• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2020

가스터빈 고온부품 소재로 사용되는 Ni기 초합금 CM247LC 소재에 대한 최적 후처리 조건을 도출하기 위해 일방향 응고 주조법을 통한 봉상시험편을 제작하였다. 제작된 시험편은 HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) 처리 및 후열처리를 통해 기계적 특성과 미세 구조를 분석하여 최적의 HIP처리 조건을 도출하고자 하였다. CM247LC 소재의 경우 가스터빈 블레이드의 대체 소재로써 시제품 제작을 위한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 특히 블레이드의 경우 고속의 회전체로 고온 및 고압의 운전 환경에 노출되어 손상 시 후단의 블레이드와 베인에 대해 추가적인 설비 파손을 야기하여 막대한 경제적 손실을 초래할 수 있다. 따라서, CM247LC 소재가 블레이드 시제품 제작에 사용되기 위해서는 미세구조와 기계적 특성에 대한 신뢰성이 확보되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 CM247LC 소재에 대한 기계적 특성 향상을 위해 전력연구원에서 설계한 기준에 따라 HIP처리 및 열처리를 수행하고 미세조직 특성 및 기계적 특성 분석을 통해 기존 1,300℃급 가스터빈 블레이드에 소재로 활용되고 있는 GTD111DS 소재와 기계적 특성을 비교 평가하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.19-20
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• 2011

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2022

일방향응고 초내열합금 CM247LC의 응고조건에 따른 조직과 기계적 특성을 고찰하기 위해 초기 응고조건을 인위적으로 변화시켜 일방향응고를 진행하였다. 초기 응고 조건은 알루미나 판의 삽입, 접종재의 삽입, Ni foil의 삽입과 냉각판에 직접 주입 등으로 조절하였으며, 이에 따라 초기 결정립의 수의 많은 차이를 보였으며 응고방향과 평행으로 성장하는 결정립의 형태 및 γ' 석출상의 크기 등에서도 많은 차이를 보였다. 냉각속도가 빠른 용탕의 냉각판에 직접 주입한 경우 많은 결정립, 미세한 γ'상 및 γ-γ'공정상 등이 나타났다. 빠른 냉각은 고체/액체 사이의 온도구배를 증가시켜 일방향응고 후 1차 수지상 간격을 미세하게 함으로써 우수한 인장특성을 갖게 하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.406-413
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• 2023

This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to analyze the surface oxidation phenomenon that accompanies a γ'-precipitate free zone in a directional solidified CM247LC high temperature creep specimen. Surface oxidation occurs on nickel-based superalloy gas turbine blades due to high temperature during use. Among the superalloy components, Al and Cr are greatly affected by diffusion and movement, and Al is a major component of the surface oxidation products. This out-diffusion of Al was accompanied by γ' (Ni₃Al) deficiency in the matrix, and formed a γ'-precipitate free zone at the boundary of the surface oxide layer. Among the components of CM247LC, Cr and Al related to surface oxidation consist of 8 % and 5.6 %, respectively. When Al, the main component of the γ' precipitation phase, diffused out to the surface, a high content of Cr was observed in these PFZs. This is because the PFZ is made of a high Cr γ phase. Surface oxidation of DS CM247LC was observed in high temperature creep specimens, and γ'-rafting occurred due to stress applied to the creep specimens. However, the stress states applied to the grip and gauge length of the creep specimen were different, and accordingly, different γ'-rafting patterns were observed. Such surface oxidation and PFZ and γ'-rafting are shown to affect CM247LC creep lifetime. Mapping the microstructure and composition of major components such as Al and Cr and their role in surface oxidation, revealed in this study, will be utilized in the development of alloys to improve creep life.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.629-630
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• 2006

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2020

Microstructural evolution during a heat treatment and high-temperature tensile properties have been investigated in conventionally cast CM247LC. In as-cast specimens, MC carbides with high amounts of Ta, Ti, Hf, and W were found to exist in the interdendritic regions, and γ' was observed in the form of cubes and octocubes prior to decomposition into cubes. In the heat-treated condition, some portion of eutectic γ-γ' remained, and uniform cubic γ' was observed in both interdendritic regions and dendrite core. Three types of carbides with different stoichiometries and compositions were found at the grain boundaries. MC carbides with high Hf contents were observed in the vicinity of eutectic γ-γ'. The highest tensile strength value was found at 750℃, whereas the greatest ductility appeared at 649℃. The effect of the temperature on the tensile properties was closely related to the dislocation structure. With increase in the test temperature, the density of dislocations inside γ' decreased, whereas that in the γ matrix increased. Stacking faults generated in γ' at 750℃ had a strengthening effect, whereas thermally activated dislocation motion at a high temperature was considered to have the opposite effect.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.505-515
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• 2021

일방향응고로 제조된 니켈기 초내열합금 CM247LC의 다양한 온도 및 응력조건에서 크리프 특성에 대해 고찰하였다. 열처리 후 일부 공정조직이 남아 있었으며 비교적 균일한 육면체의 γ'이 수지상 내부와 수지상간 영역에서 관찰되었다. 상대적 저온인 750℃의 고응력 크리프 영역에서는 1차 크리프 동안 많은 변형이 발생하였으나 고온으로 갈수록 3차 크리프 구간이 크리프 변형시간의 대부분을 차지함을 알 수 있었다. 저온 고응력에서는 부분 전위가 γ'으로 진입하며 적층결함을 γ'내에 생성시켰으며 초기 크리프 변형속도가 증가하는 부분이 있었으나 850℃ 이상의 온도에서는 γ' 내부에서 적층결함이 관찰되지 않았으며 이는 적층결함에너지의 온도의존성 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 고온이어서 확산속도가 빠른 950℃와 1000℃에서는 γ'의 래프팅이 관찰되었다. 온도가 좀 더 낮은 850℃에서는 변형기구가 응력에 따라 다르게 나타나서 상대적으로 크리프 시간이 긴 저응력에서만 래프팅이 관찰되었다.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.193-203
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• 2013

The Ni-base superalloy CM247LC was directionally solidified (DS) using the Bridgman-type furnace to understand the effect of the chill plate on the microstructural evolution, such as dendrite arm spacing, microporosity, and MC-type carbide. The DS process was also modeled by the PROCAST to predict the solidification rate, thermal gradient, and resultant cooling rate in the entire length of the DS specimen. Due to the quenching effects of chill plate, four distinct areas were found to form in the specimen, in which the solidification rate was changed, during DS at a given withdrawal rate of 0.083 mm/s. Among the microstructural features investigated, the dendrite arm spacings and average size of the MC-type carbide near the chill plate were found to be influenced by the quenching effect of the chill plate. However, no significant influence was found on the size and volume fraction of microporosity, and the volume fraction of the MC-type carbide. The relationship between the microstructural features and the solidification variables was also analyzed and discussed on the basis of a combination of experimental and modeling results.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2011

The grain size and growth direction of a directionally solidified turbine blade were evaluated by the initial nucleation condition at the start block of directional solidification. The initial nucleation condition was controlled by inserting a Ni foil on the directional solidification plate of the directional solidification furnace. Fine grains with good orientation were obtained in the faster cooling condition at the start block. The nucleus number was compared with the cooling rate of the start block by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) analysis was performed to compare the melting point and undercooling for nucleation of the coarse nuclei and fine nuclei of the start block. The faster cooling condition at the start block showed more undercooling for nucleation and smaller size of nuclei which resulted in a fine grain with good orientation in the directional turbine blade.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to establish an anthropometric reference of the stomach for gastric cancer surgery and a modeling formula to predict stomach length. Materials and Methods: Data were retrieved for 851 patients who underwent total gastrectomy at the Seoul National University Hospital between 2008 and 2013. Clinicopathological data and measurements from a formalin-fixed specimen were reviewed. The lengths (cm) of the greater curvature (GC) and lesser curvature (LC) were measured. Anthropometric data of the stomach were compared according to age, body weight, height (cm), and body mass index. To predict stomach length, two multiple regression analyses were performed. Results: The mean lengths of the GC and LC were $22.2{\pm}3.1cm$ and $16.3{\pm}2.6cm$, respectively. The men's GC length was significantly greater than the women's ($22.4{\pm}3.1cm$ vs. $21.2{\pm}2.9cm$, P=0.003). Patients aged >70 years showed significantly longer LC than those aged <50 years ($16.9{\pm}2.9cm$ vs. $15.9{\pm}2.4cm$, P=0.002). Patients with body weights >70 kg showed significantly longer GC than those with body weights <55 kg ($23.0{\pm}2.9cm$ vs. $21.4{\pm}3.2cm$, P<0.001). In the predicted models, 4.11% of the GC was accounted for by age and weight; and 4.94% of the LC, by age, sex, height, and weight. Conclusions: Sex, age, height, and body weight were associated with the length of the LC, while sex and body weight were the only factors that were associated with the length of the GC. However, the prediction model was not sufficiently strong.