• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.286-292
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronical exposure to high-level dusts on cellular immune function. Methods: The subjects were 110 male workers, among whom 60 were chronically exposed to high-level dusts in mica, limestone and iron mines. The remaining 50 were office workers. Ambient total, respirable dust and crystalline silica in the workplace were sampled using personal air samplers and analyzed according to NIOSH method 0500. Serum levels of hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxide and superoxide misutase activity were measured using absorption chromatography. The subpopulations of CD4+, CD8+, natural killer cells (CD16+) and CD3+ T-lymphocytes were examined by two-color staining using monoclonal antibodies. Results: The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was significantly higher in exposed workers and superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in control workers. No significant difference in numbers of T-lymphocyte subpopulations were observed between exposed and control workers. A significant correlation in exposed workers was observed among total dusts, respirable dusts and crystalline silica. Hydrogen peroxide was significantly correlated with total dust (r=0.720, p<0.01), respirable dust (r=0.770, p<0.01) and crystalline silica (r=0.678, p<0.01). Concentration of hydrogen peroxide showed a significantly negative correlation with numbers of CD8+ cells (r=-0.274, p<0.01), CD3+ cells (r=-0.222, p<0.01) and natural killer cells (r=-0.556, p<0.01). Conclusions: These results suggest that chronical exposure to high-level dust affects cellular immune function and effects might mediate through reactive oxygen species and inflammatory response.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.492-499
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• 2008

목 적 : H. pylori의 감염은 세균의 병독 인자, 숙주 인자, 환경 인자가 복합적으로 작용하여 다양한 위장관 병변을 일으킨다. H. pylori의 병리 기전으로 지금까지는 주로 세균의 병독성에 초점을 맞추었으나 최근에는 숙주의 위점막 면역반응이 주목을 받고 있다. 소아는 술, 담배, 약물과 같은 환경 인자의 영향이 적어 연구에 적합한 대상이며 감염 초기를 반영한다는 측면에서 중요한 의의가 있음에도 불구하고 소아에서 위점막 면역반응에 관한 연구가 거의 없다. 이에 H. pylori 감염 소아에서 위점막 림프구를 분석하여 소아에서 H. pylori 감염으로 인한 국소 면역반응의 특징을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : H. pylori 양성 소화궤양군 10명, H. pylori 양성 위염군 15명, H. pylori 음성 대조군 20명에서 얻은 위전정부 생검조직에서 hematoxylin-eosin 염색과 modified Giemsa 염색을 시행하여 개정된 시드니 체계에 따라 위염의 정도를 점수화하였다. 위점막에서 림프구 면역표현형을 알기 위해 CD3, CD4, CD8 T세포와 CD20 B세포에 대한 면역조직화학염색을 시행하였으며 점막 고유층에서는 400배 고배율 현미경 하에서 $0.0625m^2$ 당 양성 림프구 수를 기록하였고, 상피세포 내에서는 100개 상피세포 당 양성 림프구 수를 기록하였다. 결 과 : 림프구 침윤은 점막 고유층에서 상피세포 내보다 확연히 많았다. 점막 고유층에서 H. pylori 양성군에서 대조군에 비해 CD3, CD4, CD8 T세포와 CD20 B세포가 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.01) H. pylori 양성 소화궤양군은 위염군과 달리 대조군에 비해 CD8 T세포가 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 한편, 상피세포 내에서는 H. pylori 양성 소화궤양군과 위염군 모두 대조군에 비해 CD4 T세포가 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.01). H. pylori의 밀도, 다핵형 중성구의 활동성, 만성 염증 정도와 림프구 수는 점막 고유층에서 상피세포 내보다 더 밀접한 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론: H. pylori에 감염된 소아의 국소 면역반응은 주로 위점막 고유층에서 일어나며 T세포와 B세포가 함께 관여하였다. H. pylori 양성 소화궤양군에서 점막 고유층의 CD8 T세포가 유의하게 증가하여 임상질환과 점막면역의 연관성을 추정할 수 있었다. 향후 H. pylori 감염에서 국소 면역반응으로 야기되는 점막 손상, 연령과 인종에 따른 차이, 임상질환과의 연관성 등에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2005

Background: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is well-known soluble tumor marker frequently detectable in peripheral blood of carcinoma patients and considered as good target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. However, it is known that the induction of immune response to CEA is very difficult because CEA is a self-antigen expressed in fetal cells and weakly expressed in normal colorectal epithelial cells. To enhance anti-tumor immunity specific for CEA, recombinant CEA protein was modified using listeriolysin O (LLO) for endosomal lysis and trans activator of transcription (Tat) domain for transducing extracellular proteins into cytoplasm. Methods: After immunization using dendritic cells pulsed with Tat-CEA, both Tat-CEA and LLO, and both Tat-CEA and Tat-LLO, antibody titer to CEA and LLO, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and the frequency of IFN-${\gamma}$ producing T lymphocytes were measured. Results: Immunization using DC pulsed with both Tat-CEA and Tat-LLO protein showed the increasement of production of CEA-specific antibody in serum, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, the frequency of IFN-${\gamma}$ secreting T cells, compared with DC pulsed with both Tat-CEA and LLO. Furthermore the ratio of CD8+T cell to $CD4^+$ cell among CEA-specific T cells was increased in group pulsed with both Tat-CEA and Tat-LLO. Conclusion: These results suggested that DC vaccine using Tat-LLO could be used for the development of effective immunotherapy for the treatment of tumor.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.805-818
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• 1997

Immune responses of periodontal tissue may be regulated by products of sensory afferent nerve endings such as neuropeptides. Substance P(SP), a tachykinin neuropeptide, has been previously reported to stimulate the activities of T lymphocyte. Therefore, I examined the role of SP in IL-2 production and cell proliferation by using a homogeneous line of T lymphocytes(Jurkat and HuT78). Cell proliferation rate was determined by [$^3H$]-thymidine incorporation test, and IL-2 was quantitated by the growth rate of CD4+ IL-2-dependent T lymphocyte line CTLL-2. SP stimulated cell proliferation of T lymphocytes at the concentration of $10^{-12}$ and $10^{-8}$M in a biphasic bell-shape dose-dependent manner. However, SP alone did not induce IL-2 release at the concentration range of $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-14}$M. The upregulation of IL-2 release was observed when $10^{-12}$M SP was applied together with mitogens such as Con A or PHA+PMA on T cell lines, especially on Jurkat. Con A or PHA+PMA demonstrated to increase the rate of cell proliferation of Jurkat, which had shown to produce much amount of IL-2 indicating that mitogen-induced cell proliferation might be partially influenced by released IL-2. It was concluded that regulatory effects of SP on the immune/inflammatory response could be mediated through the costimulatory upregulation of IL-2 production and increase of cell proliferation of T lymphocyte.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of ESWTT on rheumatoid arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis mice model, the animals were orally administrated with the extract following by analyzing the changes of lymphocyte composition in spleen with flow cytometry. These results suggest as follows; 1. ESWTT decreased the total cell number of spleen at 400 and 200 mg/kg about 41% and 32%, respectively. 2. ESWTT reduced the number of CD19+ cells in spleen at 400 and 200 mg/kg about 51% and 46%, respectively. 3. ESWTT down-regulated the number spleen CD3+ cells approximately 26% at 400 mg/kg-treated group. 4. ESWTT decreased the number of CD3+/CD69+ cells in spleen at 400 and 200 mg/kg about 79% and 76%, respectively. 5. ESWTT reduced the number of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in spleen, however, the results were not significant. 6. ESWTT decreased the number of CD4+/CD25+ cells in spleen at 400 and 200 mg/kg about 60% and 56%, respectively. Taken together these results, ESWTT has an efficacy on rheumatoid arthritis through inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes such as B and T cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.17.1-17.16
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• 2023

Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), a latent Ag commonly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected host cells, is a target for adoptive T cell therapy in EBV-associated malignancies. To define whether individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes are used preferentially in EBV-specific T lymphocyte responses, LMP2A-specific CD8⁺ and CD4⁺ T cell responses in 50 healthy donors were analyzed by ELISPOT assay using artificial Ag-presenting cells expressing a single allotype. CD8⁺ T cell responses were significantly higher than CD4⁺ T cell responses. CD8⁺ T cell responses were ranked from highest to lowest in the order HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci, and CD4⁺ T cell responses were ranked in the order HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ loci. Among the 32 HLA class I and 56 HLA class II allotypes, 6 HLA-A, 7 HLA-B, 5 HLA-C, 10 HLA-DR, 2 HLA-DQ, and 2 HLA-DP allotypes showed T cell responses higher than 50 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/5×105 CD8⁺ or CD4⁺ T cells. Twenty-nine donors (58%) showed a high T cell response to at least one allotype of HLA class I or class II, and 4 donors (8%) had a high response to both HLA class I and class II allotypes. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between the proportion of LMP2A-specific T cell responses and the frequency of HLA class I and II allotypes. These data demonstrate the allele dominance of LMP2A-specific T cell responses among HLA allotypes and their intra-individual dominance in response to only a few allotypes in an individual, which may provide useful information for genetic, pathogenic, and immunotherapeutic approaches to EBV-associated diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2014

Recent findings, notably on adipokines and adipose tissue inflammation, have revised the concept of adipose tissues being a mere storage depot for body energy. Instead, adipose tissues are emerging as endocrine and immunologically active organs with multiple effects on the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis. Notably, compared with other metabolic organs such as liver and muscle, various inflammatory responses are dynamically regulated in adipose tissues and most of the immune cells in adipose tissues are involved in obesity-mediated metabolic complications, including insulin resistance. Here, we summarize recent findings on the key roles of innate (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils) and adaptive (regulatory T cells, type 1 helper T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells) immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity. In particular, the roles of natural killer T cells, one type of innate lymphocyte, in adipose tissue inflammation will be discussed. Finally, a new role of adipocytes as antigen presenting cells to modulate T cell activity and subsequent adipose tissue inflammation will be proposed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

Background: It is not clear whether ginseng affects cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced desirable immunosuppressive action. In this study, we evaluated the immunological influence of combined treatment of ginseng with CsA. Methods: Using CD4+ T cells from mouse spleens stimulated with the T cell receptor (TCR) or allogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we examined the differentiation of naïve T cells into T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and their cytokine production during treatment by Korean Red Ginseng extract (KRGE) and/or CsA. The influence of KRGE on the allogeneic T cell response was evaluated by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). We also evaluated whether signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT5 are implicated in this regulation. Results: Under TCR stimulation, KRGE treatment did not affect the population of CD4+interferon gamma ($IFN{\gamma}$)+ and CD4+interleukin (IL)-4+ cells and their cytokine production compared with CsA alone. Under the Th17-polarizing condition, KRGE significantly reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and CD4+/phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3)+ cells, but increased the number of CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)+ cells and CD4+/p-STAT5+ cells compared with CsA alone. In allogeneic APCs-stimulated CD4+ T cells, KRGE significantly decreased total allogeneic T cell proliferation. Consistent with the effects of TCR stimulation, KRGE reduced the number of CD4+IL-17+ cells and increased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells under the Th17-polarizing condition. Conclusion: KRGE has immunological benefits through the reciprocal regulation of Th17 and Treg cells during CsA-induced immunosuppression.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2004

Scutellariae Radix (Scu.), one of the immune-regulatory substances, is recognized to play the role in the metabolic process of inflammation, allergy and immunity. It has been traditionally used in the Oriental medicine to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water extracts of Scutellariae Radix on the spleen lymphocyte immune function in the Balb/c female mice treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis. Water extract of Scutellariae Radix (100 mg/kg) and sulfasalazine (50 mg/kg) were administrated orally for 2 weeks of experimental period. Mice were divided into three experimental groups randomly: DSS group (5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as control group, DSS ＋ Scu. (water extracts of Scutellariae Radix for 2 weeks after 5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as experimental group, and DSS ＋ Sulfasalazine group (Sulfasalazine for 2 weeks after 5％ DSS was ad libitum for 5 days) as positive control group. Levels of Ig A, Ig E, CD4$^{＋}$, CD8$^{＋}$, TNF-$\alpha$ and other cytokines were measured. Treatment of DSS for 5 days induced bowel inflammation and the treatment with Scu. water exteract and sulfasalazine significantly recovered the damage. The length of intestine of DSS group was significantly shorter than that of other groups. The serum and fecal concentration of Ig A of SS ＋ Scu group was higher than those of DSS group. The contents of CD4$^{＋}$ T cells was higher in the DSS ＋ Scu. group than the other groups and CD8$^{＋}$ T cells was the lowest in DSS ＋ Sulfasalazine group. The Ig A level of cultured supernatant of spleen lymphocyte was the highest, while the Ig E level was the lowest in SS ＋ Scu group. The concentration of TNF-$\alpha$, cytokine secreted from the Th1 cell in the supernatant spleen lymphocyte, was the highest in the DSS group and the lowest in the DSS ＋ Scu. group. The concentration of IFN-${\gamma}$ and ll...-12 was lower in the DSS ＋ Scu. group than those of the other groups. The concentration of IL-4 in the supernatant of spleen lymphocyte was the lowest in the DSS ＋ Scu. group but IL-10 was not significantly different. Based on these findings, water extract of Scutellariae Radix exhibited the inhibitory effect via IL-4 production thereby inhibited the production of Ig E and strengthened immune system, and alleviated injury in DSS- induced colitis mice model.

• 생약학회지
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• 제35권4호통권139호
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• pp.330-337
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• 2004

Based on the traditional application of Carthamus tinctorious L. (CF) as a component of Korean medicinal decoctions, in the present study, we investigated in vitro an immunomodulatory activity of water extract of CF(WECF). Water extract of CF significantly increased the in vitro proliferative responses of spleen cells (SPC). However, addition of WECF during anti-CD3 activation resulted in a significant decrease in SPC proliferation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that WECF addition chanced T and B cell frequencies in anti-CD3-activated spleen cell populations. Using purified cells, it was revealed that WECF is mitogenic to B cells but rather inhibitory to T cell Proliferation. Upon anti-CD3 stimulation, high concentration (1 mg/ml) of WECF significantly inhibited T cell proliferation until day 2 of stimulation. At day 3, anti-CD3-activated cells exposed to WECF recovered their proliferation to the level comparable to control. Although B cell proliferation was also inhibited in proliferation at day 1, it recovered sooner and then was rather augmented by WECF at day 3. These data indicate that WECF down-regulates lymphocyte proliferation at early phase of activation but T cells are more vulnerable than B cells to WECF, However, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells did not differ in WECF-mediated immunotoxicity. Data of propidium iodide (PI) staining showed that WECF accelerates activated T cell, but not B cell, apoptosis and WECF concurrently inhibited cytokine production of activated T cells. Taken together, WECF exhibits B cell mitogenic activity and differential toxicity more pronounced to T cells, suggesting a possible in vivo application of WECF for specific control of T cells without alteration of B cell activity.