• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.56-64
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• 2005

Two distinct CD3 homologue genes, $CD3\gamma/\delta\;and\;CD\varepsilon$, were isolated from a olive flounder leukocyte cDNA library and a BAC library. $CD3\gamma/\delta$ consisted of 961 bp encoding 178 amino acid residues, and $CD3\varepsilon$ consisted of 1006 bp encoding 164 amino acid residues. When compared with other known CD3 peptide sequences, the most conserved region of the two olive flounder CD3 chain peptides are the cytoplasmic domain and the least conserved are the extracellular domain. A phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequence grouped the two olive flounder CD3 sequences with $CD3\varepsilon$ and $CD3\gamma/\delta$, respectively. The olive flounder CD3 cluster (consisting of $CD3\varepsilon\;and\;CD3\gamma/\delta$) spans only 10.4 kb. The $CD3\varepsilon\;and\;CD3\gamma/\delta$ genes are oppositely transcribed only 3.8 kb apart. Both olive flounder CD3 genes have five exons. The two olive flounder CD3 genes were predominantly expressed in PBLs, kidney, spleen, and gills.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9945-9948
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• 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate Tim-3 expression on peripheral CD3-CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD3+CD56+ natural killer T (NKT) cells in lung cancer patients. Materials and Methods: We analyzed Tim-3+CD3-CD56+ cells, Tim-3+CD3-$CD56^{dim}$ cells, Tim-3+CD3-$CD56^{bright}$ cells, and Tim-3+CD3+CD56+ cells in fresh peripheral blood from 79 lung cancer cases preoperatively and 53 healthy controls by flow cytometry. Postoperative blood samples were also analyzed from 21 members of the lung cancer patient cohort. Results: It was showed that expression of Tim-3 was significantly increased on CD3-CD56+ cells, CD3-$CD56^{dim}$ cells and CD3+CD56+ cells in lung cancer patients as compared to healthy controls (p=0.03, p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively). When analyzing Tim-3 expression with cancer progression, results revealed more elevated Tim-3 expression in CD3-CD56+ cells, CD3-$CD56^{dim}$ cells and CD3+CD56+ cells in cases with advanced stages (III/IV) than those with stage I and II (p=0.02, p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively). In addition, Tim-3 expression was significantly reduced on after surgical resection of the primary tumor (p<0.01). Conclusions: Tim-3 expression in natural killer cells from fresh peripheral blood may provide a useful indicator of disease progression of lung cancer. Furthermore, it was indicated that Tim-3 might be as a therapeutic target.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1983

A pot experiment was conducted to clarify the Cd uptake and levels affecting yield loss according to the growth stages of rice plant. The cadmium was treated with several Cd compounds $Cd(NO_3)_2$, $CdCl_2$, $CdSO_4$, $CdCO_3$ and CdS at various concentrations of 0,5,10,25, and 50ppm in soils. The increasing rate of Cd compounds applied to soils increased the Cd content in plant as well as grains but the yield was decreased at high cadmium levels. Cd concentration in soil which could affect the yield decrease were 12.9ppm for $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 21.5ppm, $CdSO_4$; 25.8ppm, $CdCl_2$; 33.2ppm, $CdCO_3$; and 97.6ppm, CdS respectively. Cd concentration in soil reaching at 1ppm of Cd content in brown rice were 13.8ppm from $Cd(NO_3)_2$; 14.4ppm, $CdCl_2$; 16.9ppm, $CdSO_4$; and 19.2ppm, $CdCO_3$, respectively. Cd content in brown rice could be expected with the Cd content in plant at panicle formation stage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2685-2688
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• 2014

Background: To explore the prevalence of lymphocyte subgroups $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients with NSCLC were divided into different groups according to different clinical factors (TNM staging, pathological patterns and genders) for assessment of relations with $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and the surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. Results: Patients in the advanced group had evidently lower levels of $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ but markedly higher levels of $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ in peripheral blood than those with early lesions (p<0.05). In addition, NSCLC patients in the advanced group had obviously higher $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ NKG2D and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ NKG2A expression rates but lower $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ NKG2A and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ NKG2D expression rates (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between NSCLC patients with different genders and pathological patterns in expression levels of lymphocyte subgroups $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ and their surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A. Conclusions: Unbalanced expression of surface receptors NKG2D and NKG2A in $CD3^+$ $CD4^+$ and $CD3^+$ $CD8^+$ lymphocytes may be associated with a poor prognosis, greater malignancy and immunological evasion by advanced cancers, related to progression of lung cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.247-249
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• 2010

Foxp3 is a transcript factor for regulatory T cell development. Interestingly, Foxp3-expressing cells were identified in B cells, especially in CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells, while those were not examined in CD19(+)CD5(-) B cells. Foxp3-expressing CD5(+) B cells in this study were identified in human PBMCs and were found to consist of $8.5{\pm}3.5%$ of CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells. CD19(+)CD5(+)Foxp3(+) B cells showed spontaneous apoptosis. Rare CD19(+)CD5(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory B cell (Breg) population was unveiled in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suggested as possible regulatory B cells (Breg) as regulatory T cells (Treg). The immunologic and the clinical relevant of Breg needs to be further investigated.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.143-154
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• 2004

Background: CD27 is recently known as a memory B cell marker and is mainly expressed in activated T cells, some B cell population and NK cells. CD27 is a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Like CD40 molecule, CD27 has (P/S/T/A) X(Q/E)E motif for interacting with TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), and TRAF2 and TRAF5 bindings to CD27 in 293T cells were reported. Methods: To investigate the CD27 signaling effect in B cells, human CD40 extracellular domain containing mouse CD27 cytoplamic domain construct (hCD40-mCD27) was transfected into mouse B cell line CH12.LX and M12.4.1. Results: Through the stimulation of hCD40-mCD27 molecule via anti-human CD40 antibody or CD154 ligation, expression of CD11a, CD23, CD54, CD70 and CD80 were increased and secretion of IgM was induced, which were comparable to the effect of CD40 stimulation. TRAF2 and TRAF3 were recruited into lipid-enriched membrane raft and were bound to CD27 in M12.4.1 cells. CD27 stimulation, however, did not increase TRAF2 or TRAF3 degradation. Conclusion: In contrast to CD40 signaling pathway, TRAF2 and TRAF3 degradation was not observed after CD27 stimulation and it might contribute to prolonged B cell activation through CD27 signaling.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.345-350
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• 2005

Three-week old Commelina communis was transferred and grown in Hoagland solution containing $100{\mu}M\;Cd^{2+},\;100{\mu}M\;Cd^{2+}+100{\mu}M\;kinetin,\;100{\mu}M\;Cd^{2+}+100{\mu}M\;zeatin\;and\;100{\mu}M\;Cd^{2+},\;200{\mu}M$ zeatin for 7 days, and then a number of physiological activities were investigated. In control, the length of the stem of plants was increased to 4.7cm, but in $Cd^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}+kinetin,\; Cd^{2+}+100{\mu}M\;zeatin\;and\;Cd^{2+}+200{\mu}M$ zeatin treatments, the growth of plants were increased to 1.5cm, 2.1cm, 3.9cm and 4.3 em, respectively. In the treatments of $Cd^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}+kinetin,\;Cd^{2+}+100{\mu}M\;zeatin\;and\; Cd^{2+}+200{\mu}M$ zeatin, total chlorophyll contents were reduced to $26\%,\;24\%,\;15\%\;and\;3\%$, respectively, on the contrast to the control. In chlorophyll fluorescence experiments, Fv/Fm ratios were also reduced to $44\%,\;21\%,\;17\%\;and\;5\%$ in the light intensity of $2100{\mu}Mmole\;E\;m^{-2}s^{-1}\;by\;Cd^{2+},\;Cd^{2+}+kinetin,\;Cd^{2+}+$100{\mu}M\;zeatin\;and\;Cd^{2+}+200{\mu}M$ zeatin treatments on the contrast to the control. Water stresses were increased to 2.6, 1.7 and 1.2 times by $Cd^{2+},\; Cd^{2+}+kinetin\;and\;Cd^{2+}+{\mu}M$ zeatin. On the other hand, combination of $Cd^{2+}+200{\mu}M$ zeatin reduced water stress to $0.12\%$. In $Cd^{2+}$ accumulation experiments $Cd^{2+}$transports were inhibited to $33\%\; 48\%\;and\;70\%\;by\;Cd^{2+}+kinetin,\;Cd^{2+}+100{\mu}M\;zeatin\;and\;Cd^{2+}+200{\mu}M$ zeatin. Therefore, it could be concluded that zeatin clearly reduced the toxicities of $Cd^{2+}$ by reducing the absorption of $Cd^{2+}$.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1995

Several studies showed that the immunological factors such as CD4+ cell number, CD4%, CD8+ cell number and CD4/CD8 ratio and the serological factors such as, ${\beta}^2$-microglobulin(${\beta}^2$-MG), neopterin, soluble CD4, and soluble CD8 are related to the risk of development of AIDS. Especially, the CD4+ cell counts have been used to monitor progresson of HIV disease, to stratify, and to follow patients in clinical trials. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCP) in USA has made the CD4+ cell count as a part of the classification of HIV disease. It is composed of 3 categories such as 1, 2, and 3 which asr $\geq$ 500/$mm^3$, 200/$mm^{3} $\geq$ and < 500/$mm^3$, and < 200/$mm^3$, respectively. In this study, to estimate the differences of immunological factors between HIV-infected and normal human groups in Korea, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells, and the CD4/CD8 ratio were measured in 185 HIV-infected subjects and 140 healthy adult subjects. The lymphocyte subsets such as CD4+ T and CD8+ T were analysed by flow cytometer(FACStar) with two-color immunofluorescent stain using monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies. The absolute numbers and percentages of CD4+ T and CD8+ T and the CD4/CD8 ratio of HIV infected persons were $462\pm{277}/mm^3$, $18.2\pm7.7%$, $1,170\pm{534}/mm^3$, $47.0\pm10.6%$ and $0,43\pm0.26 whereas those of uninfected persons were $886\pm{299}mm^3$, $32.9\pm{7.0%}, 730{\pm}259/mm^3$, $26.8\pm6.4%$ and $1.31\pm0.46$(P<0.01). In addition, estimating the reference values of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets of Korean, the absolute numbers and percentages of CD4+ T and CD8+ T and the CD4/CD8 ratio of 140 healthy adults persons were measured and compared with those of foreigners. The reference ranges of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4％, CD8%, and the CD4/CD8 ratio and 1.31$\pm$0.46, respectively. The significant differences were not observed when compared with those of foreigners. However a little difference was observed in the percentages of CD4+ T and the absolute numbers of CD8+ T between the normal values of Korean and those of foreigners were $43.6\pm8.9%$, $560\pm{230}/mm^3$. This result can also be useful as a basic data for the treatment and surveillance of HIV-infected patients in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2015

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+ Tregs) have been shown to play a regulatory or suppressive role in the immune response and are possibly relevant to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the frequency of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in peripheral blood (PB) of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats during the development of arthritis, to determine whether their frequency is involved in the immunoregulation of this disease. The results showed that normal rats had similar frequencies of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in PB during the experiment time, expressed as a percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells among the CD4+ T lymphocyte population. In contrast, the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in CIA rats was found to change during the development of arthritis. In CIA rats, there is a significant negative correlation between the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and paw swelling (r=-0.786, p< 0.01). The relationship between the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T and immune activation was not found in normal rats. During the time course, the frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T was lower in CIA rats than in normal ones. The data suggest that the frequency of PB CD4+CD25+ Tregs may be a promising marker for arthritis activity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2011

Purpose: Exaggerated pro-inflammatory reactions during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) suggest the role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of KD. We investigated the profiles of T regulatory cells and their correlation with the clinical course of KD. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 17 KD patients during acute febrile and subacute afebrile phases. T cells expressing CD4, CD25, and Foxp3 were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the results were correlated with the clinical course of KD. Results: The percentage of circulating $CD4^+CD25^{high}Foxp3^+$ T cells among $CD4^+$ T cells was Significantly higher during the subacute afebrile phase than during the acute febrile phase ($1.10%{\pm}1.22%$ vs. $0.55%{\pm}0.53%$, P=0.049). Although levels of $CD4^+CD25^{low}Foxp3^+$ T cells and $CD4^+CD25^-Foxp3^+$ T cells were only slightly altered, the percentage of $CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^-$ T cells among $CD4^+$ T cells was significantly lower during the subacute afebrile phase than during the acute febrile phase ($2.96%{\pm}1.95%$ vs. $5.64%{\pm}5.69%$, P=0.036). Consequently, the ratio of $CD25^{high}Foxp3^+$ T cells to $CD25^+Foxp3^-$ T cells was higher during the subacute afebrile phase than during the acute febrile phase ($0.45%{\pm}0.57%$ vs. $0.13%{\pm}0.13%$, P=0.038). Conclusion: Decreased $CD4^+CD25^{high}Foxp3^+$ T cells and/or an imbalanced ratio of $CD4^+CD25^{high}Foxp3^+$ T cells to $CD4^+CD25^+Foxp3^-$ T cells might playa role in KD development. Considering that all KD patients were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), recovery of $CD4^+CD25^{high}Foxp3^+$ T cells during the subacute afebrile phase could be a mechanism of IVIG.