• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1679-1683
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR) of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) genes and the serum eCG levels. Methods: SNPs in 5'-UTR of eCG genes were screened across 10 horse breeds, including 7 Chinese indigenous breeds and 3 imported breeds using iPLEX chemistry, and the association between the serum eCG levels of 174 pregnant Da'an mares and their serum eCG levels (determined with ELISA) was analyzed. Results: Four SNPs were identified in the 5'-UTR of the $eCG{\alpha}$ gene, and one of them was unique in the indigenous breeds. There were 2 SNPs detected at the 5' end of the $eCG{\beta}$ subunit gene, and one of them was only found in the Chinese breeds. The SNP g.39948246T>C at the 5'-UTR of $eCG{\alpha}$ was associated significantly with eCG levels of 75-day pregnant mare serum (p<0.05) in Da'an mares. Prediction analysis on binding sites of transcription factors showed that the g.39948246T>C mutation causes appearance of the specific binding site of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 forkhead homolog 2 (HFH-2), which is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the forkhead protein family of transcription factors. Conclusion: The SNP g.39948246T>C at the 5'-UTR of $eCG{\alpha}$ is associated with eCG levels of 75-day pregnant mare serum (p<0.05).

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2019

이번 연구에서 바리과 어종의 새로운 교잡종을 생산하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 능성어 (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) ♀${\times}$대왕바리 (Epinephelus lanceolatus) ♂ (CGGG)의 발생 양상, 부화율, 기형 발생률 그리고 부화 소요시간을 조사하고, 교잡종의 모계어종의 순종 (능성어 ♀${\times}$♂, CG)과 비교하였다. CGGG와 CG 수정란은 자외선 살균 해수가 채워진 5-L 용량의 비이커 9개에 3,000~5,000개/비이커의 밀도로 수용되었으며, 발생 기간 중 수온은 $23.5{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$ 그리고 염분은 32.1~32.8 ppt 였다. CGGG의 수정률과 부화율은 각각 $69.4{\pm}1.5%$와 $59.0{\pm}5.1%$로서 CG에 비해 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). CGGG는 비균등 난할, 배체 체형 기형 그리고 부화자어의 척추 기형이 높게 출현한 것을 제외하고, CG와 동일한 난발생 양상을 보였다. CGGG의 부화까지 소요 시간은 CG에 비해 약 2시간 느렸다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 CGGG는 수정률, 부화율 그리고 기형률 등 발생능력이 CG에 비해 낮았지만 부화자어의 대량생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2015

A 10-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the feasibility of using spent coffee ground (CG) as a potential feed ingredient for olive flounder. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and antioxidant enzyme activity were examined. A control diet was formulated and three other diets were prepared to contain 5, 10 or 15% CG (designated as Con, CG5, CG10 and CG15, respectively) by replacing for wheat flour. Two hundred forty fish ($104{\pm}0.7g/fish$) were allotted to 12 circular tanks of 400 L capacity at a density of 20 fish per tank and fed the experimental diets twice daily. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the CG5 diet exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance than those fed the control diet. Also, fish fed the CG10 diet had a comparable growth to that of the control group, but further increase of dietary CG inclusion level to 15% resulted in significant decrease of growth performance. Fish fed the CG15 diet showed significantly lower feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than other treatments. Significantly lower muscle protein content was observed in fish fed CG15 diet compared to the control. Significant reduction in plasma cholesterol concentration was found in fish fed CG15 diet compared to control. No significant changes were found in alkyle and superoxide radicals scavenging activities of plasma, muscle and liver among dietary treatments. Also, liver total protein, total antioxidant capacity, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not significantly influenced by dietary inclusion of CG. According to these results, we concluded that CG can be included up to 10% in the diet for olive flounder without any adverse effects on growth, feed utilization and antioxidant enzyme activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.864-872
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• 2017

eCG는 다른 포유동물에서 FSH와 LH의 활성을 나타내기 때문에 성선자극 호르몬 family에서 아주 특이적이고 많은 당쇄가 수식되어진 알파와 베타의 비공유결합으로 구성되어 있다. 유전자 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 생물학적 기능을 규명하기 위하여 말의 LH/CGR의 포유동물발현용 벡터를 구축하였다. 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 활성분석은 말의 LH/CGR가 일시적으로 발현되는 CHO-K1 세포와 지속적으로 발현되는 PathHunter Parental 세포를 이용하여 분석하였다. 유전자 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$는 CHO-K1 부유세포의 상층으로 효율적으로 분비되었으며, 분비량은 transfection 후 1일에서 7일까지 약 200 mIU/ml이었다. Western blot 분석결과는 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 분자량은 약 40-45 kDa으로 검출되었다. eLH/CGR가 발현되는 CHO-K1 세포에서의 cAMP분비량으로 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 활성을 분석하였다. 그 결과 cAMP농도는 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 농도의존적으로 증가하였다. eLH/CGR가 일시적으로 발현하는 CHO-K1 세포에서 $EC_{50}$ 값은 $8.1{\pm}6.5ng$이었다. 또한 일시적 및 지속적으로 eLH/CGR가 발현하는 PathHunter Parental 세포에서도 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$의 LH 활성 분석결과 높은 활성을 나타내는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이들의 $EC_{50}$ 값은 각각 $5.0{\pm}4.7ng/ml$, $4.5{\pm}5.2ng/ml$으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 결과에 의하면 재조합 $eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$는 말의 LH/CGR가 발현하는 세포에서 생물학적 활성을 나타난다는 것을 확인하였으며, PathHunter Parental 세포에서 지속적으로 발현되는 세포의 확보는 당쇄제거에 의한 재조합 eCG의 돌연변이등에 관한 기능적인 메커니즘을 밝히는데 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis the hypothesis that treatment with hCG (5,000 IU) at the time of embryo transfer would enhance pregnancy rates in recipients, and the concentration of plasma urea nitrogen(PUN) in recipients was related to the effect of hCG on the reproductive performance. Blood samples were taken according to experimental condition for the assessment of the endogenous plasma progesterone concentration and plasma urea nitrogen. Concentrations of progesterone in plasma were higher in cows treated with hCG on day 7(estrus=day 0) than in those untreated during 7∼43 days after insemination. The pregnancy rates were 65.5 and 54.6% for the hCG treated and untreated groups, respectively. In recipient group categorized with PUN concentration of <12 mg/이, the pregnancy rates were 68.8 and 46.7% for the hCG treated and untreated groups, respectively. The results suggest that hCG treatment at 7 days after insemination could be used to increase the pregnancy rate of embryo transfer, and transfer, and only the recipients with PUN concentration of <12 mg/dl were influenced by treatment with hCG.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.221-227
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• 1985

1984년 1월 l일부터 1985년 10월 30일까지 22개월간 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 산부인과에 자궁외 임신 진단하에 입원하여 수술을 시행 받은 환자중, 수술전에 ${\beta}$-hCG 효소면역 측정법에 의해 혈청 hCG 치가 측정된 34예의 최종진단 및 수술소견과 뇨 임신반응 검사의 판정결과를 중심으로 혈청 hCG 농도를 비교 분석 한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 1. 28예의 난관임신 전예와 계류유산을 동반한 황체파열 1예의 혈청 hCG 농도는 59 mIU/ml 이상이었으며, 나머지 황체파열 4예와 자궁부속기 농양 l예의 혈청 hCG 농도는 6.6 mIU/ml 이하이었다. 2. 난관임신 28예의 혈청 hCG 농도의 분포범위는 59~21, 980 mIU/ml로 22예(78.6%)에서 3,000 mIU/ml 이하의 혈청 hCG 치를 보였으며, 100 mIU/ml 이하의 저농도는 4예(14.3%), 6,500 mIU/ml 이상의 고농도는 6예 (21.4%)에서 관찰되었다. 3. 난관임신 28예중 복강내 유리혈액이 500ml 이하인 12예와 500ml 이상인 16예의 평균 혈청 hCG 농도는 통계적으로 유의성이 있는 차이가 없었다 (P>0.05). 4. 파열형 난관임신 15예의 평균 혈청 hCG농도는 비파열형 난관임신 13예의 평균 혈청 hCG 농도보다 통계적으로 유의성 있게 높았으나 (P<0.01), 각각의 분포범위에 있어서는 차이가 없었다. 5. 뇨 임신반응 검사의 자궁외 임신에 대한 양성율은 64%(16/25)이었으며, 가음성을 보인 9예의 평균 혈청 hCG 농도와 분포범위는 353mIU/ml와 59~933 mIU/ml 이었다. 이상의 연구결과로 미루어 보아 뇨 임신반응 검사는 근래 감도가 크게 향상되었음에도 불구하고 자궁외 임신에 대한 진단적 가치의 증대는 없었으며, ${\beta}$-hCG 효소면역 측정법에 의한 단일 혈청 hCG치는 자궁외 임신과 유사한 증상을 나타내는 복강 및 골반질환군에서 자궁외 임신의 진단을 완전히 배제함으로서 자궁외 임신을 조기에 진단할 수는 있으나, 정상 초기임신 및 유산과의 감별진단이나 혈청 hCG 치에 따른 자궁외 임신의 평가에는 한계가 있는 것으로 판단되므로, 보다 정확한 진단 및 평가를 위해서는 근래 널리 이용되고 있는 초음파 진단을 병행하고 혈청 hCG 치를 연속 측정하여 평가하는 방법이 시도되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.389-398
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• 1999

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of endogenous LH surge, GnRH agonist (GnRH-a) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as ovulation trigger on pregnancy rate by intrauterine insemination (IUI). Method: Patients received daily 100 mg of clomiphene citrate (CC) for 5 days starting on the third day of the menstrual cycle followed by human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) for ovulation induction. Follicles larger than >16 mm in diameter were present in the ovary, frequent LH tests in urine were introduced to detect an endogenous LH surge. Final follicular maturation and ovulation were induced by GnRH-a 0.1 mg (s.c.) or hCG $5,000{\sim}10,000$ IU (i.m.) administration except natural ovulation. Pregnancy was classified as clinical if a gestational sac or fetal cardiac activity was seen on ultrasound. Results: There were no differences in age, duration of infertility and follicle size, but more ampules of hMG were used in GnRH-a group compared to hCG 10,000 IU treated group (p<0.05). Lower level of estradiol ($E_2$) on the day of hCG or GnRH-a injection was observed in hCG 10,000 IU group than other treatment groups (p<0.01). The overall clinical pregnancy rate was 19.8% per cycle (32/162) and 22.2% per patient (32/144). Pregnancy rate was higher in natural-endogenous LH surge group (37.5%, 9/24) than GnRH-a (18.8%) or hCG treated group (20.9% & 13.9%), but this difference was not statistically significant. No patient developed ovarian hyperstimulation. Abortion rate was 22.2% (2/9) in hCG 5,000 IU group. Delivery or ongoing pregnancy rate was 37.5% (9/24), 18.8% (3/16), 16.3% (7/43) and 13.9% (11/79) in endogenous LH surge, GnRH-a, hCG 5,000 IU and hCG 10,000 IU treatment groups, respectively. Conclusion: These results support the concept that use of natural-endogenous LH surge in stimulated cycles may be more effective to obtain pregnancies by IUI than GnRH-a or hCG administration.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.5037-5041
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• 2015

Background: An hCG regression curve has been used to predict the natural history and response to chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease. We constructed hCG regression curves in high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) treated with EMA/CO and identified an optimal hCG level to detect EMA/CO resistance in GTN. Materials and Methods: Eighty-one women with GTN treated with EMA/CO were classified as primary high-risk GTN (n = 65) and single agent-resistance GTN (n = 16). The hCG levels prior to each course of chemotherapy were plotted in the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles to construct the hCG regression curves. Diagnostic performance was evaluated for an optimal cut-off value. Results: The median hCG levels were 264,482 mIU/mL mIU/mL and 495.5 mIU/mL mIU/mL for primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance GTN, respectively. The 50th percentile of the hCG level in primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance turned to normal before the 4th and the 2nd course of chemotherapy, respectively. The 90th percentile of the hCG level in primary high-risk GTN and single agent-resistance turned to normal before the 9th and the 2nd course of chemotherapy, respectively. The hCG level of ${\geq}118.6mIU/mL$ mIU/mL at the 5thcourse of EMA/CO predicted the EMA/CO resistance in primary high-risk GTN patients with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: EMA/CO resistance in primary high-risk GTN can be predicted by using an hCG regression curve in combination with the cut-off value of 118.6 mIU/mL at the 5thcourse of chemotherapy.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.691-702
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• 2011

최근 컴퓨터 그래픽스와 사용자의 인지를 결합한 다양한 연구들이 진행되고 있다. Cole 등은 미술가들의 라인 드로잉 데이터를 수집하여 기존의 CG(Computer-Generated) 라인 드로잉 알고리즘들이 미술가들의 드로잉 특성을 반영하고 있는지 비교하고, 사용자들이 어떤 라인 드로잉 알고리즘의 결과에서 형태를 효과적으로 인지하는지 평가하는 실험을 수행하였다. 그러나 라인 드로잉 알고리즘의 결과보다 BRDF 쉐이딩 모델이 적용된 결과에서 형태를 더욱 효과적으로 인지한다는 결과를 보였는데, 이는 음영이 형태 정보를 전단하기에 더욱 효과적인 요소임을 반증한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 물체에서 인지한 음영과 미술가들의 음영 표현, 그리고 CG 쉐이딩 알고리즘 간의 상관관계에 대해서 연구한다. 특히, 미술가들의 음영 표현 특성과 CG 쉐이딩 알고리즘에서 나타나는 특성에 초점을 맞추고 이를 정량적으로 분석한다. 본 논문에서 수집한 실험 데이터 및 분석 결과는 효과적인 형태 전달을 목적으로 하는 새로운 CG 쉐이딩 알고리즘을 설계하는데 활용한 것으로 기대된다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a heavily glycosylated glycoprotein composed of non-covalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. To study the function and signal transduction of tethered recombinant-eCG (rec-eCG), a single chain eCG molecule was constructed, and the rec-eCG protein was prepared. In this study, we constructed 5 mutants (${\Delta}1$, ${\Delta}2$, ${\Delta}3$, ${\Delta}4$, and ${\Delta}5$) of rec-eCG using data about known glycoprotein hormones to analyze the role of specific follicle stimulating homone (FSH)-like activity. Three amino acids of certain specific sites were replaced with alanine. The expression vectors were transfected into CHO cells and subjected to G418 selection for 2~3 weeks. The media were collected and the quantity of secreted tethered rec-eCGs was quantified by ELISA. The LH- and FSH-like activities were assayed in terms of cAMP production by rat LH/CG and rat FSH receptors. Then, the metabolic clearance rate analyzed by the injection of rec-eCG (5 IU) into the tail vein was analyzed. The mutant eCGs (${\Delta}l$, ${\Delta}4$, and ${\Delta}5$) were transcripted, but not translated into proteins. Rec-eCG A2 was secreted in much lower amounts than the wild type. Only the rec-eCG ${\Delta}3$ ($\beta$-subunit: $Gln^{94}-Ile^{95}-Lys^{96}{\rightarrow}Ala^{94}-Ala^{95}-Ala^{96}$) was efficiently secreted. Although activity is low, its LH-like activity was similar to that of tethered $eCG{\beta\alpha}$. However, the FSH-like activity of rec-$eCG{\beta\alpha\Delta}3$ was completely flat. The result of the analysis of the metabolic clearance rate shoed the persistence of the mutant in the blood until 4 hours after the injection. After then, it almost disappeared at 8 hours. Taken together, these data suggest that 94~96 amino acid sequences in eCG $\beta$-subunit appear to be of utmost importance for signal transduction of the FSH receptor.