• Title/Summary/Keyword: CO Poisoning

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Effect of Alcohol on Death Rate in Organophosphate Poisoned Patients (유기인계 중독 환자에서 알코올이 사망률에 미치는 효과)

  • Min, Yong Hun;Park, Seung Min;Lee, Kui Ja;Oh, Young Taeck;Ahn, Hee Cheol;Sohn, You Dong;Ahn, Ji Yun;Lee, Young Hwan;Ha, Sang Ook;Kim, Yu Jung
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.19-24
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    • 2015
  • Purpose: Many patients who are acutely poisoned with organophosphorus pesticides have co-ingested alcohol. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence mortality in organophosphate intoxication and the differences between alcohol coingested patients and non-coingested patients, looking at vital signs, length of admission, cholinesterase activity, complications, and mortality. Methods: All patients visiting one Emergency Department (ED) with organophosphate intoxication between January 2000 and December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups, alcohol coingested group and non-coingested group. Results: During the study period, 136 patients (alcohol coingested group, 95 patients; non-coingested group, 41 patients) presented to the ED with organophosphate intoxication. Seventy-one alcohol coingested patients (74.1%) vs. 16 non-coingested patients (39.0%) received endotracheal intubation, with results of the analysis showing a clear distinction between the two groups (p=0.001). Twenty-three alcohol coingested patients (24.2%) vs. 1 non-coingested patient (2.4%) required inotropics, indicating a significant gap (p=0.002). Twenty-eight alcohol coingested patients (29.5%) vs. 2 non-coingested patients (4.9%) died, with results of the analysis showing a clear distinction between the two groups (p=0.002). Conclusion: In cases of organophosphate intoxication, alcohol coingested patients tended to receive endotracheal intubation, went into shock, developed central nervous system complications, and more died.

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A Clinical Review of Patients Who Visited Emergency Medical Center with Positive Methamphetamine Tests: A Single Institute Study (메스암페타민 검사 양성 환자에 대한 임상적 고찰: 단일기관 연구)

  • Ok, Young Bin;Kim, Jin Yong;Lee, Kyeong Ryong;Hong, Dae Young;Baek, Kwang Je;Park, Sang O;Kim, Jong Won;Kim, Sin Young
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.25-32
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: Methamphetamine is an ongoing illegal drug problem worldwide, and its use in South Korea has spread over the last few years. In this study, a clinical review of patients who visited emergency medical centers with positive methamphetamine tests was conducted. Methods: Patients underwent methamphetamine screening based on physician suspicion over a period of 13 years. Their patient characteristics, clinical features, and drug administration properties were described. Results: A total of 297 patients were included, with 19 positive methamphetamine results. Patient age ranged from 21 to 84, with a mean of 37.52. Additionally, 13 were male and 6 were female. The mean BP, PR, RR were 131/82 mmHg, 94/min, 20/min. Saturation levels were all over 95%. Five patients had a psychiatric history. Patient showed varied symptoms ranging from mental changes to chest discomfort. In addition, seven showed abnormal electrocardiography findings and one showed elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Other laboratory results revealed no significantly abnormal results. Six patients also suffered from related trauma. The majority of patients consumed the methamphetamine orally, with unknown motivation at unknown locations. Most were transported by 119 and six patients co-ingested other drugs. Conclusion: Patients who showed positive results to a methamphetamine screening test in Korea visited the emergency medical center mostly by 119 and were unaware of or reluctant to reveal the fact that they had ingested methamphetamine. Emergency physicians should be more aware of the possibility that a patient may have consumed methamphetamine.

Antimicrobial and ACE Inhibitory Activities of Citrus unshiu Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria (감귤 유산균 발효물의 항균 활성과 ACE 저해능)

  • Choi, So-Yeon;Kim, Si-Kyung;Youn, Un-Young;Kang, Dae-Ook;Choi, Nack-Shick;Mun, Mi-Sun;Lee, Seung-Cheol
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.7
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    • pp.1084-1089
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    • 2015
  • To develop high quality citrus products, seven lactic acid bacteria were innoculated onto ground citrus (Citrus unshiu) and cultured for 10 days. On culture days 0, 3, 5, 7, and 10, citrus ferments were withdrawn, and their antimicrobial and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were evaluated. Citrus ferments innoculated with CL-1 and CL-2, which were isolated from kimchi, showed relatively higher antimicrobial activities against food poisoning bacteria. Citrus ferments innoculated with CL-1 and CL-2 also showed stronger ACE inhibitory activities than other ferments. CL-1 and CL-2 showed more than 99% homogeny with Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus sakei, respectively, by 16S rRNA gene analysis. These results indicate that fermentation with P. acidilactici and L. sakei might contribute to the increased antimicrobial and anti-hypertensive activities of citrus.

Coolant Leak Effect on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (고분자전해질연료전지의 냉각수 누설에 대한 연구)

  • Song, Hyun-Do;Kang, Jung-Tak;Kim, Jun-Bom
    • Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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    • v.10 no.4
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    • pp.301-305
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    • 2007
  • The performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell could be decreased due to coolant leaked from connection part. Micro pump was used to put small amount of coolant and investigate the effect on fuel cell. The stoichiometric ratio of hydrogen/air was 1.5/2.0, both side of gas was fully humidified, and current density of $400mA/cm^2$ was used as standard condition in this experiment. Constant current method was used to check performance recovery from coolant effect in 3 cell stack. The performance was recovered when coolant was injected in cathode side. On the other hand, the performance was not recovered when coolant was injected in anode side. Ethylene glycol could be converted to CO in oxidation process and cause poisoning effect on platinum catalyst or be adhered on GDL and cause gas diffusion block effect resulting performance decrease. Water with nitrogen gas was supplied in anode side to check performance recovery. Polarization curve, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to check performance, and gas chromatography was used to check coolant concentration. Constant current method was not enough in full recovery of performance. However, water injection method was proved good method in full recovery of performance.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment in Acute CO Poisoning (일산화탄소중독치료(一酸化炭素中毒治療)에 있어 고압산소요법(高壓酸素療法)의 효과(效果)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Yun, Dork-Ro;Cho, Soo-Hun
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.153-156
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    • 1983
  • 1950년(年) 이후(以後) 무연탄(無煙炭)으로 만든 연탄(煉炭)을 취사(炊事), 난방용(煖房用)으로 가정(家庭)에서 광범위(廣範圍)하게 사용(使用)하게 되면서 연탄(煉炭)가스내(內)의 일산화탄소(一酸化炭素)로 인(因)한 중독사고(中毒事故)가 빈발(頻發)하여 심각(深刻)한 국민보건(國民保健)의 문제(問題)가 되어왔다. 저자(著者)들의 실태조사(實態調査)(1975년도(年度))에 의(依)하면 서울특별시일원(特別市一圓)에 있어 일산화탄소중독(一酸化炭素中毒)의 년간발생(年間發生)은 인구(人口), 10만당(萬當) 경증(輕症) 260명(名), 혼수상태(昏睡狀態)의 중증중독(重症中毒) 45명(名), 사망(死亡) 1명(名)으로 위험인구(危險人口)를 3,000만명(萬名)으로 하였을 때 전국적(全國的)으로 일산화탄소중독(一酸化炭素中毒)의 추정발생수(推定發生數)는 년간(年間) 경증(輕症) 78만명(萬名), 중증(重症) 13만(萬) 5천명(千名), 사망(死亡) 3,000명(名)으로 그 피해(被害)의 규모(規模)가 100만을 육박(肉薄)하는 가공(可恐)할 수자(數字)를 보여주고 있다. 저자(著者)들은 이러한 심각(深刻)한 국민보건(國民保健)의 문제(問題)를 우선(于先) 실천가능(實踐可能)한 제이차예방(第二次豫防)에 역점(力點)을 두어 고압산소요법(高壓酸素療法)을 보급(普及)할 목적(目的)으로 일인용고압산소장치(一人用高壓酸素裝置)를 개발(開發)하고 1969년(年) 1월(月)에 서울대학교병원(大學校病院)에 고압산소치료실(高壓酸素治療室)을 개설(開設)하여 급성일산화탄소(急性一酸化炭素) 중독환자(中毒患者)에 대(對)한 응급치료(應急治療)를 실시(實施)하여 1978년(年)까지 10년간(年間)의 치료결과(治療結果)를 요약(要約)한바 다음과 같다. 1. 총치료환자수(總治療患者數)는 2,242명(名)이고 회복(回復)된 수(數)는 2,202명(名)으로 98.2%의 회복률(回復率)을 보였다. 2. 계절적(季節的)으로 10월(月)에서 4월(月)까지가 연중최성기(年中最盛期)이나 5월(月)에서 9월(月)까지도 적지않은 환자(患者)의 발생(發生)을 볼 수 있었다. 3. 연령별분포(年齡別分布)를 보면 15세(歲)${\sim}29$세군(歲群)이 전체환자(全體患者)의 반이상(半以上)인 52.7%를 차지하고 있고 $0{\sim}14$세군(歲群)은 인구비(人口比)에 대해 발생(發生)이 훨씬 적은 결과(結果)를 보이고 있다. 4. 도착시간별(到着時間別) 입원율(入院率)은 오전(午前) 10시이후(時以後) 도착군(到着群)서부터는 입원율(入院率)이 급증(急增)하는데 이는 병원도착(病院到着)이 늦일수록 당일회복(當日回復)이 되지못하고 입원가료(入院加療)하게 됨을 나타내주는 결과(結果)라 할 수 있다. 5. 병발증(倂發症)으로는 급성욕창, 폐렴(肺炎) 및 신경학적(神經學的) 이상등(異常等)의 소견(所見)을 많이 볼 수 있었다.

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Comparison of In vitro Anti-Biofilm Activities of Natural Plant Extracts Against Environment Harmful Bacteria (천연물 성분을 이용한 환경 유해미생물의 biofilm 생성 저해능 비교에 관한 연구)

  • Kang, Eun-Jin;Park, Ji Hun;Jin, Seul;Kim, Young-Rok;Do, Hyung-Ki;Yang, Woong-Suk;Lee, Jae-Yong;Hwang, Cher-Won
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.225-233
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    • 2019
  • In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-biofilm activities of plant extracts of chives (Allium tuberosum), garlic (Allium sativum), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) against environment harmful bacteria (gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and, gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7). In the paper disc assay, garlic extracts exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of all plant extracts was generally higher for gram-negative bacteria than it was for gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to plant extracts. The tetrazolium dye (XTT) assay revealed that, each plant extract exhibited a different anti-biofilm activity at the MIC value depending on the pathogen involved. Among the plant extracts tested, garlic extracts (fresh juice and powder) effectively reduced the metabolic activity of the cells of food-poisoning bacteria in biofilms. These anti-biofilm activities were consistent with the results obtained through light microscopic observation. Though the garlic extract reduced biofilm formation for all pathogens tested, to elucidate whether this reduction was due to antimicrobial effects or anti-biofilm effects, we counted the colony forming units of pathogens in the presence of the garlic extract and a control antimicrobial drug. The garlic extract inhibited the E. coli O157:H7 biofilm effectively compared to the control antimicrobial drug ciprofloxacin; however, it did not inhibit S. aureus biofilm significantly compared to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, garlic extracts could be used as natural food preservatives to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens and elongater the shelf life of processed foods.

Comparison and Improvement of Domestic and Foreign Regulations for the Prevention of Suffocation Accidents (국외 질식재해 예방규정 비교를 통한 국내 규정 개선방안)

  • Lim, Dae Sung;Lee, Seung kil;Kim, Chi-Nyon;Cho, Kee Hong;Yi, Gwang Yong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.83-93
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    • 2021
  • Objectives: 'Confined space' was only defined in the Safety and Health Regulations as a place where oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide must be dealt with at the time of the initial enactment (1982). The danger of fire and explosion were added in 2003. We will compare and review the regulations related to confined space work under the current safety and health rules alongside regulations in other countries and prepare a plan to improve the system through enhanced clarity and execution. Methods: In a comparison of systems for the prevention of suffocation in confined spaces in major countries (Germany, United States, Japan) different concepts of the definition of confined spaces in different countries apparently due to differences in each country's legal implementation system, accident analysis methods, the status of safety and health implementation in workplaces, the precautions against actual confined space work, and the definition of confined spaces were found to be not much different between Korea and the other foreign countries. Results: In the case of Germany and the United States, a confined space is defined as a contextual concept rather than a place, so more careful attention is needed from operators or enclosed space managers as it is often necessary to judge the actual workplace. In the case of Korea and Japan, the interior of the place is mainly defined as a place, especially in the case of Japan, which concentrates on oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulfide poisoning. Conclusions: For measures to improve regulations on the prevention of suffocation accidents in Korea, I would like to propose three major measures to improve the system in the rules on domestic industrial safety and health standards. It is necessary to prepare and provide a guide to ensure that the 18 types of confined spaces currently defined as confined spaces are clearly understood by field management supervisors or workers.

Air Pollution and Its Effects on E.N.T. Field (대기오염과 이비인후과)

  • 박인용
    • Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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    • 1972.03a
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    • pp.6-7
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    • 1972
  • The air pollutants can be classified into the irritant gas and the asphixation gas, and the irritant gas is closely related to the otorhinolaryngological diseases. The common irritant gases are nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrogen carbon compounds, and the potent and irritating PAN (peroxy acyl nitrate) which is secondarily liberated from photosynthesis. Those gases adhers to the mucous membrane to result in ulceration and secondary infection due to their potent oxidizing power. 1. Sulfur dioxide gas Sulfur dioxide gas has the typical characteristics of the air pollutants. Because of its high solubility it gets easily absorbed in the respiratory tract, when the symptoms and signs by irritation become manifested initially and later the resistance in the respiratory tract brings central about pulmonary edema and respiratory paralysis of origin. Chronic exposure to the gas leads to rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and olfactory or gustatory disturbances. 2. Carbon monoxide Toxicity of carbon monoxide is due to its deprivation of the oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. The degree of the carbon monoxide intoxication varies according to its concentration and the duration of inhalation. It starts with headache, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and tinnitus, which can progress to respiratory difficulty, muscular laxity, syncope, and coma leading to death. 3. Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen dioxide causes respiratory disturbances by formation of methemoglobin. In acute poisoning, it can cause pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, and pneumonia due to its strong irritation on the eyes and the nose. In chronic poisoning, it causes chronic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary edema. 4. Ozone It has offending irritating odor, and causes dryness of na sopharyngolaryngeal mucosa, headache and depressed pulmonary function which may eventually lead to pulmonary congestion or edema. 5. Smog The most outstanding incident of the smog occurred in London from December 5 through 8, 1952, because of which the mortality of the respiratory diseases increased fourfold. The smog was thought to be due to the smoke produced by incomplete combustion and its byproduct the sulfur oxides, and the dust was thought to play the secondary role. In new sense, hazardous is the photochemical smog which is produced by combination of light energy and the hydrocarbons and oxidant in the air. The Yonsei University Institute for Environmental :pollution Research launched a project to determine the relationship between the pollution and the medical, ophthalmological and rhinopharyngological disorders. The students (469) of the "S" Technical School in the most heavily polluted area in Pusan (Uham Dong district) were compared with those (345) of "K" High School in the less polluted area. The investigated group had those with subjective symptoms twice as much as the control group, 22.6% (106) in investigated group and 11.3% (39) in the control group. Among those symptomatic students of the investigated group. There were 29 with respiratory symptoms (29%), 22 with eye symptoms (21%), 50 with stuffy nose and rhinorrhea (47%), and 5 with sore thorat (5%), which revealed that more than half the students (52%) had subjective symptoms of the rhinopharyngological aspects. Physical examination revealed that the investigated group had more number of students with signs than those of the control group by 10%, 180 (38.4%) versus 99 (28.8%). Among the preceding 180 students of the investigated group, there were 8 with eye diseases (44%), 1 with respiratory disease (0.6%), 97 with rhinitis (54%), and 74 with pharyngotonsillitis (41%) which means that 95% of them had rharygoical diseases. The preceding data revealed that the otolaryngological diseases are conspicuously outnumbered in the heavily polluted area, and that there must be very close relationship between the air pollution and the otolaryngological diseases, and the anti-pollution measure is urgently needed.

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Needs Accessment of Safety Education of High School Students in Seoul (서울시 고등학생의 안전교육 실태 및 요구도 조사)

  • 김민아;이명선
    • Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.133-162
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    • 2001
  • Unexpected accidents in school has been gradually increased every year, and student's mistaken was the first reason of the accident. To preventing the students from Unexpected accidents in school, safety education is more important than having strong facilities to have much more strong protecting forces for the accidents. Therefore, systematic education of safety is needed most of all, and especially, strengthening safety education in school is needed. Hereby, this study is aimed at investigating and analysing the actual condition and demand of safety education. It also conducted a survey with the target of 1,255 students in the second grade of high school in Seoul from April 20 to May 19, and the result of this study is as follows. 1. In the general features of the subject of the survey, boy students and girl students occupied 50.8% and 49.2% each, and boys' high school (34.3%), girls' high school(32.2%) and co-ed(33.5%) participated in balance. In the location, north from Han river occupied 54.6%, south were 45.2%. 2. According to the status of experiencing an accident, boys were more experienced then girls(p〈0.05). From the section, home accident(56.8%) occupied most followed by school accident, traffic accident, sports accident and poisoning. The accident happening most often in detailed category is sports accident such as basket ball, foot ball and dodge ball. The actual condition of the subject's using a school health facility shows that boys students use it more often than girl students(p〈0.01) 3. In attitude toward safety, the subject showed lower interest in safety issues than other social issues. But attitude in seriality of safety problems were high. Also, they responded ‘individual citizen’(63.1%) as the one who should make efforts for safety. Regarding knowledge of preventing safety accidents in attitude toward individual safety, 42.2% answered ‘they know a little’ and 32.6% of respondents say ‘they do not know’. To a question of the degree of the subject's following safety rules, 36.4% were answered ‘keeping’ and the group using a school health facility shows more ‘keeping’ the others(p〈0.05). 4. To a question of asking if they have experienced safety education, 51.2% answered ‘yes’. Teachers who mainly take care of safety education are answered as training teacher(48.7%). As for education time, training class(51.3%) is said to have safety education most followed by health-related event and PE(Physical Education). Frequency of education shows once or twice a session (62.8%) most often, but in case of co-ed school, 5-7times a session or more(20.1%) are being practiced. Looking at education time, 1-2 hour(s)(22.1%) or for a short time(22.1%) during class are being practiced. As an education method, instruction(43.8%) and video education(32.5%) are being practiced, and when it comes to education evaluation method, ‘not practiced’(70.0%) answered. To the question if they are satisfied with school safety education, they answered more ‘no(43.1%)’ than ‘yes(6.7%)’, and the reason is that safety education class is just for formality's sake, and the fact they already know is being repeated. The contents of safety education is composed of school safety, home safety, and first aid. 5. It is turned out that 56.5% of the total boy students and 61.1% of the total girl students recognize the necessity of safety education. To the question if safety education is needed in an elementary and middle education course, 46.4% of the subject answer answered' it's necessary'. The most reason for their answers are ‘safety education is directly related to life’. 6. Regarding the requested time of safety education is ‘one hour a week’ by 55.9%. For safety education, safety education teachers(38.7%) are answered to be the most proper. As a request for safety education, video education is answered to be the most appropriate(30.6%), followed by practical skills, lecture and discussion(p〈0.05). Demand of educational evaluation, practical skills, interview and observation are answered to be needed. To the question if they want to participate in the way of demanded safety education, 41.9% of respondents answer ‘have a mind to participate in’ (41.9%). To benefits followed by completing safety education, 72.0% of respondents answer ‘agree’, and 24.7% ‘do not agree’, which means lout 4 disagrees with completing safety education. 7. Looking at demand of safety education according to the features of the subject, ‘our position for the person who has handicapped’ was answer to the most.

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A Study on Listeria Strain Species for Fishes and Shellfishes on Sale (시판되는 어 .패류에 대한 Listeria 속균의 조사연구)

  • 김동필;조배식
    • The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.548-561
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    • 2001
  • Listeria spp. from sea water, fishes and shellfishes have been troubled in many countries. So we exam ined its distribution rates, biochemical characteristics of a separated strain, growth curve of pH at set times to 4 species of standard strain, and yes or no of growth inhibition for precautionary measure of food poisoning by L. monocytogenes, garlic, mustard, wasabi, and green tea extracts including sensitivity of antibiotics 10 species. As its results, check numbers of its positivity to Listeria spp. were 32 species in total examination body 200 species, and its isolation rates were 16%, L. innocua was 14.0%, L. monocytogenes 1.0%, and L. seeligeri 1.0% by the strain species. All the standard strain of 4 species showed growth inhibition bellow pH 3.0, its pH conditions of the optimum growth at 7.0∼8.0, and its growth was more active in alkali co]tuition than in acid condition. Its growth inhibition examination by garlic extracts had an the worst effects with O.D values of 0.078∼0.210. But the case of mustard and wasabi had weakened effect, and the case of green tea had some effect as the time went by. The results of sensitivity examination of antibiotics 10 species were as fellows. L. innocua of the 16 cases showed sensitivity of 100% in all 5 species, Ampicillin, etc, and Ciprofloxacin showed sensitivity of 43.7% and gentamicin, 93.7%. But tetracycline showed tolerance of 31.3% , cefotaxine. 75%, nalidixic acid, 100%. L. monocytogenes of the 6 cases showed sensitivity of 100% in all 6 species, ciprofloxacin, etc.

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