• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.189-198
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was done to identify the relationship between the level of pain and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The subjects for this study were 222 patients registered in H University Hospital Rheumatoid Arthritis Center, and the period of data collection was from July 20, 2000 to August 30, 2000. The research instruments used in this study were the Graphic Rating Scale of Pain and the CES-D for depression. The cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the CBS-D scale was .89. Data analysis, was done by the SPSSWIN 10.0 program using descriptive statistics. The results are as follows. 1) The total pain score ranged from 0 to 147 with a mean score for pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of 72.64. 2) The total depression score ranged from 20 to 72 with a mean score of 39.86. 3) There was a significant difference in pain according to sex(F=5.26, p<.05) and education level (F = 3.59, p<.05). 4) There was a significant difference in depression scores according to sex (F=7 76, p<.05) and education level (F=3.02, p<.05). 5) The level of pain had a significant correlation with the level of education level(r=-.174, p<.01). The level of depression was significant correlation with the level of pain (r=.237. p<.01).

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2013

Objectives: Mental health has been shown to be linked with certain underlying physiological mechanisms. The objective of this cross sectional study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and brachial artery reactivity (BAR) in an understudied population: police officers. Methods: Participants were 351 police officers who were clinically examined in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Police Stress (BCOPS) study. BAR was performed using standard B-Mode ultrasound procedures. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Mean values of the difference between the baseline and maximum diameters of the brachial artery were determined across three categories of CES-D score using the analysis of variance and the analysis of covariance. p-values for linear trends were obtained from linear regression models. Results: The mean age (${\pm}$ standard deviation) of all officers was $40.9{\pm}7.2$ years. Women had a slightly higher mean CES-D score than men ($8.9{\pm}8.9$ vs. $7.4{\pm}6.4$) and a slightly higher percentage increase of BAR than men (6.90 vs. 5.26%). Smoking status significantly modified the associations between depressive symptoms and BAR. Among current smokers, mean absolute values of BAR significantly decreased as depressive symptoms increased after adjustment for age, gender, race/ethnicity, hypertension, and diabetes; the multivariate-adjusted p-values were 0.033 (absolute) and 0.040 (%). Associations between depressive symptoms and BAR were not statistically significant among former smokers or never smokers. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms were inversely associated with BAR among police officers who were current smokers and together may be considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among police officers. Further prospective research is warranted.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-98
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• 2000

농촌지역 60세 이상 노인 922명을 대상으로 CES-D(Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scales)를 이용하여 우울증의 유병률을 구하고 우울증과 관련이 있는 요인을 조사하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 60세이상 노인의 우울증 유병률은 남자 14.6%, 여자 24.4%로 전체적으로 20.5%로 나타났다. 2. 연령이 증가함에 따라 우울증 유병률은 증가하였으며 무학군과 배우자가 없는 군에서 우울증 유병률이 높았다. 3. 생활습관별로는 과거 및 현재 음주 또는 흡연군과 수면시간이 짧은 군, 신체적 운동을 안하는 군에서 우울증 유병률이 높았다. 4. 만성질환을 가진군과 자신의 건강상태가 나쁘다고 응답한 군, 마른 체형에서 우울증 유병률이 높았다. 5. 우울에 영향을 미치는 변수를 알아보기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 성별, 교육정도, 신체적 운동, 건강인지도, 현재의 체형에 대한 인식이 유의한 요인으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 노인들의 우울에 영향을 주는 요인이 인구사회학적, 신체적 요인임을 알 수 있어 향후 노인정신건강과 복지대책을 수립할 때 이러한 요인이 고려되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2020

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 여대생의 인지(자책, 숙고) 및 행동적 회피요인과 수면의 질의 관계에서 우울증상의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다 연구방법 : 본 연구는 지역사회 1,000명의 여대생을 대상으로 우울증상(CES-D), 반추적 반응(K-RRS), 인지-행동 회피(CBAS), 수면의 질(PSQI)을 평가하였다. 최종 분석대상은 총 947명이었다. 자료분석은 SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 22.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였다. 결과 : 첫째, 자책과 수면의 질의 관계에서 우울증상의 완전매개효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 숙고와 수면의 질의 관계에서 우울증상의 매개효과는 유의하지 않았으며, 숙고는 우울증상을 예측하지 않았다. 셋째, 행동적 회피와 수면의 질의 관계에서 우울증상의 매개효과가 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 행동적 회피는 수면의 질을 직접적으로 예측하였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 지역사회의 일반 여대생의 우울증상과 수면문제에 대한 자책의 더 병리적인 특성을 숙고와 비교하여 입증하였다. 또한 수면문제에 영향을 미치는 우울증상과 행동적 회피 요인의 주요한 역할을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1388-1394
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• 2004

Purpose. Korean women are likely to experience symptoms of depression, possibly due to socially fixed limitations on the roles that Korean women are expected to perform. Also if a Korean woman experinces negative relationship problem or stress in her family, she would feel responsible, which will worsen her depression. Nonetheless, much of the research on depression among Korean women has focused on menopausal women. This study aims to understand the depression of Korean women to provide fundamental data to develop nursing intervention method for promoting women's health. Methods. The present investigation assessed the prevalence and correlates of depression in a large sample of Korean women, aged 18 or older, from the general population. With a probability sample of 3312 women drawn from two areas in Korea, a survey, which contains the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and background, was completed. Results. According to CES-D classification criteria, $36.5\%$ of the women in the sample displayed either no depression or mild depression, $55.6\%$ exhibited moderate depression, and $7.8\%$ manifested severe depression. Significant bivariate relationships were observed between depression and each measured background variable except alcohol use. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the strongest combination of predictors of depression included income, menopausal, and marital status. Conclusion. The data support the premise that Korean women disproportionately experience elevated levels of depression. Consistent with the theory, depression may be related to social pressures to conform to the traditional roles. The study suggests the need for further research, primary prevention activities, and increased access to treatment.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2015

Objective : This study investigated the job stress and their association with depression and anxiety among Korean employees. Method : We retrospectively studied 80,842 employees, who receive regular checkups in the Health Screening Center of a one hospital from May, 2012 to April, 2013. A total of 73,975 people were analyzed, who completed a short form of Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results : Each of the seven subscales of KOSS was categorized into 4 quartile groups. Higher quartile of KOSS was associated with higher CES-D and BAI score an individual reported. The significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) in the higher scoring group compared to the lower scoring group for the effect of job stress on depression and anxiety remained after adjusting for age, sex, marital status, education, income, BMI, and smoking status. Conclusion : These results from a large number of respondents suggested that job stress might be related to depression and anxiety. Future investigations should design a prospective study to understand a causal relationship between job stress and psychiatric symptoms or disorders.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2007

Purpose: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with cardiovascular disease in Korea has rarely been studied, mostly due to the lack of a psychometrically validated disease-specific instrument. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a cardiovascular specific-HRQOL questionnaire (CD-QOL). Method: The CD-QOL was developed and validated as follows; item generation, pilot study, and psychometric tests. Patients were recruited from three-university hospitals. The patients were asked to complete the preliminary questionnaire comprising the content-validated items, SF-36, and CES-D. The NYHA and KASI classifications were used to classify the functional performance of the patients. The data was analyzed using correlation, factor analysis, multidimensional scaling, multitrait/multi-item matrix, ANOVA, and Cronbach's alpha. Result: Preliminarily, thirty-nine items were generated. Factor analysisextracted a five-factor solution with a total of twenty-two items. One item was deleted based upon the MDS. The remaining items were moderately correlated with the subscales of the SF-36 and associated with depression measured with the CES-D. The mean scores of patients in NYHA and KASI class I were significantly higher than those in NYHA and KASI class II or/and III, which suggested patients with better functional performance were likely to have a better HRQOL. Cronbach's alphas of the total and subscales were all greater than 0.70. Conclusion: The CD-QOL is a easily applicable instrument with excellent psychometric properties of content, criterion, factorial, convergent, and known-groups validity, and internal consistency reliability in Korean patients with cardiovascular disease.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2017

Objective : Several recent studies determined the associations of job stress with depression and suicidal idea, but the association between the number of job stress components and depression remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the associations of the number of components of job stress with depression and suicidal idea. Methods : We studied 194,226 participants who attended employee health screenings from January to December, 2014, and completely answered all the questionnaires, including the short form of Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS), the Center for Epidemiologic Study-Depression (CES-D) and suicidal idea. The presence of clinical depressive symptoms was defined as a CES-D score of ${\geq}21$. The subjects in the highest quartile of each subscale of KOSS were considered as suffering from each component of job stress. Chisquare tests, t-tests and logistic regressions were performed to compare study outcomes between groups. Results : When we included all seven components of job stress, there was no significant association of the number of the components with depressive symptoms, or suicidal idea. However, the prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal idea was increased only in three occupational stress subscales including job demand, job insecurity and occupational climate. When we analyzed only these 3 components of job stress, the number of job stress subscales was significantly associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal idea, even after adjustment for sex and age. Conclusion : The number of components of occupational stress was associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal idea, only in the related components.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.263-267
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• 2019

BACKGROUD/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is globally a major public health issue. Evidence suggests that elevated ferritin levels are associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between the serum ferritin level and depression in Korean male adults with respect to classification of the prevailing obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was a case-control study; subjects were classified into obese group (${\geq}25.0kg/m^2$, 28 subjects) and normal group ($18.5-22.9kg/m^2$, 27 subjects). A survey was conducted to assess the depression levels as per the guidelines suggested by the Center program for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D). Blood was collected from each group for assessing biomarkers, and isolated plasma was evaluated for fasting glucose, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, and ferritin levels. Data were analyzed, and groups were compared with respect to Body Mass Index (BMI), depression scale and biomarkers. RESULTS: The average depression score of the obesity group was 16.86, which was higher than the normal group (12.56). Subjects scoring more than 16 points comprised 53.6% of the population in the obese group, which was more than double that in the normal group, as assessed by the CES-D program. Furthermore, the serum ferritin level of the obesity group was 207.12 ng/mL, which was higher than that of the normal group (132.66 ng/mL). Lastly, the BMI appeared to be significantly correlated with both depression (r = 0.320, P = 0.017) and elevated ferritin levels (r = 0.352, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence of existing correlation between ferritin and depression with obesity.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

Objectives : The study aimed to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 epidemic on the mental health of elementary and middle school teachers, especially hwabyung, depression, and anxiety. Methods : The participants were teachers of three elementary schools and one middle school in Seoul. The survey was self-reported by online. The questionnaire included hwabyung scale, CES-D, and GAD-7. Results : The survey conducted from November 5th to December 3rd, 2020. A total number of 81 teachers replied to the survey. The hwabyung prevalence was 27.2% by hwabyung symptoms score. The mean hwabyung characteristics score was 30.10±10.55, the mean hwabyung symptoms score was 18.32±12.26. The depression prevalence was 44.4%, mean CES-D was 15.85±11.51. The anxiety prevalence was 43.2%, mean GAD-7 was 5.05±4.53. Conclusions : The survey showed that teachers had a high score of hwabyung, anxiety, and depression in the COVID-19 epidemic. The teachers were in need of help to improve their mental health.