• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 1998

The toxicity evaluation of oriental herbal drugs is of great concern at present. Bojungchisup-tang (BCST, in Korean), a decocted medicine of oriental herbal mixture, is now well used in clinic at oriental hospitals for the treatment of edema of several diseases in practice. However, the toxicity of the oriental herbal decocted medicines such as genetic toxicity is not well defined until now. In this respect, to clarify the genetic toxicity of BCST, in vitro chromosome aberration assay with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblasts and in vivo supravital micronucleus assay with mouse peripheral reticulocytes were performed in this study. In the chromosome aberration assay, we used 5,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml BCST as maximum concentration because no remarkable cytotoxicity in CHL cells was observed both in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation system. No statistical significant differences of chromosome aberrations were observed in CHL cells treated with 5,000, 2,500 and 1,250 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml BCST for 6 hour both in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation. However, very weak positive result (6.5-8.0% aberration) of BCST was obtained in the absence of S-9 metabolic activation system at 5,000 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml BCST when treated for 24 hour, i.e. 1.5 normal cell cycle time. And also, in vivo clastogenicity of BCST was studied by acridine orange-supravital staining micronucleus assay using mouse peripheral reticulocytes. We used 2,000 mg/kg as the highest oral dose in this micronucleus assay because no acute oral toxicity of BCST was observed in mice. The optimum induction time of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETS) was determined as 36 hours after oral administration of 2,000 mg/kg BCST. No significant differences of MNRETs between control and BCST treatment groups were observed in vivo micronucieus assay. From these results, BCST revealed very weak positive result in chromosome aberration assay in vitro with CHL cells and no clastogenicity in micronucieus assay in vivo.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.75-78
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• 2014

Green tea and tea polyphenols have been studied extensively as cancer chemopreventive agents in recent years. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is widely recognized as a powerful antioxidant and a free radical scavenger. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of green tea catechins (GTC) on the Bleomycin- and Cyclophosphamide-induced cytotoxicity. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. In the protective effect of GTC, the cell viability was significantly increased by the treatment of GTC. Furthermore, GTC showed the higher protective effect than EGCG and vitamin E. These results suggest that GTC has the protective effect which is related to the prevention of cancer. Our studies show that the continuous presence of EGCG can reduce radical-induced DNA damage in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (CHL cells).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.150-155
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• 2005

The ethanolic extract of chestnut (Castanea crenata S. et Z., Fagaceae) inner shell (CISE) and one of its components, ellagic acid (EA), were evaluated for their protective effects against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) free radical generation and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA damage in a mammalian cell line. CISE and EA were shown to possess the free radical scavenging effect against DPPH radical generation, significantly. They were also found to strongly inhibit hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage from Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell, assessed by single cell gel electrophoresis assay and 8-hydroxy -2'-deoxy guanosine (8-OH-2'dG) assay. Furthermore, topical application of CISE [$12.5\%$(w/w) cream] and ellagic acid [$1.0\%$(w/w) cream] for 14 days potently inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) formation of mouse dorsal skin (a marker of lipid peroxidation) induced by ultraviolet B exposure. Therefore, CISE and its component, ellagic acid, may be the useful natural antioxidants by scavenging free radicals, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and protecting oxidative DNA damage when topically applied.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was to assessment the toxicity of Sipjeondaebo-tang(Shiquan dabu-decoction) by Chromosomalanomaly test. Methods : Sipjeondaebo-tang(Shiquan dabu-decoction) water-extract in vivo Chromosomalanomaly test was performed using chiness hamster lung cell line. Results : Sipjeondaebo-tang water extract was negative in Chromosomalanomaly test at the doses of 0, 625, 1250 and $2500{\mu}g/m\ell$ at 6h and 24h.(S9- fraction). Chromosomalanomaly test(S+fraction) was also negative at the doses of 0, 1250, 2500 and $5000{\mu}g/m\ell$. Conclusions : It was concluded that Sipjeondaebo-tang extract did not induce Chromosomalanomaly in the chiness hamster lung cell.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.133-137
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• 2007

The Strain TFM-7, Which has an antitumor effect, was isolated from Kefir and identified based on analysis using the API 50 CHL kit and 265 rDNA sequencing. Strain TFM-7 was confirmed to belong to the genus Kluyveromyces. Analysis of the 265 rDNA nucleotide sequences found strain TFM-7 to be related to Kluyveromyces marxianus. NRRL Y-828IT. K. marxianus. TFM-7 was cultured with potato dektrose broth medium at $27^{\circ}C$ for 72 hr, and its inhibition effects on the proliferation of seven tumor cell lines and a normal cell line were assessed using the MTT assay. The antitumor effects and growth characteristics of K. marxianus TFM-7 were investigated during a culture period of 7 days. By the $3^{rd}\;day$, K. marxianus TFM-7 showed a dry cell weight 2.39 g/L, a pH of 4.39, an ethanol content of 0.89%, and an inhibition effect on the proliferation of seven tumor cell lines above 50%, except for A-549 tumor cell line. K. marxianus TFM-7 was the most effective at inhibiting the growth of Hep-2 cell line among all tumor cell lines tested. Growth inhibition of a normal cell line, NIH/3T3, was less than 35%, suggesting a decreased level of cytotoxicity toward normal cells. These results indicate that K. marxianus TFM-7 may have used as a yeast strain with antitumor activity.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.129-138
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• 2012

We investigated an ecological impact of drought simulated by discharge depletion on the water quality and benthic diatom community in the indoor experimental channel. As artificial substrates slide-glass was installed in acrylic channel for 16 days. Channels were supplied continuously with eutrophic lake water with a discharge rate of 6 L $min^{-1}$ in duplication during the colonized period. And then during the discharge depletion period, three discharge rates were provided: NDF (No depletion of flow rate (Control): 6 L $min^{-1}$), LDF (Low depletion of flow rate: 3 L $min^{-1}$) and HDF (High depletion of flow rate: 1 L $min^{-1}$). Environmental factors in the water, such as suspended solid, Chl-$a$ and nutrients concentration, were measured with periphytic algae including AFDM (ash free dry matter), Chl-$a$ concentration and cell density at 1-day intervals. Light intensity increased significantly with discharge depletion (F=229.5, p= 0.000). $NH_4$-N concentration was highest at HDF. Suspended solid in outflowing water decreased at HDF (88%), LDF (97%) and NDF (99%), compared to inflowing water (100 %). Chl-$a$ in substrates increased more than two times at LDF and HDF than NDF (F= 8.399, p=0.001). Also AFDM and benthic diatom density increased significantly at LDF and HDF than NDF (F=9.390, p=0.001; F=6.088, p=0.007). In all experimental groups, $Aulacoseira$ $ambigua$, $Achnanthes$ $minutissima$ and $Aulacoseira$ $granulata$ were dominant species accounting for greater than 10% of benthic diatom density. The most dominant species, $A.$ $ambigua$ was highest at LDF, followed by HDF and NDF (F=8.551, p=0.001). In conclusion, the effect of drought simulated by discharge depletion in an artificial stream ecosystem caused significant changes on water quality and benthic diatom biomass. This result provides a useful data to understand the effect of draught on stream ecosystem in situ.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.138-143
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Azadirachta Indica extract(AIE) and Sophorae radix extract(SRE) are widely used as environment-friendly organic materials of plant origin in South Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, the in vitro micronucleus(vitMN) tests of two samples of AIE and SRE were conducted to evaluate their genotoxicity using the Chinese hamster lung(CHL) cell. This study was composed of two parts; cytochalasin B(cyto B) test and non-cyto B test. Mitomycin C and colchicine were used as positive controls. As a result, the incidence of micronucleus(MN) in all AIE and SRE treated groups increased in dose-dependent manner, but were less than 2.2% in 1,000 binucleated cells. In addition, there were no significant increases of MN incidence in all AIE and SRE treated groups, compared with the negative control group. CONCLUSION: Therefore, we suggest that AIE samples and SRE samples used in this study may have no genotoxicity in the in vitro micronucleus test using the CHL cells. In our previous study, we reported that AIE and SRE did not cause genotoxicity in Ames test. According to the genotoxicity battery system, we concluded that AIE and SRE used in this study have no genotoxic effects to humans.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.288-298
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• 2004

Benzimidazole pesticide carbendazim that is effective against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens is a protective, eradicant, and systemic fungicide. For genetic toxicity evaluation of carbendazim on DNA, genes and chromosome, were investigated with chromosome aberration, bacterial reverse mutation, micronucleus test in mouse born marrow and DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis. Substitution and frameshift mutation were not induce at variable concentration of carbendazim on Ames test with or without rat liver microsomal activation. For the result of chromosome aberration test, numerical changes of chromosome were detected at the concentrations higher than $4.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but structural aberration was not induced. Positive control, Mitomycin-C and captafol made a structural aberration, but numerical change of chromosome did not appear. In the micronucleus test for mouse born marrow, carbendazim was negative, but was weak positive in DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis because of increased DNA moving length of 20% to control.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.11-21
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• 2007

The recent investigation indicates that the kinetic constants for anionic ions were merely the result of ion exchange between the algae cell wall surface and the anionic ion. In this study, Zygnema sterile and Lepocinclism textra, floating flagellate alga as the dominant algae strains, were cultivated using HRABR(High Rate Algae Biomass Reactor) and the cultivation conditions were 24 hrs. and 12 hrs. irradiation and it was studied how this algal biomass acts on the biosorption mechanism of anionic N and P. Results are as follows : 1. Calculating the specific chl.-a growth rate using Michaelis-Menten model, the one of 24hrs. irradiation was about 55 times higher than the one of 12 hrs. irradiation 2. Calculating the specific chl.-a growth rate using Kuo model, the one of 24 hrs. irradiation was about 2.26 times higher than the one of 12 hrs. irradiation 3. Langmuir model can apply to the biosorption mechanism of anionic N and P in HRABP. 4. Regarding the chlorophyll-a concentration as unit weight of sorbent, the ion selectivity coefficients for N and P are as follows : $(NH_3-N)+(NO_3-N)$ in 24 hrs. irradiation ; 44.984 $PO_4-P$ in 24 hrs. irradiation ; 24.237 $(NH_3-N)+(NO_3-N)$ in 12 hrs. irradiation ; 1432.851 $PO_4-P$ in 12 hrs. irradiation ; 599.076

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

Stable isotope tracers were first applied to evaluate the Microcystis cell assimilation efficiency of bivalves, since the past identification method has been limited to tracking the changes of each chl-a, clearity, and nutrient. The filter-feeders (Sinanodonta woodiana and Unio douglasiae) were assessed under the condition of cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) blooms through an in mesocosm experiment using $^{13}C$ and $^{15}N$ dual isotope tracers. chl-a concentration in the treatment mesocosm was dramatically decreased after the beginning of the second day, ranging from 116 to $66{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. In addition, the incorporated $^{13}C$ and $^{15}N$ atom % in the S. woodiana bivalve showed higher values than U. douglasiae bivalves. The results demonstrate that U. douglasiae has less capacity to assimilate toxic cyanobacteria derived from diet. Our results therefore also indicate that S. woodiana can eliminate the toxin more rapidly than U. douglasiae, having a larger detoxification capacity.