• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.373-383
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• 2011

성 호르몬과 유사한 기능을 하는 것으로 알려진 내분비교란물질은 흰쥐 흉선세포에 세포자연사를 일으켜 흉선의 기능을 감소시키는 것으로 보고되고 있으나, 그 작용 기전에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 내분비 교란물질 중 하나인 Tributyltin(TBT)를 흰쥐에 투여한 후 흉선의 상피세포가 지방세포로 분화되는지를 조사하고, 이로 인한 T 세포의 세포자연사와 연관성을 조사함으로써 TBT가 흉선기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 3주령 된 암컷 흰쥐에 각각 TBT 1, 10, 25 mg/kg/day를 1주일 동안 경구 투여한 후, 흉선을 획득하여 무게와 세포 수를 측정하였고, 파라핀 절편으로 H&E 염색, TUNEL 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 real-time PCR 방법으로 상피세포 표지 유전자들, 지방세포유도 유전자들과 세포자연사 관련 유전자들을 비교 분석하였으며, 유세포 분석기를 통해 세포자연사 정도를 조사하였다. 흉선의 무게와 세포 수는 대조군과 비교하여 TBT의 농도가 높을수록 유의하게 감소하였다. H&E 염색 결과, TBT의 농도가 증가할수록 흉선의 크기가 감소하고 피질과 수질의 경계가 흐려짐을 관찰하였다. TUNEL 염색 결과에서는 대조군에 비해 TBT를 투여한 군에서 세포자연사가 증가하였으며, 유세포 분석결과에서도 TBT 농도 의존적으로 세포자연사가 증가하였다. Real-time PCR 결과, 상피세포 표지 유전자인 EVA, IL-7, AIRE, KGF는 TBT의 농도가 증가할수록 발현양이 유의하게 감소한 반면, 지방세포 유도와 관련된 유전자인 $PPAR{\gamma}$, aP2, PEPCK, CD36은 TBT의 농도가 증가할수록 발현양이 유의하게 증가하였다. 세포자연사와 관련된 유전자인 $TNF{\alpha}$, TNFR1도 TBT의 농도가 증가할수록 발현양이 유의하게 증가하였다. 위의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 내분비교란물질인 TBT는 흉선 상피세포에 직접적으로 작용하여 지방세포로 분화 유도시킴으로써 흉선의 기능을 상실케 만들면서 T 세포의 발달에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과는 지속적으로 노출되는 TBT가 흉선의 기능을 떨어뜨림으로써 면역력 저하를 유발시킬 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2002

연구배경 : 결핵의 방어면역에서 IFN-${\gamma}$는 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 완전결손이 있는 환자는 Mycobacterium 감염에 감수성이 높아서 매우 치명 적이다. 매우 드문 일부 Mycobacterium 감염에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 완전결손 외에 여러 종류의 부분결손들과 STAT1의 돌연변이들이 알려져 있다. 특히, IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 부분결손이 있는 환자들의 경우 병리학적 소견파 임상적 경과가 일반적 결핵과 유사한 소견을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 방 법 : 임상적 결핵환자에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 기능을 평가하여 대조군과 비교하였다. IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 이상이 있을 가능성이 가장 높은 파종성 결핵환자의 DNA에서 앞서 발표된 증례들에서 확인된 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용제와 STAT1의 유전적 이상을 확인하였다. 결 과 : 말초혈액 단핵구를 recombinant IFN-${\gamma}$ (100, 1000IU/ml)로 자극하였을 때 대조군과 환자군에 모두 HLA-DR과 CD64의 발현이 증가하였으나, 두 군간의 차이는 없었다. 대조군과 환자군에서 모두 LPS자극하였을 때 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산이 증가하였으며 IFN-${\gamma}$로 전처치 후에 다시 LPS로 자극하였을 때 TNF-${\alpha}$의 생산은 더욱 더 증가하였다. 그러나, 두 군간의 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 파종성 결핵 환자에서 기존에 알려진 IFNgR1과 STAT1의 돌연 변이를 확인하였을 때 특이한 이상소견을 발견할 수 없었다. 결 론 : 임상적 결핵에서 IFN-${\gamma}$ 수용체의 기능적 및 유전적 이상을 확인할 수 없었다. 기존의 연구에서 BCG와 NTM 감염과 관련 있는 것으로 알려진 IFN-${\gamma}$수용체의 이상 만으로는 임상적 결핵의 개체감수성을 설명할 수 없었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.567-586
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• 1997

Concentrations of several heavy metals in soils derived from black shale and slate have been reported to be higher than the average concentrations in non-polluted soils. This study describes and characterizes soil minerals, and investigates the distribution of heavy metals in soils, and then examines their relationship. Soils in the study area are mainly consist of guartz and feldspars with minor amount of kaolin, illite, vermiculite, chlorite and illite-vermiculite interstratified minerals. Mineral compositions are similar in mountain-, farmland-, and paddy-soils. The residual soils derived from sandy phyllites contain less illites than those from black shale and black slate. Heavy metals appear to be more concentrated in soils than in rocks. The concentrate ratios in soils to rocks ranges 1.1 times for Cr, 2 for Cu, 1.4 for Ni. The contour maps of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu contents using 0.43N $HNO_3$-extraction imply that these elements are highly concentrated in the soils near the past uranium exploration region, coal seams, black slate beds and tailings than other parts of the study area. The proportions of the day in most soils are less than 10%. In spite of small proportions of the clay, the concentrations of heavy metals from clay fractions to the total concentrations are high: 1~2.4 times for Co, 1.4~2.5 for Cu, 1.2~2.6 for Ni, 1~5 for Pb, 1~2.7 for Zn and 1.6~1.8 for Cr and V. The contents of organic carbons in clay fractions are also 1.5~3.9 times higher than in silt and sand fractions. Cu, Pb and organic carbons show positive relationship in all size fractions. In the size-fractionated soil profile samples, the contents of heavy metals and organic carbons show analogous trends with depth. For the clay fractions of soil profile samples, the contents of heavy metals with depth have analogous trends to abundances of vermiculites, which have the high CEC in main clay minerals.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1995

This study was carried out to observe how composting reaction proceed in the optimum composting condition and to understand the characteristics of final compost, when swine feces was amended with different bulking material. Sawdust, rice straw, and rice hull were selected as bulking materials and each of these was mixed with swine feces to obtain the optimum range of moisture contents and C:N ratio. To grasp the influence of newspaper on cornposting reaction when it flew into the composting site intentionally or accidentally, another composting reaction using newspaper as a bulking material was studied. In this experiment, raw material mixes containing the same amount of organic materials were put into 4 composting reactors and composted in the same environmental condition for 3 weeks from Aug. 1, 1994 to Aug. 22, 1994. The followings are the main results of this study. 1. The maximum temperatures reached at during cornposting reaction were 53.8$\circ$C, 51.9$\circ$C, 52.7$\circ$C, and 52.1$\circ$C in the reactor using sawdust, rice straw, rice hull, and newspaper as a bulking material respectively: Thermophilic temperatures were maintained for 72, 108, 108, and 111 hours in each reactor. Mean temperatures of reactors using sawdust, rice straw, rice hull, or newspaper as a bulking materials were 39.7$\circ$C, 39.5$\circ$C, 41.3$\circ$C, and 40.3$\circ$C, but no significant difference between these mean temperatures was observed(p>0.05). Each composter showed significant difference from room temperature(p<0.01), and the mean difference between them was 9.4$\circ$C. 2. Ash contents of each reactor increased rapidly in order of rice straw, rice hull, newspaper, and sawdust according to the pattern of second order function. This rate of increase seemed to result from structural characteristics of a bulking material. The absolute values of second order coefficient of these regression functions were 0.0199, 0.0159, 0.0157, and 0.0144 in each reactor using rice straw, rice hull, newspaper, or sawdust as a bulking material. 3. C:N ratio decreased as the reaction proceeded. Degree of decrease was in order of rice straw, rice hull, newspaper, and sawdust. This sequence was consistent with the increase rate of ash content. The ratios of initial C:N ratio to final C:N ratio were 0.45, 0.53, 0.64, and 0.75 in each reactor using rice straw, rice hull, newspaper, and sawdust as a bulking material respectively. From this ratios, it was possible to infer that all the composting reactions were completed. 4. Fertilizer content containing in the final compost was 1.61~2.20% of N, and 0.35~0.54% of P in dry weight base. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had the intermediate grade of N, but below the low grade of P excepting the newspaper amended compost(fall into the range of the low grade). 5. Heavy metal contents contained in the composts were analyzed. In case of Cd, the range of 0.58~1.11 $\mu$g/g was observed, and in case of Pb, the range of 24.76~39.53 $\mu$g/g was observed(in wet weight base). These values are below the permissible heavy metal level for compost of foreign countries.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.75-87
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• 1996

연구배경: 폐암은 우리나라 남자들의 악성종양중에서 2번째로 많으며, 수술요법이 가장 좋은 치료이나 대부분의 환자들이 진단당시 수술을 받을 수 없을 정도로 진행되어서 방사선치료(RT)나 항암치료를 동반한 RT를 받게되는데, 방사선-폐렴 및 폐섬유증의 발생이 제일 중요한 부작용이다. 방사선-폐렴은 대개 치료부위에 국한되어 발생하나 때로는 반대쪽에서까지 생기기도하며, Gibson 등은 RT후 양쪽폐에서 BAL액내 세포수 및 임파구가 증가한다고 보고하였다. 방사선-폐렴이 RT의 가장 중요한 제한요소이기 때문에 이의 발생을 조기에 진단하는 것이 환자의 예후에 매우 중요한 영향을 미친다. 이에 연구자들은 염증반응을 야기하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려진 접착분자(ICAM-1, CD18)들이 방사선-폐렴의 발생에도 작용을 하는지, 만일 한다면 이를 방사선-폐렴의 진단 및 예측인자로 사용할 수 있을 가를 살펴보고, 또 방사선-폐렴이 양측성으로 오는 가를 보기위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상: 조직학적으로 확인된 폐암으로 RT를 받을 환자 29예를 대상으로 하였는데 RT 전에는 16예에서, RT후 1~2개월에는 18예에서 BAL및 혈중 sICAM 농도를 측정하였다. 5예에서는 RT전 및 후에 BAL을 시행하였다. 결과: 7예에서 임상적으로 유의한 방사선-폐렴이 발생하였다. 전 환자군에서 보면, BAL 액내 총 세포수가 $20.2{\pm}10.2{\times}10^6\;cells/L$에서 $35.3{\pm}21.6{\times}10^6\;cells/L$(p=0.0344)로 증가하였으며, 임파구도 $5.3{\pm}4.2%$에서 $39.6{\pm}23.4%$로 유의하게 증가하였다(p=0.0001). 이러한 변화는 RT를 받은 쪽 뿐 아니라 받지 않은 쪽에서도 같이 일어났으며, 방사선-폐렴이 생긴 환자와 생기지 않은 환자 사이에서도 차이가 없었다. 혈중 sICAM농도와 BAL애내 농도는 RT전후로 유의한 차이가 없었으나(혈청: $378{\pm}148$, $411{\pm}150\;ng/ml$, BALF: $20.2{\pm}12.2$, $45.1{\pm}34.8\;ng/ml$) 방사선-폐렴이 발생한 환자들에서는 방사선-폐렴이 생기지 않은 환자에 비해 sICAM 유의하게 증가되었다(혈청: $505{\pm}164$ vs $345{\pm}102\;ng/ml$, p=0.0253, BALF: $67.9{\pm}36.3$ vs $25.2{\pm}17.9\;ng/ml$, p=0.0112). 또한 폐포대식세포(AM)에서의 ICAM-1 발현도도 RT후에 증가하는 추세를 보였으나 통계적 유의성은 없었는데(RMFI: from $1.28{\pm}0.479$ to $1.63{\pm}0.539$, p=0.0605), 방사선-폐렴이 생긴 환자들에서($2.10{\pm}0.390$) 방사선-폐렴이 생기지 않은 환자에 비해($1.28{\pm}0.31$, p=0.0002) 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 BAL 결과로 미루어 RT후에 대부분의 환자들에서 양측성으로 subclinical alveolitis가 발생한 확인하였다. 그러나 임상적인 방사선-폐렴은 훨씬 드물게 발생하고, AM의 ICAM발현도 및 혈중 sICAM농도는 이러한 임상적인 방사선-폐렴발생의 좋은 지표가 될 수 있다고 사료된다.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2006

재조합된 scFv lym-1의 세포결합 실험에서 높은 면역반응성을 보였으며, 비특이 반응에서 모항체인 IgG lym-1에 의해 결합이 억제됨을 확인하였고, 동물 영상을 통해 IgG보다 분자랑이 작은 scFv lym-1 항체가 빠른 체내대사율과 종양섭취율을 보여 방사면역진단에 유용할 것으로 보여진다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2003

It is the purpose of this study to investigate the change of stream water quality in upper stream of Dongjin river, and to give the basic information for the conservation of water quality. Water samples were taken periodically at 9 sampling sites during 8 months from March to October in 2002. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The water temperature and pH of stream water were ranged $9.0{\sim}29.4^{\circ}C,\;6.48{\sim}9.33$, respectively. The COD values of stream water was ranged from 0.60 to 19.06. The contents of T-N and T-P mainly affected by the livestock wastes, and agricultural activity were $1.88{\sim}6.74\;mg/L$, ND(not deleted)${\sim}0.50\;mg/L$, respectively. 2. The SS, DO and BOD values of stream water were ranged $0.4mg/L{\sim}274.0mg/L$, $0.5{\sim}6.0\;mg/L$, and $7.3{\sim}13.7\;mg/L$ respectively. 3. The cation is one of the important components in analysis of stream water quality. The contents of analysis, $Ca^{++},\;Mg^{++},\;Na^+$ and $K^+$ were ranged $1.96{\sim}11.08\;mg/L$, $1.21{\sim}6.16\;mg/L$, $3.38{\sim}18.44\;mg/L$, $1.12{\sim}7.96\;mg/L$, respectively. SAR was ranged $0.31{\sim}1.63$ below 2.0. The contents of cation showed in the order $Na^{++}>Ca^{++}>K^+>Mg^+$. 4. The contents of heavy metal Zn, Cu, and Pb were $ND{\sim}0.071\;mg/L$, $ND{\sim}0.012\;mg/L$, and $ND{\sim}0.043\;mg/L$, respectively. Cd was not detected in all samples. 5. As a result of these researches showed water quality in upper stream watershed of Dongjin river more affected by livestock wastes and living sewage than agricultural activity.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.360-364
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• 1998

전라북도내에서 생산된 천일염, 재제염, 가공염(구운소금, 죽염)의 pH, 수분 , NaCl, $SO_{4}^{-}$, 물불용성분, 산불용성분, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Hg를 분석하였다. 평균 pH는 천일염 8.00, 재제염 6.80, 구운소금 9.93, 죽염 10.35로 죽염의 pH가 가장 높았고 평균 수분은 천일염 10.7%, 재제염 5.65%, 구운소금 0.04%, 죽염이 0.13%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 평균 NaCl 함량은 천일염 84.3%, 재제염 96.0%, 구운소금 96.6%, 죽염 95.5%로 천일염이 가장 낮았고 $SO_{4}^{-}$ 평균 함량은 천일염 3.0%, 재제염 0.84%, 구운소금 1.53%, 죽염이 0.59%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 물불용성분은 천일염 0.14%, 재제염 0.001%, 구운소금 1.08%, 죽염이 1.98%로 죽염이 가장 높았고 산불용분은 천일염 0.08%, 재제염 0.001% 이하, 구운소금 0.11%,죽염이 0.21%로 물불용분 보다는 낮았다, 칼슘은 천일염 0.213%, 재제염 0.038%, 구운소금 0.163%, 죽염이 0.21%로 물불용분 보다는 낮았다. 칼슘은 천일염 0.123%, 재제염 0.038%, 구운소금 0.163%, 죽염이 0.198%로 천일염이 가장 높았고 마그네슘은 천일염 1.078%, 재제염 0.111%, 구운소금 0.478%, 죽염이 0.565%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 납은 천일염 0.78 ppm, 재제염 0.45 ppm, 구운소금 0.9 ppm, 죽염이 1.15 ppm로 죽염이 가장 높았고 카드뮴, 비소, 수은은 천일염, 재제염, 가공염(구운소금, 죽염)에서 모두 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 전라북도 내에서 생산되는 각종 소금의 일반성분의 함량은 차이가 있었으나 중금속을 중심으로 한 안전성에서는 문제가 없었다.

• 한국수의병리학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1998

The prevalence of primary liver carcinoma (PLC) is relatively high in Clonorchis sinensis (CS) endemic areas in Korea. PLC is a malignant tumor which can be subclassified into hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma(CC). CC has been associated with clonorchiasis, but it is unclear whether clonorchiasis is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis. This experiment was designed to investigate relationships between clonorchiasis and early changes of hepatocarcinogenesis. Sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 150g were divided into two groups of 8 rats in each. All rats were fed choline-devoid(CD) diet for 4 weeks. Group 1 was given 0.015-0.020% diethylnitrosamine(DEN) as drinking water for 1 week. After one week, the rats were treated orally with 1% N-acetylaminofluorene(AAF) (5 times per week for 2 weeks). Group 2 was treated equally to group 1 except for CS infection during AAF treatment. Two rats in each group were sacrificed at 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th week of the experiment. Livers were stained with OV -6, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and GST-p. Results were as follows: Group 2 livers showed more oval cell proliferation in parenchyma and portal areas at the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th weeks than did livers of group 1 (p＜0.01). PCNA was mostly localized in oval cell populations, rather than hepatocytes and biliary cells. The ratio of oval cells to hepatocytes was much higher in group 2 than in group l(p＜0.01 The ratio of hepatocytes to biliary cells is higher in group 2 than in group 1 (p＜0.05), More group 2 acidophilic foci reacted to GST-p monoclonal antibody than in the noninfected group. It appeared that CS infection promoted potentially precancerous acidophilic foci and oval cell proliferation.

• 한국전자파학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전자파학회 1999년도 제3회 전자장의 생체영향에 관한 워크숍
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• pp.173-186
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• 1999

Several epidemiological studies have suggested that residential or occupational exposure to power frequency magnetic fields (MF) might increase the risk of cancer. The objective of this study is to elucidate the possible carcinogenic effects of MF exposure using female Sprague-Dawley (Crj:CD)rats. A total of 360rats was randomly divided into 6 groups of 60 rats each. Two groups were served as a negative control (vehicle: sesame oil only) or a positive control (single oral administration of 7, 12dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; DMBA, 90mg/kg body weight at 50-52days of age). Other four groups were simultaneously exposed to 0 (sham-exposed) 7, 70 or 350 $\mu$T(rms), continuous circularly polarized 50HzMF, 22 hrs/day, 7 days/weeks for 30weeks from 8weeks of age. Experiment was conducted under SPF condition and in a blinded manner, Ten animals in each grout were served as satellite animals and their several hormonal concentrations in sera, such as melatonin and prolactin, collected at the midnight were measured. In addition, complete histopathological examination were performed in other 50 animals per each group. In the positive control group, the first mammary nodule was palpated at the 7th weeks of experiment in 5 out of 59 animals. Afterward, the incidence of palpable mammary nodules increased steadily and reached at 76% and 98% of live animals at 14weeks and the end of experiment in sham and 350$\mu$ T-exposed groups were not significantly different from those in the sham-exposed and negative control groups. Histopathologocally, most of palpable nodules were mammary tumors. The incidences of animals with mammary tumors per animals survived ant the end of experiment were 4.1 and 100% in the negative and positive control groups, and 0.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 6.0% in the sham-, 7, 70and 350 $\mu$T-exposed groups, respectively. These incidences in three MF-exposed groups were not significantly different from those in both the sham- exposed and negative control groups. Based on these results, it was not supported that continuous circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields at up to 350$\mu$T affect the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumors in female SD rats under the present experimental conditions.