• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.43-65
• /
• 2023

In this paper, by using the difference analogue of Nevanlinna's theory, the authors study the shared-value problem concerning two higher order difference operators of a transcendental entire function with finite order. The following conclusion is proved: Let f(z) be a finite order transcendental entire function such that λ(f - a(z)) < ρ(f), where a(z)(∈ S(f)) is an entire function and satisfies ρ(a(z)) < 1, and let 𝜂(∈ ℂ) be a constant such that ∆_𝜂ⁿ⁺¹ f(z) ≢ 0. If ∆_𝜂ⁿ⁺¹ f(z) and ∆_𝜂ⁿ f(z) share ∆_𝜂ⁿ a(z) CM, where ∆_𝜂ⁿ a(z) ∈ S ∆_𝜂ⁿ⁺¹ f(z), then f(z) has a specific expression f(z) = a(z) + Be^Az, where A and B are two non-zero constants and a(z) reduces to a constant.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 1999

Background and Objective : Soft palate plays a great role in function of speech and swallowing. Ablation of tonsil cancer results in multi-demensional defect including soft palate in most cases and restoration of the postoperative oral cavity function is a continuing surgical challenge. Although a variety of techniques are available, radial forearm free flap has been known as an effective method for these defect, which offers a thin, pliable, and relatively hairless skin, and a long vascular pedicle. The aim of the present study is to report the speech and swallowing function test results of our 5 consecutive radial forearm free flaps used for tonsil cancers. Materials and Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 5 patients who were offered intraoral reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap after ablative surgery for tonsil cancers, from Dec. 1997 to Oct. 1998, and analyzed the surgical methods, complications, and speech and swallowing function test results. We have examined with modified barium swallow to evaluate postoperative wallowing function and articulation and resonance test for speech. Results : The tumor sizes by TNM stage(AJCC, 1997) were T1(1), T2(2), and T4(3). The paddles of flaps were tailored in multilobed designs from oval shape to pentalobed design and in variable size from 24$cm^2$ to 108$cm^2$(average size = 78.4$cm^2$), according to the defect after ablation. This procedures resulted in satisfactory flap success and functional results all but 1 case of flap contracture in 2 postoperative week, achieved early oral diet until 16-57 postoperative day(average, 28 days) and social speech. The oropharyngeal defect including soft palate reconstruction with radial forearm free flap might be an excellent method for the maximal functional results, after ablative surgery of tonsil cancer that results in multidimensional defect.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 2010

The electrical properties and defect states in ZnO substrates were studied during high-energy electron beam irradiations. 1 MeV and 2 MeV electron-beam with dose of $1{\times}10^{16}$ electrons/$cm^2$ were irradiated on Zn-surface of the sample. In the sample irradiated by 1 MeV, the leakage current was increased by electron-beam induced surface defects, while the enhancement of on/off property and the decrease of leakage current appeared in the 2 MeV irradiated sample. From the deep level transient spectroscopy measurements for these samples, it showed that the defect states with the activation energies of $E_c$-0.33 eV and $E_v$+0.8 eV are generated during the high energy electron-beam irradiation. Especially, it considered that the $E_c$-0.33 eV state related with O-vacancy affects to their electrical properties.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.304-313
• /
• 2010

Out of the tenth graders of K girl's high school in J city, 24 students whose %fat was over 30% were divided into 3 groups through Purposing Sampling. Groups A and B were exercise groups and C was the control group. Using Borg's RPE (rating of perceived exertion), RPE 15-17 (hard-very hard) $\times$ 3 sets were set up for group A, RPE 11-13 (fairly light-somewhat hard) $\times$ 3 sets were set up for group B, and both groups performed step aerobics (step box: 68cm in length, 28cm in width, 15cm in hight, 450g in weight) for 50-60 minutes a day, 3 days a week for 8 weeks in total. This research was conducted to find out the effects of various RPE in step aerobics on the immunologic function (neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, IgG, IgA, and IgM levels) of overweight female high school students. By using SPSS Ver. 14.0, a repeated two-way ANOVA was conducted to find out the effects of interaction between the groups and time period, paired t-test to evaluate data within each group, and pre- and post experiment difference rates (%diff) to perform one-way ANOVA for group comparisons. The following results were found. As for WBC, within group A, neutrophil, monocyte, basophil, and eosinophil levels increased, while lymphocyte levels remained the same. Within group B, eosinophil levels decreased while neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and basophil levels showed no differences. Within the control group, neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil levels decreased while lymphocyte and monocyte levels showed no differences. As for the group comparisons, neutrophil levels increased more in group A than group B and the control group. There were no differences in lymphocyte levels among the three groups. Monocyte levels increased more in group A and B than the control group. Basophil and Eosinophil increased more in group A than group B and the control group. As for immunoglobin, within group A, the IgG level increased but the levels of IgA and IgM did not change. Within group B, the IgA level increased but the level of IgG decreased, and the level of IgM did not change. Within the control group, the IgG level decreased but the levels of IgA and IgM did not change. As for the group comparisons, the level of IgA increased more in group A than the control group, and the level of IgG increased more in group A than group B and the control group, but levels of IgM among the three groups did not show any difference. In summary, WBC and Ig levels showed that the three groups remained at the reference interval even after the exercise program. However, group A, which performed RPE 15-17 in step aerobics, showed increase in more measured items than the other groups, and this implies that the immunologic function has improved in the range of the reference intervals. Therefore, it will be effective to conduct step aerobics with the RPE 15-17 (hard-very hard) in order to increase the immunologic function.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2010

This paper describes a computer vision system based on active IR illumination for real-time gaze discrimination system. Unlike most of the existing gaze discrimination techniques, which often require assuming a static head to work well and require a cumbersome calibration process for each person, our gaze discrimination system can perform robust and accurate gaze estimation without calibration and under rather significant head movement. This is made possible by a new gaze calibration procedure that identifies the mapping from pupil parameters to screen coordinates using generalized regression neural networks (GRNNs). With GRNNs, the mapping does not have to be an analytical function and head movement is explicitly accounted for by the gaze mapping function. Furthermore, the mapping function can generalize to other individuals not used in the training. To further improve the gaze estimation accuracy, we employ a reclassification scheme that deals with the classes that tend to be misclassified. This leads to a 10% improvement in classification error. The angular gaze accuracy is about $5^{\circ}$horizontally and $8^{\circ}$vertically. The effectiveness of our gaze tracker is demonstrated by experiments that involve gaze-contingent interactive graphic display.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 1990

Theoretical evaluations of the vertical displacement at the epicenter on the circular glass plate have been carried out in the case of the unit point loading(1 dyne force strength) with the Heaviside step-function time dependency. Acoustic emission signals generated during pencil lead($\Phi$=0.5mm, HB) fracture on the soda-lime glass($\Phi$=22cm, thickness=2.8cm) were observed by the optical Michelson interferometer with the stabilized circuit, and then the source function of the observed acoustic emission signals was analyzed by the deconvolution method. The source function of acoustic emission during pencil lead fracture had a 'dip' of~0.7$\mu$sec duration time at the front portion and a step function of~0.5$\mu$sec rise time with a force strength of~4.5N.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.53-62
• /
• 2022

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a real-time pressure feedback provided during gait training on the weight weight distribution of the inner part of mid-foot in paralyzed side and gait function in stroke patients. METHODS: A total of 24 patients with hemiplegic stroke in a rehabilitation hospital were randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. All participants (n = 24) performed 15 min of comprehensive rehabilitation therapy 5 times a week for a period of 4 weeks. Additionally, the experimental group and control group underwent gait training with a real time feedback and general gait training, respectively, for 15 min five times a week for 4 weeks. Weight distribution and gait function were measured before and after the 4-week training. RESULTS: Significant increases in the weight distribution (WD), stance time (ST) and step length (SL) of the paralyzed side, and a significant decrease in the 10 m walking test (10 MWT) observed after training in the two groups (p < .05). The experimental group showed larger changes in the all variables than the control group (WD, +10.5 kg vs. +8.8 kg, p < .05; ST, 12.8 s vs. 4.9 s, p < .05; SL, 4.9 cm vs. 1.7 cm, p < .05; 10 MWT, -3.5 s vs. -1.0 s, p < .05, respectively). CONCLUSION: Gait training with a real-time feedback might be effective in improving the normalization of weight bearing of the paralyzed lower extremity and gait function of stroke patients, and be considered to be a more effective gait training for improving the abilities than the general gait training.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.30 no.11
• /
• pp.1308-1313
• /
• 2001

Object : The goals of radiosurgery include preservation of neurological function and prevention of tumor growth. We document the results of gamma-knife radio-surgery for vestibular schwannoma. Method & Object : Eighty-two patients underwent stereotactic radiosurgery for an vestibular schwannoma from October, 1994 to December, 2000. Sixty-five of these patients were followed up for radiological and clinical evaluation. As pregamma-knife modality, surgical resection were done in 23 patients,and V-P shunt in 2 patients. Initial symptoms were headache(n=45), dizziness(n=16), tinnitus(n=17). While normal facial function(House-Brackmann grade 1) was present in 48 patients(73.8%), other patients showed grade 2 function in 8, grade 3 function in 7,and grade 4 function in 2. The Gardner/Robertson scale was used to code hearing function. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Mean tumor volume was $7.98cm^3$. Mean dose delivered to the tumor margin was 14.2Gy,and mean maximal dose was 28.3Gy. Results : Mean follow-up duration of 19.9 months. Thirty-five showed decrease(53.8%) in size, 19 patients(29.2%) stationary, 3(4.6%) initial decrease follow up increase, 5(7.6%) initial increase follow up decrease,and 59 patients (90.8%) were well controlled. Two patients experienced transient facial neuropathy, one transient trigeminal neuropathy, and one transient hearing deterioration. After gamma-knife radiosurgery, ventriculoperitoneal shunt was done in 4 patients. Conclusions : Gamma-knife radiosurgery can be used to treat postoperative residual tumors as well as in patients with concomitant medical problems in patients with preserved hearing function. Gamma-knife radiosurgery is safe and effective method to treat small, medium sized(less than 3cm in extracanalicular diameter), intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma, associated with low rate of cranial neuropathy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.1-18
• /
• 2000

For wedged photon beams, the variation of the wedge factor with field size was reported by several authors. However, until now such variation with field size had not been explained quantitatively. Therefore, the variation of the wedge factor was investigated by measuring outputs with field sizes increasing from 4 cm $\times$ 4 cm to 25 cm $\times$ 25 cm for open and wedged 6 and 10MV X-ray beams. The relative outputs for wedged fields to 10 cm $\times$ 10 cm have been obtained. The results show the Increase of the wedge factor caused by the change in fluence of high energy Photon beam with field size, up to 8.0% for KD77-6MV X-ray beam. This increase could be explained as a linear function of the irradiated wedge volume except small field size up to about 10 cm. In the cases of the narrow rectangular beam parallel to the wedge direction, the wedge factor decreases slightly with increasing field size up to about 10-15 cm due to a relatively reduced photon fluence from the change of the wedge thickness. We could explain the causes of a wedge factor variation with field size as the fluences of primary photon passed throughout the wedge, contributing to the dose at the central beam axis and that the fluences were affected by the gradient of the wedge with the change of field size. For clinical use, the formula developed to describe the wedge factor variation with field size has been corrected.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.82-92
• /
• 2000

The pH, EC and anion of stemflow in Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis were surveyed and analyzed in order to examine the relationship between watershed conservation function and flood control function of forest in quality and quantity in the Experiment Forests. College of Forest Sciences, Kangwon National University. The results were as follows: 1. pH values of rainfall ranged from 4.47 to 6.55(average: 5.39), and pH values of throughfall ranged from 4.07 to 6.25(average 5.45) for Q. mongolica and from 4.34 to 6.57(average : 5.62) for Q. variabilis, and thus pH values were not different between these two species. Also, pH values of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 4.08 to 6.13(average 5.17) and those of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 3.62 to 6.11(average : 4.68), and pH values of rainfall gave little influence on pH values of stemflow. But, pH values of stemflow in Q. mongolica and Q. variabilis appeard significantly lower in spring and than those in summer and autumn. 2. EC of rainfall was $3.0{\sim}62.6{\mu}s/cm$(average: $18.8{\mu}s/cm$), and EC of throughfall was $5.4{\sim}85.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $25.1{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. mongolica and $5.0{\sim}253.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $31.2{\mu}s/cm$) for Q. variabilis. Also, EC of stemflow from Q. mongolica ranged from 9.5 to $500.0{\mu}s/cm$(average : $81.8{\mu}s/cm$) and that of stemflow from Q. variabilis ranged from 11.5 to $534.5{\mu}s/cm$(average : $80.2{\mu}s/cm$). Seasonal EC of rainfall had little variation in the range of 20 to $30{\mu}s/cm$: EC of stemflow showed more than $100{\mu}s/cm$ from March to April and about $30{\mu}s/cm$ in summer period. Seasonal EC of stemflow varied so much and appeared high again from October to November. 3. $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations of rainfall and throughfall were from 1 to 15ppm. and $PO_4{^{2- }}$ concentrations showed 0.57ppm and 0.23ppm in rainfall, 0.08ppm in Q. mongolica and 0.14ppm, 0.12ppm and 1.19ppm in Q. variabilis. Also, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow were relatively higher than rainfall, and showed differences among seasons. $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentration of rainfall and throughfall were not possible to observe, but $PO_4{^{2-}}$ concentrations of stemflow ranged from 0.08 to 31.99ppm(average : 3.22ppm) for Q. mongolica and that of stemflow ranged from 0.06 to 12.28ppm(average : 1.93ppm) for Q. variabilis.