• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

Rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process was used to make molsidomine (MOL) loaded peracetyl-β-cyclodextrin (PAc-β-CD) nanoparticles, which were collected into the air. The effect of the concentration of the drug PAc-β-CD (0.5 and 1 wt%), extraction temperature (45 ~ 60 ℃), nozzle length (5 ~ 20 mm) and internal diameter (ID) (50 ~ 150 μm) of a capillary, and spray distance on the particle size and morphology of the resulting particles were investigated. The interaction of a drug and PAc-β-CD was confirmed by ¹H-NMR spectroscopy while the particle size was measured by means of a scanning electron microscope. It was found that increasing the temperature from 45 ℃ to 60 ℃ and decreasing the nozzle diameter from 150 μm to 50 μm had an increasing effect on the average particle size, while increasing the spray distance led to a decrease in the average particle size at a constant pressure of 34.5 MPa and temperature of 45 ℃. With 0.5 wt% of PAc-β-CD, the capillary nozzle of short length (5 mm) and small ID (50 μm) gave the smallest size (165 nm). The obtained nanoparticles showed increased dispersity and solubility in oil. The oil suspension of the inclusion complex showed increased sustainability, which can increase the in-vitro controlled release time of the drug.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2010

Purpose: Currently, the two most influential gastric stem cell marker candidates are CD44 and CD133. The aim of this study was to make a comparison and determine the appropriate marker for use in gastric cancer stem cell research. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the expressions of CD44, CD133, and CD24 from the gastric cancer cell lines MKN45, MKN74, KATO-III, NCI-N87, SNU-1, SNU-216, SNU-601, SNU-638, and SNU-688 using flow cytometry. In addition, we measured the change in viability after applying 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) to the MKN45, MKN74, KATO-III, and NCI-N87 cell lines using a Cell Counting Kit 8. Results: CD133 expression was above moderate in the KATO-III, SNU-216, SNU-601 cell lines, whereas it was below 1% in the remaining cell lines. CD44 was expressed at levels above 5% in all gastric cancer cell lines. The effect of 5-FU on viability and CD133 or CD44 expression in the cell lines were not related. Conclusions: Expression of CD133 positive cells was insufficient in the gastric cancer cell lines. Therefore, of the cell lines tested, CD44 was the most appropriate tumor maker for research on gastric cancer stem cells.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2005

Stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) transplantation have been paid attention because of their powerful proliferation and pluripotent differentiating ability. Although umbilical cord blood (UCB) is well known to be a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells with practical and ethical advantages, the presence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in UCB has been controversial and it remains to be validated. In this study, we examine the presence of MSCs in UCB harvests and the prevalence of them is compared to that of endothelial progenitor cells. For this, CD34+ and CD34- cells were isolated and cultured under the endothelial cell growth medium and mesenchymal stem cell growth medium respectively. The present study showed that ESC-like cells could be isolated and expanded from preterm UCBs but were not acquired efficiently from full-terms. They expressed CD14-, CD34-, CD45-, CD29+, CD44+, CD105+ cell surface marker and could differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Our results suggest that MSCs are fewer in full-term UCB compared to endothelial progenitor cells.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.301-309
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• 2021

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy. It results from genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten-containing food. The prevalence and presentation of CD vary among populations. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of CD in children in Bahrain. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children diagnosed with CD in the pediatric department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, in 1988-2018. Their clinical, biochemical, serological, and histopathological findings were documented. Adherence to the recommended gluten-free diet (GFD) was assessed. Results: Of 86 patients with CD, 67 were included. The CD prevalence was 0.02%. A significant increase in prevalence in the last decade was observed (P<0.0001). Thirty-eight patients (56.7%) were males. The median (interquartile range) age at presentation was 4.45 (1.5-7.3) years. A family history of CD was positive in 13 out of 43 patients (30.2%). Pallor and failure to thrive were the most common presentations. The most frequent associated disease was iron-deficiency anemia in 23 patients (69.7%). Positive serology was found in 32 of 45 patients (71.1%). Marsh-Oberhuber type III was found in 16 of 35 patients (45.7%). Seropositive patients were significantly older (P=0.025) and had more severe duodenal histology (P=0.002). Adherence to GFD was poor in 27 patients (64.3%). Conclusion: This study revealed a significant increase in CD prevalence over the last decade. Atypical presentations were frequent. Most patients had poor adherence to GFD.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.351-367
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• 1996

In the field Of individual identification in forensic Science, if the body is charred, it is sometimes impossible to identify the morphologic changes and charred tissue such as blood, muscle and bone can not be identified by forensic microbiologic method such as DNA typing. So the author used the characteristics of teeth which is relatively firm compare to other organs and stable to external environment such as heat and also possess cells needed for the DNA typing. The author conducted the experiment on teeth to detect DNA related to individual identification regarding to temperature in which other charredorgans can not be detected. The experiment was done on 64 extracted third molars consisted of unheated ones, and heated teeth to $100^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ for 45 min, 90 min, and 120 min respectively and to $250^{\circ}C$ for 45 min. DNA was extracted from each tooth and amplified fragment length polymorphism procedure(AMP-FLPs) using polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was applied and observed for the matching DNA in HumTH01 and HumCD4 locus and the followings Are the results : 1. It was able to detect matching DNA in HumTH01 and HumCD4 locus in every teeth which no heating has been done. 2. It was able to detect matching DNA in HumTH01 and HumCD4 locus in every teeth heated to $100^{\circ}C$ for 45, 90 and 120 min. 3. It was able to detect matching DNA in HumTH01 and HumCD4 locus in teeth heated to $l00^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ for 45, 90, 120 min. 4. It was impossible to detect matching DNA in HumTH01 and HumCD4 locus in teeth heated to $250^{\circ}C$. So, it is possible to extract DNA from teeth that otherwise can not be extracted from other organs in the charred body and it can be concluded that teeth are highly reliable and applicatable as forensic odontology for individual identification.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

CD99 is known to be involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion. However, it remains unclear whether CD99 controls cell-extracellular matrix adhesion. In this study, the effects of CD99 activation on cell-extracellular matrix adhesion were investigated. It was found that engagement of CD99 with the stimulating antibody YG32 downregulated the adhesion of MCF-7 cells to fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV in a dose-dependent manner. The CD99 effect on cell-ECM adhesion was inhibited by overexpression of the dominant negative form of CD99 or CD99 siRNA transfection. Treatment of cells with $Mn^{2+}$ or by ${\beta}_1$ integrin-stimulating antibody restored the inhibitory effect of CD99 on cell-ECM adhesion. Cross-linking CD99 inactivated ${\beta}_1$ integrin through conformational change. CD99 activation caused dephosphorylation at Tyr-397 in FAK, which was restored by the ${\beta}_1$ stimulating antibody. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion by suppressing ${\beta}_1$ integrin affinity.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.111-129
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Coicis Semen Herbal-acupuncture solution (CS-HAS) at the Joksamni (ST36) on the collagen-induced arthritis in the DBA/1J mouse. The author performed several experiments to analyze the effects of CS-HAS on arthritis; change of the weight; the spleen size and adhesion rate; serum cytokine levels; serum antibody levels; changes of immunocyte counts; the histological changes of joint. Results : In the Coicis Semen Herbal-acupuncture (CS-HA), arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, and the degree of joint edema were decreased. In CS-HA, there was no weight loss. The size of the spleen, adhesion rate, and the edema and transformation of joint were lowered. In CS-HA, the levels of IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, IgG, IgM, and anti-collagen II in serum and the levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-10 in spleen were significantly decreased. In CS-HA, the expression ratios of $CD45^+$ to $CD3e^+$ and $CD8^+$ to $CD4^+$ were decreased. Also, the overall $CD4^+/CD8^+$ cell ratio was lowered in spleen. Ratios of the $CD4^+/CD25^+$, $CD45^+/CD69^+$ cells were decreased in lymph nodes. In addition, ratios of the $CD3^+/CD69^+$, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells were also decreased in synovium. In the histological study, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation, and collagen fiber destruction were decreased with CS-HA treated group. Conclusions : From the results mentioned above, it is suggested that CS-HA at the ST36 has several significant effects on the collagen-induced arthritis.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.46-55
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• 1999

This study compared the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal ions by crab shell, treated crab shell with 2N-HCl, treated crab shell with 4%-NaOH, chitin and chitosan.Using crushed crab shell, the heavy metal ions removal rates of $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were about 70-80% in 45minutes, but the removal rates of $Cu^{2+}$, $Cr^{6+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ was less than 10%, 10% and 30%, respectively. For the by-products crab shell by 2N-HCl treatment, it was shown that the removal rates of $Cu^{2+}$ and $Pb^{2+}$ were about 70-80% in 45minutes reaction. But, some problems were observed, that the contained protein in crab shell was changed into gel in the mixing solution after a few hours. For the by-products of crab shell by 4%-NaOH treatment, the removal rates of Pb and Zn were about 90% in 45 minutes, and those of capacity of chitin and chitosan powder was better than those of the other by-products. The more adding to the adsorbent dosages increased the removal rates, and the adsorption reaction was rapidly occurred in a few minute. Using 1.0 wt% chitin powder, the heavy metal removal rates were ordered $Cu^{2+}$(94%) > $Zn^{2+}$(89%) > $Cd^{2+}$(88%) > $Pb^{2+}$(77%) > $Cr^{6+}$(58%) in 45 minutes. Using 1.0 wt% chitosan powder, the heavy metal removal rates were ordered $Cu^{2+}$(99%) > $Pb^{2+}$(96%) > $Cd^{2+}$(79%) > $Zn^{2+}$(71%) > $Cr${6+}$(46%) in 45minutes. The degree of degree of deacetylation by prepared chitosan was 91%.The Freundlich adsorption isotherm of $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$, when it was applied to 1.0 wt% chitosan powder in minutes, can be acceptable very strictly. The equation constant (1/n) for $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ were 0.54 0.41 and 0.23 respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2009

Lupus is characterized by immunoregulatory abnormalities between T- and B-cells leading to autoantibody production and multiorgan injuries. We investigated whether bamboo culm extract (BC) ameliorates aberrant activation of T cells and B cells and attenuate production of IL-6 in pristane-induced lupus mice. Lupus was induced by i.p. a single injection of 0.5 ml of pristane in female BALB/c mice, which, later about 4 months, were used as a lupus model. The pristane-induced lupus mice and healthy mice were injected i.p. with BC 5 ${\mu}l$/kg or PBS once a day for 3 weeks. These results demonstrated that BC significantly decreased levels of serum and BAL IL-6 and production of IL-6 by macrophages with/without LPS, and downregulated expression of NKT cell and CD86+ CD45R/B220+, but not CD80+CD45R/B220+ and CD69+CD4+ in the splenocytes in pristaneinduced lupus mice. Moreover, BC greatly increased Con A-stimulated production of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ by splenocytes obtained from pristane-induced lupus mice. Therefore, our findings suggest that BC may ameliorate lupus pathogenesis in pristane-induced lupus mice via downregulation of aberrant activation of NKT cells and B cells and inhibition of production of IL-6.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2017

Various types of organic materials could affect differently immobilization of cadmium (Cd) and its uptake by plant grown in soil. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate effect of different organic materials in reducing Cd phytoextractability in contaminated arable soil. To do this, rice straw and composted manure were selected as organic materials and applied at the rate of 0, 15, 30, and $45Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in Cd contaminated arable soil with $6.5mg\;kg^{-1}$ of total Cd. Radish (Raphanus sativa L.) was seeded and grown for 50 days to evaluate Cd phytoavailability with different organic materials. Composted manure was more effective to decrease $1M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and increase pH of soil than rice straw. $One\;M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration significantly decreased with increasing application rate of composted manure. Tendency of Cd uptake by radish plant with application of different organic materials was similar to that of $1M\;NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and soil pH. Changes of soil pH with application of straw and composted might be one of factors to determine extractability and phytoavailability of Cd in this study. Radish yield significantly increased with up to $45Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of composted manure application but did not with straw application. In the view point of Cd phytoextractability and plant productivity, it is recommended to apply composted manure rather than straw in Cd contaminated arable soil.