, 92.0%-95.3% and 99.86%-99.97%, respectively. When the pH of Influent was 7.5, the pH of effluent was increased to 10-11 with time elapse. It is concluded that the orgin of pH increase may be ammonia. When the properties of concentrate were investigated at the concentration ratio 90%(V/V), concentration difficiency represented in the ratio of experimental value/calculated value had following orders ; COD>TOC>NH$_{3}$-N>Conductivity>SS. Concentrate had good precipitation because of additive thermal treatment in the process. When evaporation experiments with pH adjustment of 4.0, 6.0, 7.5, 9.0 and 10.0 were performed ; Acidic evaporation experiments(pH 4.0, 6.0) showed low removal efficiency(81.6, 87.6%) of COD and high removal efficiency (97.5%. 84.6%) of NH$_{3}$-N at initial evaporation. Basic evaporation(pH 9.0, 10.0) showed high removal efficiency (97.2%, 98.9%) of COD and very low removal efficiency (-7.4%, -27.2%) of NH$_{3}$-N at initial evaporation.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 양돈폐수의 생물학적 처리의 난점 중 하나인 NH$_4$-N이 혐기성 미생물에 미치는 영향을조사하기 위해 폐수를 여러 가지 비율로 희석하여 혐기성 회분식 배양을 시도하였으며 COD제거율과 NH$_4$-N의 농도를 측정 비교하였다. 또한 MgO를 첨가하여 폐수내의 NH$_4$-N를 $MgNH_4PO_4{cdot}6H_2O$의 결정체로 형성시킨 후 침전 제거하고 같은 조건에서 배양하였다. 3개월 이상 원폐수에서 적응된 master culture는 75%의 폐수와 25%의 희석수에서 빠른 COD 제거율을 보였으며, MAP법으로 NH$_4$-N를 60% 제거한 폐수에서는 200시간 후 80%이상의 COD 제거율을 보였다. 같은 조건에서 NH$_4$-N를 함유하고 있는 폐수는 50%정도의 COD 제거율을 보여, MAP법으로 NH$_4$-N를 제거한 폐수의 혐기성소화가 월등함을 알 수 있다. 특히 중요한 결과는 NH$_4$-N 농도가 혐기성 미생물에 미치는 영향보다는 C:N의 비율이 2이하일 때 치명적인 영향을 줌을 규명하였으며 MAP법에 의해 형성된 struvit는 혐기성 미생물에 독성 영향을 주지 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.987-997
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• 2014

The mature landfill leachate, which is characterized by a high concentration of ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and humic acid (HA), poses a challenge to biotreatment methods, due to the constituent toxicity and low biodegradable fraction of the organics. In this study, we applied bioaugmentation technology in landfill leachate degradation by introducing a domesticated $NH_3$-N and HA resistant bacteria strain, which was identified as Bacillus cereus (abbreviated as B. cereus Jlu) and Enterococcus casseliflavus (abbreviated as E. casseliflavus Jlu), respectively. The isolated strains exhibited excellent tolerant ability for $NH_3$-N and HA and they could also greatly improved the COD (chemical oxygen demand), $NH_3$-N and HA removal rate, and efficiency of bioaugmentation degradation of landfill leachate. Only 3 days was required for the domesticated bacteria to remove about 70.0% COD, compared with 9 days' degradation for the undomesticated (autochthonous) bacteria to obtain a similar removal rate. An orthogonal array was then used to further improve the COD and $NH_3$-N removal rate. Under the optimum condition, the COD removal rate in leachate by using E. casseliflavus Jlu and B. cereus Jlu increased to 86.0% and 90.0%, respectively after, 2 days of degradation. The simultaneous removal of $NH_3$-N and HA with more than 50% and 40% removal rate in leachate by employing the sole screened strain was first observed.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.700-707
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• 2002

높은 COD 농도의 유입수질에 따른 Bacillus 균주의 유기물 및 영양소 제거특성을 파악하고자 실험실 규모의 3가지 다른 기질 조성을 가지는 회분식 반응조(Rl, R2, R3)를 운전하였다. $NH_4^+$-N 및 $COD_{cr}$, 농도는 호기적 상태에서 95% 이상 제거되었으며, 각 반응조의 $NH_4^+$-N 및 $COD_{cr}$, 제거율은 각각 22.6 와 90.5%(Rl), 23.9 와 65.8%(R2), 30.2와 86.4%(R3)이었다. $NH_4^+$-N의 제거는 $NO_3^{-}$-N의 농도가 충분히 공급이 될 경우 제거효율이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 초기 nitrite의 농도가 높을 시에는 COD 처리효율을 크게 떨어뜨림을 알 수 있으며, 탈질에 이용되는 탄소량은 거의 없었다. 따라서, Bacillus 균주에 의한 탈질과정에서는 일반적 전자공여체 대신에 암모니아성 질소가 전자공여체로서 이용될 수 있다는 가능성을 보였다. $NO_3^{-}$-N농도는 무산소 조건에서 거의 탈질 되는 것으로 나타났으며, R3 반응조의 경우에만 호기상태에서도 10%의 제거가 일어났다. 총질소(TN)와 총인(TP)의 제거율은 각각 41.8 와 49.5%(Rl), 40.1와 35.8%(R2) 및 47.0 와 57.6%(R3) 이었다. Alkalinity는 호기조건에서 alkalinity의 농도가 많이 소모되었다가 다시 무산소 조건에서 탈질반응에 의하여 회복됨을 알 수 있었는데, 호기적 조건하에서 1 mg/L의 $NH_4^+$-N이 산화될 때 소모된 alkalinity는 Rl, R2, R3 반응조에서 각각 4.96, 5.41, 3.93 mg/L($CaCO_3$으로 환산한 농도로서)이었으며, 무산소 조건하에서는 1 mg/L의 $NO_3^{-}$-N이 제거되는 동안 회복되는 alkalinity는 각각 3.06, 3.17, 2.60 mg/L.($CaCO_3$으로 환산한 농도로서)이었다 Rl, R2, R3 각 반응조의 SOUR 값을 구해보면, 각각 38.5, 52.7 및 42.0 mg $O_2$/g MLSS/hr으로서 기존의 활성슬러지보다 높은 미생물 활성을 보였다. 각 반응조의 유기물질 용적부하율(OLR) 및 슬러지 생산량을 계산하면 각각 0.69 와 0.28(Rl), 0.77 와 0.20(R2) 및 0.61 kg COD/$m^3$/day 와 0.25 kg MLSS/kg COD(R3)이 었다. 유기물 부하율이 상당히 높은데 반해 슬러지 생산량은 다른 공법에 비해 다소 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 초기 $NO_3^{-}$-N 농도가 높은 R3 반응조는 무산소 조건하에서의 $NH_4^+$-N 1 mg 제거 당 가장 많은 양의 $NO_3^{-}$-N 제거 및 COD 1 mg 제거 당 가장 많은 $NO_3^{-}$-N 량이 제거되었다. Rl, R2 반응조에서의 $NH_4^+$-N 1 mg 당 제거된 COD mg수는 10.41-12.63으로서 호기적 탈질을 일으킨다고 보고된 T. pantotropha 균주를 사용한 실험결과와 비슷한 값을 나타내었고, $N_2$로의 변환에 의한 질소제거를 N-balance로부터 구해보면, R3 반응조의 경우가 가장 높은 제거율(40.9%)을 보였다. 이상의 결과들을 볼 때, Bncillus 균주는 호기적 탈질을 일으킬 수 있는 가능성이 있고, Bncillus 균주를 이용한 B3 공정은 탈질에 이용되는 탄소량이 거의 없고, 적은 alkalinity 소모에 의한 경제적 이익 등 장점을 가진 공정으로 보여 진다.

• 도시과학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

In this study, the DongPieHong Ditch were taken as the research object, five sampling points were set to measure the COD, NH₃-N,TNandTPindexes. The correlation and principal component analysis were used to judge the main pollution sources and calculate pollution contribution rate. According to the population in the basin, the load of point source pollution into the river was estimated. As a result, the load of COD, NH₃-N and TP into the river was 323.04t/a, 43.8t/a and 3.9t/a, respectively. According to the statistics of the rainfall in the basin, the concentrations of COD, TP and NH₃-N in the initial rainwater were measured and calculated for non-point source pollution, and the results shown that the inflow loads of COD, NH₃-N and TP into the river were 34.59t/a, 0.12t/a and 0.71t/a, respectively. It was found that the main cause of the pollution in the east flash flood gully was point source pollution, and the proportions of COD, NH₃-N and TP into the river were 90.33%, 99.72% and 84.61%, respectively.