• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.154-161
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• 2019

Background: The market for vitamin drinks is expanding both in Korea and worldwide. However, it was difficult to find studies regarding the possibility of tooth erosion induction due to vitamin drinks. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of tooth erosion caused by a few commercial vitamin beverages on bovine teeth enamel in terms of erosion depth and fluorescence loss. Methods: Three experimental groups (vitamin drinks), a positive control group (Coca-Cola), and a negative control group (mineral water) were established. Each group consisted of 5 specimens obtained from sound bovine teeth. The pH and titratable acidity of beverages were measured. Specimens were immersed in the beverages and artificial saliva for 6 and 18 hours, respectively. This cycle was repeated for 5 days. The depth of the tooth loss caused by tooth erosion (erosion depth) and maximum loss of fluorescence (Max ${\Delta}F$) were measured using the microscope and quantified light-induced fluorescence-digital, respectively. For the statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and ANOVA were used to compare the erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$ of the enamel surfaces. In addition, Spearman correlations were estimated. Results: The pH of the three vitamin beverages ranged from 2.65 to 3.01, which is similar to that of the positive control group. All beverages, except mineral water, had sugar and acidic ingredients. Vitamin drinks and the positive control, Coca-Cola, caused tooth erosion lesions, and showed significant differences in erosion depth compared to mineral water (p<0.05). The vitamin beverages with low pH were associated with high erosion depth and Max ${\Delta}F$. Conclusion: Vitamin drinks have the potential to cause tooth erosion.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this work, source reduction of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET) packaging are discussed as aspect of sustainability, such as reuse, refill and recycling through the various treatment methods and historical studies for municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. Since PET has good chemical, physical and mechanical properties, and provides good oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties, PET is one of the most widely used thermoplastic polyester in the U.S. and around the world. As the demand for non-renewable PET is increasing, several approaches have been developed to meet economical feasibility and environmental responsibility without degrading material performance. Several companies, such as Coca-Cola Co., Easterform Packaging Co. and Kraft, have tried to develop lightweight PET bottle, and some of lightweight PET bottles are already commercialized. Reuse and refilling for PET container is well developed in Europe, such as Denmark, German and Netherland by supportive legislation and policies. Recycling process is the best way to economically reduce PET waste. In consequence, advanced technique and further development must be provided due to increasing PET packaging waste.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.11-17
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• 1998

당뇨병은 고대 에집트시대때부터 다뇨증상을 가진 질병으로 알러져 왔으며 희랍의 의사인 Aretaeus (of Cappadocia)가 이 질병을 희랍어로 siphon을 의미하는 diabetes라 명명하였다. 17세기에는 꿀을 뜻하는 mellitus가 diabetes에 더해져 지금까지 쓰이고 있으며 18세기에 들어서야 sweetness가 sugar에 기인한다는 걸 밝혀내었다. 당뇨병은 이와 같이 오래되고 흔한 질병이지만 그에 대한 치료제는 insulin, sulfonylurea제, biguanide제 그리고 최근에 개발되어 시판되었으나 간독성으로 인하여 영국에서는 판매가 금지된 thiazolidinedione제 뿐이기 때문에 많은 제약회사에서 새로운 치료제를 개발하기 위하여 치열한 경쟁을 하고 있다. 이는 전세계적으로 1억명 이상 그리고 미국에만 1,400만명 이상의 당뇨병 환자가 있다고 추정되며 이의 치료에 들어가는 경비가 $105억에 달하기 때문이기도 하다. 또한 주로 선진국에서 흔하던 이 질병이 요즈음엔 풍족해진 음식, 문명의 서구화(소위 말하는 "Coca-colonization")와 운동 부족 등의 이유로 개발국과 개발도상국에서도 발병율이 높아 가는 질병이기 때문에 획기적인 치료제의 개발이 절실히 필요한 때이기도 하다.한 때이기도 하다.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

MANET is a network that is a very useful application to build network environment in difficult situation to build network infrastructure. But, nodes that configures MANET have difficulties in data retrieval owing to resources which aren't enough and mobility. Therefore, caching scheme is required to improve accessibility and availability for frequently accessed data. In this paper, we proposed a technique that utilize mobility prediction of nodes to retrieve quickly desired information and improve data availability. Mobility prediction of modes is performed through distance calculation using location information. We used technique which global cluster table and local member table is managed by cluster head to reduce data consistency and query latency time. We compared COCA and CacheData and experimented to confirm performance of proposed scheme in this paper and efficiency of the proposed technique through experience was confirmed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.22 no.50
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• pp.313-322
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• 1999

EVA(Economic Value Added) is a management performance evaluation tool that determines whether a business is earning more than its true cost of capital. Leading corporations like Coca-Cola, AT&T and Briggs&Stratton have set up EVA measurement systems throughout their organizations. EVA reflects opportunity cost of equity ignored in calculating accounting profit and emphasizes the efficiency of capital employed by measuring how much the manufacturing and selling activities produce the economic profit in excess of cost of gross capital. In this paper, we define the concept of EVA and present an example to show the usefulness of EVA.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Corpus Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-59
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• 2023

This study aims to compare the structures of light verb constructions (LVCs) taking decision as the deverbal noun in Malaysian English, British English and American English. A general corpus made up of Internet forum threads from Lowyat.Net, was created to represent Malaysian English while the British National Corpus (BNC) and Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) were used to represent the supervarieties. Light verbs make and take are found to be heading deverbal noun decision. Differences are observed in the use of articles. The frequency of Malaysian English LVCs without article is the highest while supervarieties LVCs prefer indefinite article. The high occurrences of LVCs without articles in Malaysian English can be attributed to the influence from Malaysian substrate languages. Findings also show that descriptive adjective is the most frequently used modifier in all three varieties of English. This suggests the standard LVC structure, comprising a light verb, the indefinite article, and a deverbal noun is no longer rigidly adhered to even among the native speakers of English.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.613-636
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• 2009

This paper examines the performance of assessing sponsors and non-sponsors recall and recognition at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games perceived by Korean and Chinese university students. Using a sample of 1,573 respondents, a survey was administered in Seoul and Beijing before and after Games to compare the recall and recognition that changed between two periods. The findings reveal that the effectiveness of the 2008 Beijing Olympic sponsorship has was lower than we expected. Results were founded that while Samsung(mobile), Coca-cola, McDonald's, and Visa achieved the desired sponsorship marketing effectiveness in Korea. On the other hand, non-sponsors of Nike, Dell, AIG, Samsung(computer) and Hyundai led to obtain the benefit and resulted in increasing consumer confusion as to who is a sponsor. In China, Samsung, Coca-cola, Lenovo, Volkswagen, Visa, and PICC achieved the desired sponsorship marketing effectiveness. On the other hand, Lining, Nokia, KFC, China Merchants Bank had some impact on the effectiveness of a rival brand from an official sponsor's product category. The paper concludes by considering some issues for sponsorship marketers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.18-29
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• 2014

was somewhat of a turning point for Godard, allowing the Novelle Vague auteur to address for the first time the current political climate of the world in one of his film, and this film is a film of constant questioning and is, in the truest sense, a 'talking film'. In this paper, I attempt to analyse the sound of this film to interpret the complicated sound structure in . Godard was aware of the power of sound and experimented diverse methods such as 'direct sound', interviewing using the effect of on-sound and off-sound, multiple narration, reading a text aloud, sound effect and music which are controled and selected by himself in this film. , with its largely improvised dialogue, was a work of journalism which was recorded a generation of Marx Coca-Cola.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.21 no.4 s.76
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• pp.119-126
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• 2006

Though safety signs are important since they transmit hazard information even after diverse accident prevention treatments, their functional effectiveness were never tested in Korea so that even those provided by Occupational Safety & Health Act(OSHAct) could not accomplish their objectives, "effective accident prevention", This research was carried out to understand confronted problems and improvement direction for safety signs provided by OSHAct. For them, current safety signs were analyzed with a semiotic view on one hand, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with safety-related people in industrial fields on the other hand. To summarize problems in semiotic aspects, geometric simplicity of pictograms in safety signs seemed to be so emphasized that they might fail to induce realistic action, and their esthetic sensation seemed to be lower than those of developed countries. And according to present questionnaire survey, it was pointed out that; 1) legal systems related with safety signs were not classified appropriately, 2) safety signs were recognized as difficult to understand and inapplicable to industrial fields, and eventually 3) safety signs were not effectively utilized for industrial accident prevention. Therefore, discussions for improving confronted problems and relation to international standards were added at the end.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.482-485
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• 1999

45일된 암컷 English Coca Spaniel(0.65kg, 증례 1)과 60일 된 암컷 진돗개(2.05 kg, 증례 2)가 항문폐쇄증으로 내원하였다. 증례 1은 생후 5일부터 만성적인 설사를 보였으며, 내원 7일 전에 이유시켜 상업용 건사료로 바꾸었다. 내원 당시의 임상증상은 복부팽창, 식욕부진, 항문폐쇄 그리고 질 주위에 오줌과 변으로 오염되어 있었다. 증례 2는 내원 당시 우울증, 복부팽만, 항문폐쇄 등의 임상증상을 보였고 질 주위에 수양성 변으로 오염되어 있었다. 증례 1과 2에서 직장 조영술을 실시해서 직장과 질에 누공이 형성되고, 결장이 팽만되어 있음을 확인하고 수술을 실시하여 누공을 폐쇄하고 항문 형성술을 실시하였다. 증례 1은 수술직후 항문에 변이 불연속적으로 배출되었고, 2달후에는 정상적인 항문괄약근의 운동을 관찰할 수 있었다. 증례 2는 술후 4일에 식욕부진과 원기소실로 폐사하였다.