• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.929-938
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• 2016

This study reviewed the external morphological characteristics of a rare species, Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore, in South Korea through a comparison of its previous records. Also, a distribution map of this species was made using previous data on flora and voucher specimens. Furthermore, the soil characteristics of Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore was analysed in order to determine the correlation between external morphological features and soil characteristics. At the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphates, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were found to be in the ranges of 3.25-29.83%, 0.15-1.14%, 3.0-156 mg/kg, $0.39-1.49cmol^+/kg$, $2.48-38.07cmol^+/kg$, $0.77-18.29cmol^+/kg$, $7.3-23.0cmol^+/kg$ and 4.6-7.1 respectively. The soil condition surrounding the population of Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore in Mt. Ap-san (Daegu) was found to have higher percentages of organic matter, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity than the soil condition of other populations. Moreover, the length of inflorescence and the number of flowers in this population were significantly higher than the populations studied in other areas (P < 0.001). We also identified a significant correlation between genetic, geographic distance and several morphological characteristics. A comprehensive review of various data on Exochorda serratifolia S.Moore such as external morphological characteristics, genetic structure, growth conditions, vegetation properties, and environmental characteristics is required to understand its growth characteristics and conserve this rare species.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2007

We have also clarified the effects of the different substrates; (perlite, peatmoss and granular rock-wool) on the plant growth and the mineral contents of Campanula takesimana until 70 days after transplanting. Overall plant growth in terms of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were increased in the order of that mixed perlite and peat moss (50 : 50, v/v)>peat moss (100%)>perlite (100%)>granular rock wool (100%). Mineral contents in plants were much more in the order of potassium $(15.38-43.91cmol^+/kg)$, calcium $(5.48-7.78cmol^+/kg)$, magnesium $(4.38-6.55cmol^+/kg)$ and sodium $(1.25-1.69cmol^+/kg)$. The higher mineral contents of plants were also most made in the mixed substrates of perlite and peat moss (50 : 50, v/v).

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.25
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

This study was carried out to offer the raw data of floricultural resource by scientific analyzing the growth and soil environment in Viola orientalis habitat, and establish the ecological characteristics in developing the relative model. In the results of soil factors analysis, there showed that acidity was pH 5.1, organic matter content of 9.1%, available $P_2O_5$ of 40.6mg/kg, exchangeable $K^+$ of $0.2cmol^+/kg$, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ of $3.5cmol^+/kg$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ of $0.8cmol^+/kg$, cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of $13.7cmol^+/kg$ and electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.4dS/m. The growth characteristics were surveyed that height was 12.4cm, leaf width of 2.5cm, leaf length of 3.0cm, flower width of 2.5cm, peduncle of 2.3cm and chlorophyll of $38.5{\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1389-1394
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area. The results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area shown on the average loamy sand~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 5.3~7.1 in pH, 0.02~0.18 dS/m in EC, 0.7~1.8% in OM, 0.03~0.11% in T-N, 11~15 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 4.51~8.18 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.93~2.77 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 6~49 mg/kg in available phosphate. And the results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest non-development area shown on the average sandy loam~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 4.4~5.3 in pH, 0.03~0.05 dS/m in EC, 3.1~4.6% in OM, 0.13~0.23% in T-N, 14~18 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 0.78~3.82 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.29~1.31 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 3~31 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$. On the other hand, forest development area of topsoil sand content higher than 8~18% sand content than the forest non-development area. This trend is thought to be the absence of topsoil management development projects. Consequently, the results suggested a high potential of recycling of the topsoil from forest non-development area for planting soil. Therefore, in construction of the conservation and management of topsoil from forest non-development area is very important.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1295-1304
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties and perform a feasibility analysis of planting material composed of topsoil from river improvement and non-improvement areas. The results showed that the physicochemical properties of topsoil from river improvement areas were on the average sandy loam~loamy sand in soil texture, 5.6~6.8 in pH, 0.01~0.06 dS/m in EC, 0.9~2.1% in OM, 0.02~0.12% in T-N, 8~14 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.01~0.08 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, 2.55~11.11 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, 0.34~2.06 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, and 3~396 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$. And non-improvement areas showed on average sandy clay loam~sand in soil texture, 5.7~6.7 in pH, 0.02~0.08 dS/m in EC, 0.9~4.4% in OM, 0.02~0.23% in T-N, 7~18 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.01~0.08 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $K^+$, 3.81~12.67 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Ca^{2+}$, 0.60~1.95 $cmol^+/kg$ in Ex. $Mg^{2+}$, and 3~171 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$. Meanwhile, the results of an applied valuation of topsoil- based planting were as follows. Ex. $K^+$ levels were low grade in all survey areas. OM was low grade in 12 improvement areas and 11 non-improvement areas. Av. $P_2O_5$ levels were low grade in 10 improvement areas and 10 non-improvement areas. T-N was low grade in six improvement areas and four non-improvement areas. Ex. $Mg^{2+}$ levels were low grade in two improvement areas.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.54-61
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• 2010

This study used a bio-social approach in classifying the vegetation communities of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo island of Korea, and the results are as follows: Quercus acuta community, Daphniphyllum macropodum community, and Carpinus coreana community. The composition of soil properties in the same areas are as follows:soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg contained, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH. The capacities of these chemical properties of the soil ranged from 6.49~13.71%, 0.1 9~0.46%, 26.1 9~10.63(mg/kg), 0.24~0.56($cmol^+$/kg), 0.68~3.19($cmol^+$/kg), 0.83~1.82($cmol^+$/kg), 9.74~22.55($cmol^+$/kg), and 4.04~4.14 respectively. The Carpinus coreana community was found in the high elevation areas; Quercus acuta community, and Darphniphyllum macropodum community were also found in the low elevation. However, Quercus acuta communiη, compared with Daphnihyllum macropodum community, was found in the areas that contained more total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2006

Phosphorus accumulation in fertilized soils becomes serious problem for agriculture and the environment. In this investigation, we conducted a laboratory scale investigation to find the most desirable displacement methods of the adsorbed phosphate onto the soil particle surfaces. Soil samples which contained high amount of phosphate were collected at two different depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) from four locations at the moderate highland located in Nonsan, Chungnam. To observe the mobilization of solid-phase phosphate, soil samples were equilibrated with oxalic acid solutions ranging from $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-1}cmol\;L^{-1}$ with the dilution factors of 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20. The mineralized P sharply increased as the concentration of oxalic acid was greater than $5{\times}10^{-4}cmol\;L^{-1}$ under dilution factors of 1:1, 1:2.5, and 1:5. The breaking concentration of oxalic acid was lowered to $10^{-4}cmol\;L^{-1}$ and $5{\times}10^{-5}cmol\;L^{-1}$ for dilution factors of 1:10 and 1:20, respectively. The curve fit obtained from the graph can be described by exponential growth when the dilution factors were 1:1, 1:2.5, and 1:5 while the sigmoidal shape for 1:10 and 1:20, showing the mineralization of P were significantly dependent on the dilution factor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2002

This study investigated the ecological environment of Dongguneung, which royal tombs of the Joseon Dynasty aye in. The aim of this study is to do an effective preservation, management and restoration of the royal tomb and garden of the Joseon Dynasty distributed in Seoul and Kyunggi Province through using the data of Dongguneung. In general, Dongguneung contains the predominant Oak class such as Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica community, while a flatland surrounding its control office, which is often flooded with the rainy season in summer, is mainly Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora community ranges around the royal tomb. The subcommunity of Quercus serrata -Quereus mongolica community is distributed into Robinia pseudo-acacia, Pinus rigida, Pinus koraiensis, Carpinus laxiflora and typical subcommunity and so on. In particular, Robinia pseudo -acacia, Pinus rigida and Pinus koraiensis subcommunity, and Alnus japonica community were forested. The soil class of Dongguneung was mainly a sandy loam and its pH was an average of 4.67 (from 4.36 to 5.68). The content of heavy metals including Cu, Pb and Zn etc. in the soil was about twice as much as the natural content in the forest soil. The content of organism and total nitrogen in the topsoil layer was the average of 4.87% and 0.21% respectively, slightly higher than those (organism； 4.55%, total nitrogen； 0.20%) of the forest soil generated from granite bedrock. Cation exchange capacity as the indicator of soil fertility was 15.0 cmol $kg^{-1}$, higher than that in the granite forest soil. However among base exchangeable cations, contents of $Ca^{2+}$ (2.07 cmol $kg^{-1}$), $Mg^{2+}$ (0.40 cmol $kg^{-1}$) and K+ (0.25 cmol $kg^{-1}$) were slightly lower than that. The above results could reflect the need of soil fertilization and liming for the improvement of nutritional status and buffer process.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.868-875
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics and ordination of Hemerocallis hongdoensis population in South Korea. The Hemerocallis hongdoensis population was classified into Mallotus japonicus dominant population, Viburnum wrightii dominant population, Melampyrum setaceum dominant population. Hemerocallis hongdoensis were mainly distributed along the coast of south-western iland of the Korean penninsula and it's population was located at an elevation of 6m to 362m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 16.18~21.70%, 0.56~0.97%, 0.42~0.88mg/kg, $3.38{\sim}5.65cmol^+/kg$, $1.12{\sim}2.38cmol^+/kg$, $25.93{\sim}41.45cmol^+/kg$, and 4.45~4.86 respectively. Mallotus japonicus dominant population was found in the steep sloped area that has high percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen than other populations. Viburnum wrightii dominant population was found gentle sloped area that has low percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Melampyrum setaceum dominant population was found in the medium sloped area that has medium percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Current status of Hemerocallis hongdoensis habitats is very vulnerable with local development constantly threatening the species' survival. Thus, concrete conservation plans to protect natural habitats should be set up as soon as possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze vegetation, soil characteristic, and ordination of the Young-bong region in Woraksan National Park. Communities by species in Woraksan forest were composed of Quercus mongolica community group. This community group was classified into Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis community, Carpinus cordata community and Quercus mongolica community. In the study, it was found that the composition of organic matter was 9.6~19.6%, nitrogen (0.3~0.7%), available phosphorous (4.5~8.8mg/kg), exchangeable K ($0.3{\sim}0.5cmol^+/kg$), exchangeable Ca ($1.6{\sim}6.75cmol^+/kg$), exchangeable Mg ($0.8{\sim}1.55cmol^+/kg$), cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.; $7.6{\sim}32.95cmol^+/kg$), and pH was 4.5~5.1 respectively. The Carpinus cordata community were mostly found in high elevation and high percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter. Controversially, Pinus densiflora community and Quercus variabilis community were found mostly in low elevation and low percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter. The Quercus mongolica community were found in medium elevation and medium percentage of total nitrogen, C.E.C., and organic matter.