• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.24-39
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• 1976

The present study was undertaken to investigate the metabolic problems of high carbohydrate and cellulose diets of Korean. Forty males and same number of females of Albino rats, aged $45{\pm}5$days were divided into 95% high carbohydrate (H. CHO)group, 83.8% medium carbohydrate (M. CHO)group, 50% low carbohydrate (L. CHO) group and standard (Stand). group containing 72.2% sugar. Each group was divided into two again-1.55% cellulose group and non-cellulose group, 10 rats each of eight groups in both sexes. Cellulose was added to each of non-cellulose diets in the forms of spinach powder and rice bran. After 14 weeks the rats were sacrificed for chemical analysis and the results were elucidated as follows. (1) H. CHO+Cell. group showed the lowest value in body weight gained and shrinkage of almost all organs, in contrast with this group the L.CHO group showed higher body weight gained than Stand. group. M. CHO+Cell, group showed much the same body weight gained curve as Stand. group. (2) It was observed that cellulose group showed lower F.E.R and P.E.R value than non-cellulose group comparatively. (3) Total nitrogen retention and retention rate were decreaced in H. CHP groups compared with M. CHO or L. CHO groups. (4) The amount of feces was increased due to addition of cellulose to experimental diets and in accordance with the increasing total fecal excretion of nitrogen and glucose was also increased, especially noticeable in fecal glucose excretion. (5) It was noteworthy that serum cholesterol level was decreased due to addition of cellulose in H. CHO group and L. CHO group. (6) M. CHO+Cell. group was designed to reflect the average survey data of Korean diets and there was no significant differences on body weight gained, F.E.R, P.E.R, total nitrogen retention and hematology between M. CHO+Cell. and Stand. group. Total glucose excretion was increased due to dietary cellulose in M. CHO+Cell. group, but it seemed to be no metabolic problems in this group.

• 약학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.214-218
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• 2007

In the previous reports, we developed the CO5 by introducing genes for the first and second urea cycle enzymes, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I) and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) into the IBE cell lines producing erythropoietin (EPO). The CO5 have been found out to have 15-20% higher cell growth rate and produce 2-times more EPO than the parental cell line, IBE. To investigate the role of CPS I in CO5 cell line for the cell growth and amount of EPO, we knock-downed CPS I gene expression via siRNA treatment. Expression level of EPO in cell lysate of CO5 was 3-5 fold higher than that of IBE. After siRNA treatment, the cell growth of CO5 was decreased 8-21% and the EPO productivity in the cell Iysate was significantly decreased. However, these changes of the cell growth and EPO productivity were not observed in IBE. These results indicate that CPS I gene expression is important for the increased cell growth and EPO productivity of CO5 cell line.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.257-260
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• 2002

Dissolved oxygen level of cell culture media has a critical effect on cellular metabolism, which governs specific productivity of recombinant proteins and mammalian cell growth However, in the cores of cell aggregates or cell-immobilized beads, oxygen level frequently goes below a critical level. Mammalian cells have a number of genes induced in the lower level of oxygen, and the genes contain a common cis-acting element (-RCGTG-), hypoxia response element (HRE). By binding of hypoxia inducible factor-l (HIF-I) to the HRE, promoters of hypoxia inducible genes are activated, which is a survival mechanism. In this work, to develop a CHO cell capable of producing recombinant proteins in immobilization and high density cell culture efficiently, mammalian expression vectors containing human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) gene controlled by HRE were constructed and stably transfected into the CHO cells. In $Ba^{2+}$ -alginate immobilization culture, CHO/pCl/dhfr/2HRE-t-PA cells produced 2 folds higher recombinant t-PA activity than CHO/pCl/dhfrlt-PA cells without $CoCl_2$ treatment. Furthermore, in repeated fed batch culture, productivity of t-PA in immobilized CHO/pCI/dhfr/2HRE-t-PA cells was 121 ng/ml/day, total production of 0.968 mg/day at 11 days culture while CHO/pCIIdhfrlt-PA cells was 22.8 ng/ml/day. All these results indicate that HRE is very useful for the enhancement of protein productivity in mammalian cell cultures.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.288-294
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• 1996

CHO 세포를 0.5%, 1 %. 2%, 3%, 4% 및 5% 놓도의 FBSd를 함유한 MEMa 배지에 $1{\times}10^4cells/\textrm{cm}^2 와 2{\times}10^4cells/\textrm{cm}^2$의 초기 농도로 정치배양하여 세포 성장과 EPO 생산 특성을 조사하였다. 혈청 농도와 접종 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 세포 증식 속도와 최대 세포 농도가 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 적절한 혈청 농도의 선택이 세포 성장의 최적화에 필 요하다고 할 수 있다. 세포 성장 도중에 무혈청배지로 교환한 결과 세포 성장과 EPO 생산이 증가되었다. 배지를 교환하지 않았을 경우 세포 성장이 최대 ($2.1{\times}10^5cells/\textrm{cm}^2$)에 도달된 후 급격히 세포농도가 감소하는 높은 사멸율을 보이고, EPO의 최대 농도 도 2,380units/mL에 불과하였으나, 무혈청배지로 교환한 배양에서는 세포 성장이 크게 증가하여 $6.2{\times}105cells/$\textrm{cm}^2$의 최대 세포농도와 7,470units/mL 의 EPO 농도를 얻었다. 따라서 CHO 세포 성장과 E EPO 생산과는 상호 연관이 있으며, 세포배양으로 EPO 생산을 극대화하기 위해서는 CHO 세포의 고 농도 배양이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.128-136
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• 2003

Although tobacco smoke has been known to have genotoxicity as well as cytotoxicity, the sensitivity of the cell lines used against cigarette smoke is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the genotoxicity of several cell lines, which are routinely used in the in vitro assays, with cigarette smoke condensate(CSC) of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F. In the micronucleus(MN) induction assays, murine(CHO-K1, V79, BALB/c 3T3) cell lines and human(MCF-7, A549) ones were used. As a result, the CSC exhibited cytotoxicity with a concentration-dependent response in all cell lines. EC$_{50}$ of CSC in CHO-K1, V79, BALB/c 3T3, MCF-7 and A549 were 140, 125, 100, 116 and 109 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the spontaneous micronucleated cell(MNC) frequency was stable and reproducible in every cell lines tested in this study. The dose-response of various cell lines to the induction of MN by CSC was estimated using linear regression analysis. CSC(0～100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) caused a dose-dependent MN induction in CHO-K1, V79, BALB/c 3T3 and MCF-7 cell lines. Putting together all the data obtained and linear regression analysis of the data, we concluded that V79 cells are more susceptible to the accurate assessment of CSC-induced MN than the others.s.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.332-336
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• 2001

When parental Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell clones that are capable of producing thrombopoietin (TPO) were subjected to high methotrexate (MTX) concentrations, clonal variations in cell growth were apparent. In the clones that had no significant enhancement in specific TPO productivity (q$\_$Tpo/)when a higher level of MTX was administered, their growth was not depressed significantly nor their cell size changed significantly. On the other hand, those clones that showed a significant-enhancement in q$\_$Tpo/ at higher a MTX dosage, cell growth was depressed initially but recovered during successive sub-cultures. Furthermore, their cell size increased, which suggested that changes in cell size may be indicative of an enhanced q$\_$Tpo/. When the enhancement of the q$\_$Tpo/ of 9 clones after a high MTX dosage was plotted against the extent of the increase of their size, there was a linear correlation (γ$^2$=0.80, p<0.001, ANOVA), which suggested that an enhancement of q$\_$Tpo/ after high MTX administration can be measured by the increase in their cell size. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the selection of amplified CHO cell clones with enhanced q$\_$Tpo/ can be done upon their increased size and growth pattern. This facilitates the development of highly productive recombinant CHO cell lines.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 1993

Three cell lines, CHO, L929 and B16 which are non-tumorigenic and cancer cells, respectively, were first tested for their survival in the presence of radioprotective ginseng protein fraction(GPF0. The influence of three radioprotectors-CPF, cysteamine, and 1-Methyl-2-bis[(2-methylthio)vinyl] quinolinium iodide (MVQI) on DNA repair capacity of UV damaged cells survival test, the GPF showed higher cytotoxicity in L929 and B16 than in CHO cells. However, the degree of cell killing was also investigated by measuring $^3H$-thymidine incorporation of PUVA treated cells. In cell survival test, the GPF showed higher cytotoxicity in L929 and B16 than in CHO cells. However, the degree of cell killing was not high enough to consider it as an antitumorigenic agent. Variable results were obtained in the effects on DNA repair capacity depending on the protectors and cell lines used. In pretreatment, the presence of GPF and MVOI brought about a sinificant increase in the capacity in both CHO and B16 cells. However, in L929, the enhancing effect was not shown. In all three cell lines, cysteamine showed lower repair capacity than control, suggesting the primary damage reduction in stronger enhancing effects in L929 and B16 cells, while it was weaker in CHO cells. Here also cystemine hsowed a very little or no increase in the capacity in all three cell lines. These results demonstrate that GPF has mild cytotoxicity in tumorignic cells and that GPF and MVQI enhance DNA repair capacity of UV damaged cells, whether they are tumorigenic or not. On the other hand, cysteamine shows only damage reduction effect. Celles of different genetic origin seem to give different responses to the modifier and different modifiers may possibly work by different mechanisms.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.810-815
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• 2004

Many biological properties and the clinical potential of human interleukin-2 (hIL-2) draw much attention to its high-level expression in mammalian cells. Recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2) was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using the recently developed expression system which confers position-independent expression. Stable CHO cell lines carrying several hundred amplified copies of the rhIL-2 gene were easily obtained and rhIL-2 was expressed at high levels after selection with increasing concentrations of methotrexate. Interestingly, the insertion of the transcription terminator of the human gastrin gene into the downstream region of the gene for rhIL-2 considerably increased rhIL-2 expression. Using the expression system with the transcription terminator, it was possible to get a CHO cell line expressing the rhIL-2 at a very high level, about $11.4\mug/10^6$ cell/day, which is about 6 times higher than that previously reported. The biological activity of the rhIL-2 protein purified from the cell line was also confirmed by the cell proliferation assay.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2001년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.457-458
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• 2001

To determine the effect of ERp57 expression on thrombopoiein (TPO) productivity in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells, TPO producing rCHO cell line with doxycycline-regulated ERp57 expression \Vas developed. The Erp57 expression level could be regulated by addition of different concentrations of doxycycline to culture medium. The doxycycline concentration of I ${\mu}g/mL$ was high enough to suppress the ERp57 expression. Up to 5 ${\mu}g/mL$ doxycycline concentration used in culture medium, no observable cytotoxic effect of doxycycline was detected during culture. Overexpression of ERp57 、 vas found to increase the specific TPO productivity ($q_{Tpo}$) without growth inhibition, probably due to the chaperone-like activity of ERp57 in CHO cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권7호
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• pp.1342-1351
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• 2008

The feasibility of the use of Flp-mediated cassette exchange in the development of a CHO cell line, which produces erythropoietin (EPO) stably and largely, was investigated. A stable, high enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-producing clone was screened by extensive flow cytometric analysis. An EPO expression unit was targeted into the premarked locus of the stable parental clone by Flp-mediated cassette exchange and a correctly targeted clone (FC28T7) was obtained. The EPO production of FC28T7 was proven to be stable in long-term culture. Furthermore, the Flp-mediated cassette exchange did not alter the stable parental clone's characteristics concerning transgene expression level and stability. Taken together, the data obtained here indicated that the establishment of CHO cell lines stably producing a desired protein is achievable using Flp-mediated cassette exchange.