• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.54
• /
• pp.235-260
• /
• 2012

The CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading were based on sound principles that are now reflected in the provisions of the Rotterdam Rules, which provide for the use of electronic equivalents to bills of lading. Services involving bills of lading which exist in electronic form for at least part of their lives, and which use encryption to guarantee integrity and security of these electronic records, are already being offered by a number of carriers, among them APL. The relative success of APL's system demonstrates that the use of a system which embodies the basic ideas and processes underlying the CMI Rules could easily become a practical reality in the near future. The basic principles in the CMI Rules and the Rotterdam Rules adopt a minimum requirements approach and does not flesh out the details of procedures for the use of electronic bills. This is an improvement, as it allows adaptability to future technological developments. Successful electronic bill of lading systems can only be developed in response to customer demand, and carriers are in the best position to gauge this and design systems to cater for it. APL has demonstrated this by creating a system which is tailor-made to its customers' requirements. The CMI Rules were correct in their assumption that electronic bill of lading services should be provided by carriers. They also seem to have anticipated that the switch to the electronic medium would not be sudden and complete, but would require a gradual phasing out of paper documents over a long period of time.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.325-332
• /
• 2007

Cell-mediated immune response (CMI) is a major immune protective mechanism against tuberculosis (TB) infection. Among several components involved in CMI, recent studies suggest that CD8+ T cells are important in controlling TB infection. In our previous report, we defined four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) derived epiotpe peptides specific for HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells. These four peptides are $PstAl_{75-83}$, $ThyA_{30-38}$, $RpoB_{127-135}$ and $85B_{15-23}$. In this study, these epitope peptides specific CD8+ T cell responses in tuberculous pleurisy were investigated using ex vivo $IFN-\gamma$ elispot assay and intracellular $IFN-\gamma$ staining method. As a result, we observed these epitope peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses are induced in all three patients with tuberculous pleurisy suggesting that CD8+ T cells are involved in protective immune mechanism against MTB infection in tuberculous pleurisy. However, the CMI to mitogens and MTB antigens from pleural fluids of patients with tuberculous pleurisy does not seem to correlate with that from peripheral blood, although the sample size is too small to make any conclusion. In sum, the MHC I restricted CD8+ T cell responses seem to be induced efficiently in the pleural fluids, at the site of TB infection, in which the CMI is actively induced. In addition, these experiments suggest that MHC I restricted CD8+ T cell mediated immune responses are also involved in protective mechanism against MTB infection in extra-pulmonary TB.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.48-57
• /
• 1989

To evaluate the college students' health status, the author distributed C.M.I. to 233 college students consisting of 102 males and 131 females who randomly selected from a college in seoul. The conclusion are as follow: 1. The mean of CMI scores for the male students was 32.84 and that for the female students was 43.25. Statistical significant difference was observed between the mean of CMI scores for male students and that for female students. 2. For male students, The CMI mean scores for the day students was 29.46 and for evening students was 35.85. There was no statistical significant difference the day students and that for the evening students. 3. For female students, the mean of CMI scores for day students was 42.40 and that for the evening students was 44.64. But there was no statistical significant difference between the mean CMI scores for the day students and that for the evening students. 4. In both female and male groups, the affirmative response rate of inadequacy, fatigability and eyes and ears are higher than any of the other items. 5. In comparing the CMI items of male students and female students, the significant differences cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, skin, nervous system, genitourinary system, fatigability, habits, inadequacy, depression and tension. The mean scores for female students, with the exception of habits, were higher than those for male students. 6. In comparing the CMI items of male day students and male evening students, there was significant difference in the items of the cardiovascular system, digestive tract, skin, genitourinary system, inadequacy, and anger : the mean scores of evening male students were higher than those of day students. 7. In the case of female students, the CMI mean scores of the evening students in the categories eyes and ears, cardiovascular system, digestive tract, musculoskeletal system, skin, genitourinary system, fatigability, inadequacy, depression, anxiety, and sensitivity were higher scores than those of the day students. However, the were no significant difference between both groups except in the cathgory of habits. 8. The frequency rate of neurotic students, who were identified by fukamachi's classification, were 12.5% in the day male students, 18.6% in th evening male students, 13.6% in the day female students, and 18.0% in the evening female students.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.471-477
• /
• 1997

A study detennined whether certain biochemical and physiological variables were altered during marginal Zn deficiency. Ten weaned crossbred Hereford Angus heifer calves, weighing $163{\pm}2kg$, were utilized. Five calves were fed a Zn - deficient (- Zn) brome-alfalfa hay diet containing 17 mg Zn/kg diet DM, and five calves were fed a Zn-adequate (+Zn) diet with 23 mg Zn/kg diet DM from $ZnSO_4$ added to the - Zn diet (total diet, 40 mg Zn/kg diet DM), for 32 d. At 21 d the - Zn calves had a reduction (p < .05) in feed efficiency. By 25 d, plasma Zn and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were reduced (p < .05) in the - Zn calves. Blood urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin, IGF-I, Cu plasma concentration and Zn and Cu concentrations of red blood cell (RBC) and liver were not altered (p > .05) by the - Zn diet through 25 d. In response to a single i. m. injection of dexamethasone (20 mg) on d 25, calves fed the two dietary Zn amounts showed no changes (p > .05) in plasma or RBC Zn and Cu concentrations, serum IGF-I, insulin, and glucose when measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after injection. In response to an intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin on d 30, cell mediated immune (CMI) response was reduced (p < .05) in the - Zn calves. These observations indicate that during a marginal Zn deficiency in calves, there was a decrease in feed efficiency, plasma Zn, serum alkaline phosphatase, and CMI response.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.389-398
• /
• 1999

In the biological immunity, the immune system of organisms regulates the antibody and T-cells to protect the attack from the foreign materials which are virus, germ cell, and other antigens, and supports their stable state. It has similar characteristics that has the adaptation and robustness to overcome disturbances and to control the plant of engineering application. In this paper, we build a model of the T-cell regulated immune response mechanism. We have also designed an immune response controller(IRC) focusing on the T-cell regulated immune response of the biological immune system that include both a help part to control the response and a suppress part to adjust system stabilization effect. We show some computer simulation to control the vibration of building structure system with strong wind forces excitation also demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed controller for applying a practical system even with existing nonlinear terms.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.14-23
• /
• 1978

This survey was conducted on a total 672 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered at certain health center in Busan, during the period from July 15th to August 31st, 1977, based on Modified Cornell Medical Index(CMI) consisting of 70 questions. Number of 'Yes' response of an individual patients was collected by each large section of Modified CMI. The each number of 'Yes' response was standardized by mean of Z scoring. Z score was obtained by following formula. Z=50+10(Xi-m)/s M : means of 'Yes' response by each section for all subjects s : standard deviation of the mean Xi : number of 'Yes' response by each section in an individual patients The results of obtained were as follows: 1. The number of investigated cases were 672 (459 males and 213 females). The most prevalent group was 20-24 years old group as 18.4% by age, moderate advanced group as 50.8% by radiological diagnosis, INH+PAS+SM group as 34.7% by antituberculotics and unemployed group as 59.9% by occupation. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the rate of negative group was 60.5% and positive group was 39.5%. 2. Z score of complaints by sex was higher in female as 52.4 than in male as 48.9 in general. By radiological diagnosis, there was decreasing tendency with age in male but increasing tendency with age in female. 3. By age group, Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with age in male but there was non-significant differences in female. 4. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with the more discharged bacteria in both sex generally. 5. By antituberculotics, INH group was revealed the highest Z score of complaints as 50.4 in male and INH+PAS group was the highest as 51.21 in female. 6. By occupation, agricultural and fisherman group was the highest as 53.5 and the next group was professional, technical and related workers, unemployed and sales workers in that order.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.39-58
• /
• 1994

Even though appropriate immune response is necessary for the survival of the individual, excessive or insufficient immune response might cause autoimmune or allergic disease respectively. So the immune response must be controlled to the degree that is beneficial for the well being of the individual. This study was undertaken to know the effects of Junsibaekchulsan(JB) on the immune system od the mouse. For the evalulation of the cell-mediated immunity(CMI), delayed-type hypersensitivity against dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB) were measured, and humoral immunity, hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers against SRBCs(sheep red blood cells) were measured, and rosette formation of spleen cells with SRBCs were measured. For the evaluation of innate immunity, phagocytic activity of macrophages, natural killer cell activity, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen intermediates were measured. The results are as follows: 1. The administration of JB depressed the antibody formation (hemagglutinin and hemolysin) against SRBCs. 2. The administration of JB did not affect the delayed-type hypersensitivity against DNFB. 3. The administration of JB did not affect the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. 4. The administration of JB increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages. 5. The administration of JB increased the rosette formating cells of the spleen cells. 6. The exposure of JB induced the secretion of reactive nitrogen intermediates but administration of JB deperssed the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Administration of JB selectively depressed the humoral immune response without affecting CMI and innate immunity. These results of JB on the immune system might be useful for the treatment of such.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.856-865
• /
• 2012

We describe the construction and immunobiological properties of a novel whooping cough vaccine candidate, in which the aroQ gene, encoding 3-dehydroquinase, was deleted by insertional inactivation using the kanamycin resistance gene cassette and allelic exchange using a Bordetella suicide vector. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant required supplementation of media to grow but failed to grow on an unsupplemented medium. The aroQ B. pertussis mutant was undetectable in the trachea and lungs of mice at days 6 and 12 post-infection, respectively. Antigen-specific antibody isotypes IgG1 and IgG2a, were produced, and cell-mediated immunity [CMI], using interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma as indirect indicators, was induced in mice vaccinated with the aroQ B. pertussis vaccine candidate, which were substantially enhanced upon second exposure to virulent B. pertussis. Interleukin-12 was also produced in the aroQ B. pertussis-vaccinated mice. On the other hand, neither IgG2a nor CMI-indicator cytokines were produced in DTaP-vaccinated mice, although the CMI-indicator cytokines became detectable post-challenge with virulent B. pertussis. Intranasal immunization with one dose of the aroQ B. pertussis mutant protected vaccinated mice against an intranasal challenge infection, with no pathogen being detected in the lungs of immunized mice by day 7 post-challenge. B. pertussis aroQ thus constitutes a safe, non-reverting, metabolite-deficient vaccine candidate that induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with potential for use as a single-dose vaccine in adolescents and adults, in the first instance, with a view to disrupting the transmission cycle of whooping cough to infants and the community.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
• /
• v.1991 no.05
• /
• pp.82-85
• /
• 1991

Cell kinetics and the chemical mass action principle formulate the basis of immune system dynamics which may be synthesized mathematically as cascades of bilinear systems which are connected by nonlinear nondynamical terms. In this manner, a model for cell-mediated immune response (CMI) to tumor antigens and debris is developed. We also consider parametric control variables relevant to the latest experimental data, i.e., sigmoidal dose-response relationship and Michaelis-Menten dynamics. The preliminary results show that the parametric control variable is important in the destruction of tumors. As well as that, the exacerbation theory is a good method for tumor treatment. Finally, tumor control as an application of immunotherapy is analyzed from the basis established above.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.251-259
• /
• 1986

This study was performed to assess the effect of inosiplex(ISP) on the resistance of mice Candida albicans infection, the migration of chicken leukocytes, the production of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor(LIF), and the cell-mediated immunity(CMI) to lepomin in multibacillary lepromatous leprosy patients. The treatment with ISP before or on the time of infection with C. albicans had no or deliterious effect, and treatment with ISP after infection had no effect on the recovery of C. albicans from the kidneys of mice. The migratory ability of chicken leukocytes and the production of LIF from splenocytes of mice were not affected by ISP treatment. However, ISP decreased the migration of chicken leukocytes in vitro, and this decrease was dose-dependent. The therapy of lepromatous leprosy patients with ISP for 10 or 30 days clearly showed the increase of the significant positive rate of Mitsuda skin test to lepromin. The immune recovery as a result of the therapy was found to be the best in the group of patients treated for 30 days. This results suggest that (1) the effect of ISP in renal candidiasis can vary depending on the time of treatment relative to infection, (2) ISP can primarily change the migratory ability of chicken leukocytes but does not affect the production of LIF in mice, and (3) the classical therapy combined with ISP can reinforce or restore the defences of lepromatous leprosy patients against Mycobacterium leprae.