• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Koamsimsinwhan (without Cinnabarite) on depression in CMS-treated rats. Rats of trial groups were exposured to chronic mild unpredictable stress for 4 weeks. These CMS-treated rats were stratified into Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite) group and vehicle(non-drug) group. And there were control rats excluding both CMS and Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite). Forced swimming test, general activity test and immunohistochemical test(measuring the level of manifestation of c-Fos in PVN) were executed to evaluate the effects of Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite) on depression after 4 weeks of CMS treatment. The results were as follows 1. In FST, depression was induced from CMS treatment and was supressed with Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite). 2. The increased activity of nerve cell in PVN, which refers to stress, was induced from CMS treatment and normalized with Koamsimsinwhan (without Cinnabarite).

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.61-78
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• 2003

Objective : This study was designed to assess the protective effects of Chengwhabosimtang on the animal model of depression, chronic mild stress(CMS). Method : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this experiment. The subjects were divided into 3 groups ( 1. CMS-drug: Chengwhabosimtang administered during CMS treatment, 2. CMS-vehicle: water administered, 3. normal ). After 4 weeks of CMS treatment, they were executed Forced swimming test(FST) and Elevated plus maze. Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) in ventral tegmental area(VTA) and c-Fos in paraventricular nucleus(PVN) were measured. Result : 1. In FST, CMS-drug group showed significantly decreased immobility behavior. 2. CMS-drug group showed no significantly lower TH level in VTA than CMS-vehicle group. 3. CMS-drug group showed significantly less c-Fos expressed cell bodies in PVN than CMS-vehicle group. 4. In Elevated plus maze, CMS-drug group showed no significantly anxiety. Conclusion : These results suggest that Chengwhabosimtang may have protective antidepressant effects in CMS model rats. And these effects could be explained by the elevated stress-copying behaviors which are related with PVN of hypothalamus and dopaminergic neurons in VTA.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.121-147
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Quibitang in the chronic mild stress(CMS) model of depression in rats. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress was found to depress the consumption of sucrose solution in rats for 8 weeks. These CMS-treated rats were stratified into Quibitang gruop and saline group. And control rats were also stratified into Quibitang group and saline group. The change of the consumption of sucrose solution and the body weight were measured, and open field test, elevated startle response and plus maze test were performed, to investigate the anti-depression effect of Quibitang. The results were as follows: 1. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in Quibitang-treated group at 9th, 11th, 12th week, but there was no significant change at 10th week 2. CMS schedule decreased body weight. CMS-treated groups showed decrease of body weight after 5 weeks. After 10 weeks, Quibitang group showed lower body weight than saline group in CMS-treated groups 3. In open field test, Quibitang group showed significant difference of locomotion, latency. 4. In elevated startIe test, Quibitang group showed no significant change of startle response. 5. In plus maze test, Quibitang group showed no significant change of plus maze-time and plus maze-error.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.196-202
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• 2014

Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders and has been associated with the neuroendocrine system and alterations in behavior. Schisandra chinensis Baillon is one of major medicinal plants used as a Korea medicine and food sources, and has been processed in the fields of various food products and medicinal herbs. The chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol is widely used to evoke depressive-like behaviors in laboratory mice or rat. The CMS procedure induced some behavioral changes that are compatible with the common expectations, i.e. 'anhedonic' behavior and can affect corticosterone level. The present study, Schisandra chinensis extract administration by daily gavage from the 3 weeks exhibited an antidepressant-like effect on CMS-induced depression in mice. Schisandra chinensis extract administration at dose of 200mg/kg significantly increased the sucrose consumption, and decreased the immobility durations in forced swim test and tail suspension test. Furthermore the corticosterone level decreased than control group. In conclusion, Schisandra chinensis extract showed antidepressant-like effects on sucrose preference test, forced swimming test and tail suspension test based on CMS model.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2001

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin) in rat model of depression induced by chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods : The change of the consumption of sucrose solution was measured, and the open field test and passive avoidance conditioning test were performed to investigate the anti-depressive effect of Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin). Results : The results were as follows; I. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in the test group at 5, 7 and 8 weeks, but there was no significant change in the control group. 2. There was no significant change of body weight after 8 weeks in each group 3. In the open field test, there was significant increase of exploratory activity in the test group. 4. In the passive avoidance test, the test group showed differences in the maintenance of retention from the control group at the 2-week training-testing interval. Conclusions : The present results suggest that Punsimgi-eum(fenxingi-yin) has an anti-depressive effect.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.231-248
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluates anti-stress and sleep-inductive effects of Dongshingihyeolyangsubang (DSGYSB) on rats induced by chronic mild stress (CMS). Methods: Twenty-five healthy rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal, CMS (Control), DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSBS200. All rats except the normal group were exposed to unpredictable stress conditions such as water deprivation, empty bottles, and forced treadmill. A week after starting the experiment, rats in DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSB200 groups were fed orally with water once a day for two weeks. Then blood samples were taken from the rats for analysis of complete blood count, AST, ALT, and glucose. Noradrenaline, corticosterone, serotonin, GABA and melatonin were measured by ELISA kit. BDNF, CREB, TrkB and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were measured by RT-PCT. Results: In Noradrenaline contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In corticosterone contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In serotonin contents, the DSGYSB200 group revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In GABA contents, the DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100, and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In the activity of BDNF, the DSGYSB50, DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant increase compared to the control group. In the activity of CREB, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed a significant decrease compared to the control group. In the activity of TrkB, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In the activity of $TNF-{\alpha}$, DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In glucose contents, the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups revealed significant decrease compared to the control group. In the leukocyte changes, white blood cells, neutrophil, lymphocytes, and monocyte significantly increased in the DSGYSB100 and DSGYSB200 groups than the control group. In the erythrocyte changes, hemoglobin significantly increased in the DSGYSB200 group than the control group. Conclusions: Results suggest that Dongshingihyeolyangsubang has anti-stress and sleep-inductive effects on rats induced by CMS.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aims were to evaluate the Anti-stress and Sleep-inductive effects of Yunjogyosim-tang (YJGS) in rats induced by Chronic Mild Stress (CMS). Methods: 25 healthy Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; Normal, CMS (Control), YJGS 50, YJGS 100, and YJGS 200. All rats except the normal group were exposed to random stress conditions like water deprivation, empty bottles, forced runs on the treadmill, etc. according to the timetable of CSM for 3 weeks. After a week starting the experiment, Rats in YJGS 50, YJGS 100, and YJGS 200 groups were fed orally once a day for 2 weeks. Blood samples were taken afterward from each rat for analysis of Complete blood count, AST, ALT, and glucose levels. Corticosterone, serotonin, and melatonin were measured by ELISA kit. BDNF and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were measured by RT-PCT. Results: 1. Corticosterone levels were lower in YJGS 50, and YJGS 200 groups compared to the control group. 2. Serotonin levels were lower in the YJGS 100 and YJGS 200 groups compared to the control group. 3. Melatonin levels were higher in the YJGS 50 group compared to the control group. 4. Activity levels were higher in the BDNF, and YJGS 50 groups compared to the control group. 5. In the Activity of $TNF-{\alpha}$, YJGS 50 group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. 6. In the Glucose content, YJGS 50, YJGS 100, and YJGS 200 groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. 7. When analyzing leukocytes, monocytes were found to be increased in YJGS 100 and YJGS 200 groups compared to the control group. 8. When analyzing red blood cells, more changes occurred to erythrocytes and thrombocytes in the YJGS 50 and YJGS 200 groups than in the control group. Hemoglobin was significantly increased in the YJGS 100 group and platelet levels were significantly increased in all experimental groups compared with the control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that Yunjogyosim-tang has anti-stress and sleep-inductive effects on rats induced by CMS.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.43-64
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Jowiseungcheongtang compared with St. John's wort in the chronic mild stress(CMS) animal model of depression. Wistar rats were used for this study. The subjects were divided into 4 groups (Naive group: without CMS procedure, CMS-vehicle: water was administered during CMS procedure, CMS-Jowiseungcheongtang: Jowiseungcheongtang was administered after 5 weeks of CMS procedure, CMS-St. John's wort: St. John's wort was administered after 5 weeks of CMS procedure) During 9 weeks of CMS procedure, The change of the consumption of sucrose and the changes of weights were measured. After CMS procedure, Morris water maze test, open field test, elevated plus maze test and Western blotting were measured. The results were as follows. 1. The consumption of sucrose solution was significantly reversed in Jowiseungcheongtang group and relatively reversed in St. John's Wort group at 7 week. 2. In open field test, Neither Jowiseungcheongtang nor St. John's wort group showed statistically significant change of exploratory activity. In EPM test, St. John's Wort group showed significant decrease of total arm entry in comparison with Naive group. And Jowiseungcheongtang group was showed no significant change. 3. In Morris water maze test, St. John's Wort group showed significant increase in escape latency of the last Morris water maze trial. And in water maze probe test, there was no significant change. 4. St. John's Wort group showed relative increase in LP1 division of 5HT1A receptor compared with Naive group. Both St. John's Wort and Jowiseungcheongtang group showed relative increase in P2 division of GluRl compared with Naive group. These results suggest that Jowiseungcheongtang is as effective as St. John's Wort in the treatment of depression.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1065-1072
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• 2004

Depression is associated with a dysfunctional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently, several lines of evidence suggest that an important factor in the development of depression may be a deficit in the function and expression of $5-HT_{1A}$ receptors. The present study assessed if Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) had an anti-depression effect through reversing a decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in rats with depression-like symptoms induced by chronic mild stress. Using a $5-HT_{1A}$ receptor binding assay, with a specific $5-HT_{1A}$receptor agonist, 8- OH-DPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin), the mechanism of the anti-depression effect of N. s. on rats was investigated, and the effects compared with two well-known antidepressants, Hyperium Perforatum (St. Johns Wort) and fluoxetine (Prozac). Animals were divided into five groups: the normal (N) group without chronic mild stress (CMS), the control (C) group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Nelumbinis Semen (N. s.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks, the Hyperium Perforatum (H. p.) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks and finally, the fluoxetine (F) treatment group under CMS for 8 weeks. Each treatment was administered to rats during the last 4 weeks of the 8-week CMS. A sucrose intake test was performed to test the anti-depression effect of N. s. The N. s. treatment significantly reversed the decreased sucrose intake under CMS (P<0.05 compared to control group under CMS). In the CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, both N. s. and H. p. reversed the CMS-induced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. In the I to II regions of the frontal cortex, N. s. and H. p. also reversed the CMS-induced decrease in$5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding, and even showed a significant increase in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding compared to the F treatment group (N. s. vs. P, p<0.05, H. p. vs. P, p<0.05). However, in the hypothalamus, all treatments reversed the CMSinduced decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding. This reversal effect of N. s. on the decrease in $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding in the frontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of rat brains was very similar to that of H. p, but different from that of F. It is concluded that N. s. presents an anti-depression effect through enhancing $5-HT_{1A}$receptor binding.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.53-68
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the anti-depression effect of Guibiondamtang in rat model of depression. The rats in the experiment were stratified into 3 groups, ie, Guibiondamtang, saline, normal (non-stressed) groups. Chronic exposure to mild unpredictable stress such as white noise, flashing lights and restriction of food and water, causes the behavioral symptoms correspondent to depression. Consumption of 1% sucrose solution fell in rats exposed to CMS for 4 weeks. In the open field test , the exploratory activity ie. locomotion and centering decreased after CMS. We then evaluated the sucrose consumption and activity during 4 weeks of treatment with experimental drugs. The results were as follows: 1) There was no relation between sucrose intake and weight. 2) The Guibiondamtang(歸脾溫膽湯) group reinstated sucrose consumption within 5-6 weeks while having no influence on sucrose intake in normal group. 3) The Guibiondamtang(歸脾溫膽湯) group restored some exploratory activity in the open field test. 4) The Guibiondamtang-group had a-reduced potentiated startle response.