• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2019

Purpose: The study aims to provide basic data to enhance the health of paramedics responsible for patient transport and treatment by analyzing the exposure level of paramedics to electromagnetic waves generated by electric devices used in ambulances. Methods: The study measured electromagnetic waves in ambulances in N region from July to December 2018. ME3030B produced by German Gigahertz Solutions was used to measure these waves and the maximum value was selected by moving it slowly in various directions. Each measurement part was selected and the mean value was calculated by repeatedly measuring at 10-minute intervals three times in total: $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, and $3^{rd}$ phase. Results: Among the electrical devices installed in the patient room of the ambulance measured at distances of 1 cm or 30 cm, results showed a high level of electric waves at the inverter ($26.25{\pm}39V/m$) and high level of electromagnetic waves ($564.00{\pm}31.75nT$) at the ozone sterilizer. According to measurements toward the front near the driver's seat, results indicated high levels of electric waves ($3.67{\pm}1.15V/m$) and electromagnetic waves ($450.00{\pm}19.52nT$) at the black box hard drive. Conclusion: Electromagnetic waves within the ambulance were stable and not beyond the range that might impact human health. However, in the case of the black box hard drive ($3.67{\pm}1.15V/m$, $450.00{\pm}19.52nT$) located under the passenger seat, it may have a direct effect on the human body and, thus it is necessary to move it to a storage area further away from the paramedics to minimized the impact.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1388-1397
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• 2005

This study has been carried out to obtain information regarding to the food habits including health-related behaviors, the nutrition knowledge and the satisfaction on the dormitory food service. The subjects of this study were 758 college students (580 male and 178 female) residing in the dormitory in Ulsan. The data were obtained through questionnaire and interview, and were analyzed using the SPSS package program. the results of this study are as follows: The average age of the subjects was $20.7\pm2.3$ years old. The average height and weight of male were $175.2\pm5.0\;cm\;and\;69.4\pm9.6\;kg$, respectively. Those of female were $162.6\pm4.1\;cm\;and\;51.8\pm5.9\;kg$, respectively. The BMI value of male was $22.6\pm0.1$ which ranged within normal level, but that of female was $19.6\pm0.2$ which ranged underweight level. In the case of food habits, $26.0\%$ of total subjects always skipped a meal (especially breakfast). The main reasons for skipping meals were no time to eat, no appetite, and weight control. Most of subjects ($69.3\%$) have usually eaten snack after dinner, their most favorite food was noodle (ramen), and the next was pizza. With regard to the health care, there was a significant difference between male and female respect to smoking (p<0.001), drinking (p<0.01) and exercise level (p< 0.001). The mean food habit score of the subjects was $59.9\pm11.1$. Male students had a higher food habit score than female students (male: $60.6\pm10.9$, female: $57.7\pm11.4$), and the group residing longer period had a higher food habit score than the one residing shorter period. Average nutrition knowledge score of subjects was $7.8\pm1.8$. Gender, residing periods, monthly pocket money influenced on the nutrition knowledge score. Female had a higher score than that of male (P<0.001), and the group residing longer period had a higher score than the one residing shorter period (p<0.01), and the group who had more monthly pocket money had a higher score than the one who had less. No significant correlation was found between food habit score and nutrition knowledge score. In the case of dormitory food service, the total subjects showed high satisfaction scores for the sanitation and the atmosphere, while low scores for the menu and the quality of food service. This study may provide basic information on the eating habits and health-related behaviors of college students in dormitory. However, further studies and nutrition counseling are needed to improve food habits and nutrition knowledge.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5511-5515
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• 2012

Introduction: The nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) is a super family of transcription factors which plays important roles in development and progression of cancer. The present investigation concerns NF-${\kappa}B$ /p65 activity in human breast cancers with overexpression of ER, PR, HER-2/neu, as well as the significance of p65 expression with regard to menopausal status, stage, grade, tumor size, nodal status, and NPI of invasive ductal carcinomas in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: In this hospital based study 57 breast cancer patients attending a Breast Clinic of a reputed institute of Eastern India were assessed for p65 protein expression in breast tumor tissue samples by Western blotting. ER, PR and HER-2/neu expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 was significantly associated with advanced stage, large tumor size (${\geq}5$ cm), high grade, negative ER, negative PR, and positive HER-2/neu. High NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 expression was more frequent in patients with a high NPI ($NPI{\geq}5.4$, 84.6%) compared with low NPI (<5.4, 44.4%) and this association was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusion: NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 overexpression was associated with advanced stage, large tumor size, high grade, and high NPI which are poor prognostic factors linked to enhanced aggressiveness of the disease. NF-${\kappa}B$/p65 expression implies aggressive biological behavior of breast cancer and this study validates significant association of NF-${\kappa}B$ /p65 overexpression with negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status and overexpression of HER-2/neu oncoprotein. In our good clinical practice, patients with NF-${\kappa}B$ positive tumors need to be treated aggressively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-59
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• 2000

The present study was conducted to investigate the epidemiological properties of salmonellosis of poultry farms in Kyongbuk province during the relied from November 1998 to November 1999 And antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical characteristics of 120 Salmonella cultures isolated from chicken samples were also investigated. The results obtained through this study were summarized as follows, 1. Among 667,200 chickens of 31 flocks in 17 layer farms and 9 broiler farms, 61,350 chickens of 31 flocks were died with salmonellosis. The death rate of 25 farms varied from 0.1% to 75.0%, and the average death rate was 9.2%. 2. According to etiological agents, fowl typhoid was shown the most predominant outbreak among the salmonellosis during a year, which accounted for 8R.0%(22/25) of the total case 3. The serotypes of 120 Salmonella isolates were identified as 7 strains(5.8%) of S pullorum, 10 strains(8.4%) of S typhimurium and 103 strains(85.8%) of S gallinarum. 4. Most outbreak of fowl typhoid were prevalent on the layer chicken farms(77.1%), and the summer season(45.5%) also appeared the most hazardous season during the year. 5. It seemed that the Hyline breed(70.6%) was the most susceptible among the layer chicken breeds, and followed by Isabrown(23.5%), Tetra(5.9%) in order. 6. In layers, 76.4% of fowl typhoid occurred commonly from 14 to 40 weeks including the early laying peroid, but in broiler farms, all cases was outbreak within first second weeks. 7 All the strains of S pullorum were resistant to lincomycin(Lm), penicillin(Pm), and steptomycin(Sm), but sensitive to amikacin(Ak), ampicillin(Am), cephalothin(Ce), ciprofloxacin (CiP), chloramphenicol(Cm), colistin(Co), enrofloxacin(Enr), furazolidone(Fu), gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), neomycin(Nm), polymyxin(Po), and teracycline(Tc). All the strains of S typhimurium were resistant to Lm(100%), Pm(100%), Po(90%), and Sm(90%), but were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, CiP, Cm, Co, Enr, Fu, Gm, Km, Nm, and Tc. 8. Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of 103 strains of S gallinarum were also evaluated and their patterns were much more variable than others. All the strains of S gallinarum were sensitive to Ak, Am, Ce, Cip, Cm, Enr, Fu, Km, and Nm, but resistant to Lm(100%), and Sm(100%), 99(96.1%) to Co, 83(80.6%) to Pm, and 83(80.6%) to Po, 55(53.4%) to Gm, and 33(32.0%) to Tc. 9. The multiple drug resistance patterns of 120 Salmonella strains were CoLmPmPo Sm pattern(34.2%), CoGmLmPmPoSmTc(20.8%), CoGmLmPmPoSm(13.3%), CoGmLmSm(7.5%), LmPmSm(7.5%), LmPm(6.7%), CoLmSmTc(3.3%),, CoGmLmSmTc(1.7%), GmLmSmTc(1.7%), CoGmLmPoSm(0.1%), LmPmPo(0.1%), CoLm Sm(0.1%), and LmSm(0.1%), in order.

• Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing
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• v.20 no.sup1
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• pp.154-159
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• 2018

Purpose: There is a need for artificial intelligence which nurtures human intelligence as the prevalence of dementia and collapse of intelligence of human beings has become a social problem. Purpose of this study is to develop intervention technologies for maintaining cognitive health of older adults. Methods: The method named the Coimagination Method (CM) was proposed and has been developed in order to achieve goal. Conversation assistive technologies have been developed and tested based on the method. Results: The state of the art of the group conversation support system, and regular series of group conversation sessions for full-years with insights for healthy older adults are described in detail. Participatory approach has been applied to the design process for simultaneous research and implementation of the service. Both participants and practitioners have been maintaining their cognitive health for independent living. Conclusion: Findings imply that there exist potentially preventive types of dementia and intervention should be applicable for such types. Ways of thinking and living are gently intervened through understanding of personal values and broadening minds, which lead to improved quality of life.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.7
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• pp.657-674
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• 2012

This paper presents the effect of spatially-distributed rainfall on both rainfall-sediment-runoff and erosion or deposition in the experimental Cheoncheon catchment: upstream of Yongdam dam basin. The rainfall fields were generated by three rainfall interpolation techniques (Thiessen polygon: TP, Inverse Distance Weighting: IDW, Kriging) based only on ground gauges and two radar rainfall synthetic techniques (Gauge-Radar ratio: GR, Conditional Merging: CM). Each rainfall field was then assessed in terms of spatial feature and quantity and also used for rainfall-sediment-runoff and erosion-deposition simulation due to the spatial difference of rainfall fields. The results showed that all the interpolation methods based on ground gauges provided very similar hydrologic responses in spite of different spatial pattern of erosion and deposition while raw radar and GR rainfall fields led to underestimated and overestimated simulation results, respectively. The CM technique was acceptable to improve the accuracy of raw radar rainfall for hydrologic simulation even though it is more time consuming to generate spatially-distributed rainfall.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2011

Because the allowable current loading of buried electrical transmission cables is frequently limited by the maximum permissible temperature of the cable or of the surrounding ground, there is a need for cable backfill materials to be maintained at a low thermal resistivity during the service period. Temperatures greater than $50^{\circ}C$ to $60^{\circ}C$ may lead to breakdown of cable insulation and thermal runaway if the surrounding backfill material is unable to dissipate the heat as rapidly as it is generated. This paper describes the results of studies aimed at the development of backfill material to reduce the thermal resistivity. A large number of different additive materials were tested to determine their applicability as a substitute material. The results of Dong-rim river sand (relatively uniform) show that as water content level increases, thermal resistivity tends to decrease, whereas the thermal resistivity on dry condition is very high value($260^{\circ}C-cm/watt$). In addition, other materials(such as Jinsan granite screenings, A-2(sand and gravel mixture), E-1(rubble and granite screenings mixture) and SGFC(sand, gravel, fly-ash and cement mixture)) are well-graded materials with low thermal resistivity($100^{\circ}C-cm/watt$ when dry). Based on this research, 4 types of improved materials were suggested as the environmentally friendly backfill materials with low thermal resistivity.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.468-472
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• 2015

Background : Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Mill.) is a deciduous shrub belonging to the Solanaceae. The leaves are used as an alternative raw material replacing dried fruits associated with high production costs in many industires. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of drying temperature on the leaves used in the manufacture of functional products. Methods and Results : The leaves of Chinese matrimony vine were harvested when the plant height reached 60 - 70 cm in the spring and treated at four different temperatures ($40^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$, $60^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$). The time to reach the desiccation state of 20% was 63 h at $40^{\circ}C$, 37 h at $50^{\circ}C$, 17 h at $60^{\circ}C$ and 11 h at $70^{\circ}C$. The drying rate per hour was 1.28% at $40^{\circ}C$, 2.25% at $50^{\circ}C$, 4.94% at $60^{\circ}C$ and 7.60% at $70^{\circ}C$. No significant difference were observed in ash, crude fat, polyphenol or rutin content of treated samples. Crude protein and betaine content decreased with higher dry temperatures. Nitrogen free extract of the treated samples increased with higher drying temperatures. Conclusions : Taking into consideration drying time, drying rate, color value, energy consumption and functional ingredients is advantageous to dry the leaves of the Chinese matrimony vine at $60^{\circ}C$ using a hot air agricultural dryer.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.552-557
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• 2024

The actual swelling of AgInCd absorber might exceed the predicted swelling value after years of service in pressurized water reactors, and the chemical and microstructural changes of AgInCd absorber induced by transmutation reactions are the main reason for the swelling acceleration of AgInCd absorber. In the present study, a model for calculating the irradiation swelling of AgInCd absorber in nuclear control rods is developed according to chemical and microstructural changes of AgInCd absorber. In this model, the chemical compositions of AgInCd absorber as a function of the thermal neutron fluence are firstly calculated, and then the volume of AgInCd absorber after irradiation is obtained on the basis of the crystallographic parameters of phases in the AgInCd absorber, and the irradiation swelling of AgInCd absorber is finally calculated. The crystallographic parameters can be obtained by preparing the simulated AgInCd alloys and fitting the experimental data. The model calculating results of irradiation swelling are in good agreement with the actual swelling data in literature. More importantly, the present model can well explain the EPRI results of the acceleration in the diametral swelling rate above 6-8 × 10²⁰ n/cm² and the decrease in the diametral swelling rate above about 2 × 10²¹ n/cm².

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various growth substrates on the growth and flowering of hydroponically grown Freesia hybrid 'Gold Rich'. Perlite, peat moss and a perlite: peat moss mixture (1 : 1 ratio, v / v) were used as the growing media. The greatest plant height before flower bud differentiation was attained using mixed medium compared to the others. The type of medium used did not influence leaf number, mineral content or SPAD value in leaves. Flowering began at 137 days after planting in mixed medium, which was 13 days earlier than in perlite medium. The whole plant fresh weight was 21.3 g heavier in mixed medium than in perlite medium (40.9 g). A similar result was obtained for shoot length, with the highest value (96.6 cm) obtained in mixed medium, i.e., 20 cm higher than in perlite medium (76.6 cm). Floret number per plant was also the highest in mixed medium (14.4), i.e., 1.7 - times higher than in perlite medium. Therefore, among the substrates tested in this experiment, we recommend using mixed perlite: peat moss medium (1 : 1 ratio, v / v) for hydroponic culture of freesia, as the use of this medium improved the physical properties of the plants, producing the best results in terms of plant growth and cut-flower quality.