• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.1165-1173
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• 1998

The effect of oral iron supplementation was assessed on blood iron levels and Pb and Cd levels in erythrocytes, hair and urine of 101 Puchon 5th grade school children with suboptimal iron status. Treatment with 25mg of elemental iron per day for 8weeks resulted in a significant increase in the intake of most nutrients in addition to iron. Iron supplementation resulted in significant improvements in hemoglobin, MU, MCH, MCHC, serum ferritin, serum iron, TIBC, and transferrin saturation of subjects(p<0.05 - p<0.01) and cocomitantly lowered Pb and Cd levels in erythrocytes, hair, and urine(p<0.01). Regression analysis showed that only iron intake contributed to significant increases in hemoglobin and serum ferritin. It seems that 25mg of iron supplementation is safe and adequate to improve iron status in school children with suboptimal iron status and it also has the benefit of alleviating Pb and Cd status. (Korean J Nutrition 31(7) : 1165-1173, 1998)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

Immune responses associated with bacterial infection involve various inflammatory cells. Clinical symptoms and pathologic features are particularly influenced by the predominant cells Among inflammatory cells, T cells have the heterogenity. T cells may develop into the mature cells expressing the cell surface markers with different functions and T helper cells are categorized into Th1 and Th2 cells based on their different patterns of cytokine production. The objective of this study was to investigate the change of expression of surface markers on T cells and the Th1/Th2 immune response in pulpal inflammation associated with specific bacteria. We experimentally induced pulpal inflammation in rat incisors by drilling without coolant and innoculated with Streptococcus mutans (S.M. group), Porphyromonas endodontalis (P.E. group), or only sterile cotton (control group). After 1, 2, and 5 days, mandibular incisors were extracted and the pulp tissues were extirpated The expressions of IL-2 recepters (CD25) and ICAM-1 (CD54) on CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the pulps were determined using a flow cytometer, and the concentration of IL-2, IFN-$\gamma$ and IL-4 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were as follows: 1 In the S.M. group, CD4+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day and in the P.E. group, CD8+ cells were more increased at 2nd day than 1st day. 2. The percentages of CD4+, CD4+25+ and CD4+54+ cells were decreased in the pulp tissues at 5th day after irritation in all groups. 3. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+, CD4+/CD4+25+ and CD4+/CD4+54+ in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis were significantly lower than the other groups. 4. The higher concentrations of IFN-$\gamma$ than IL-4 in the pulps at 2nd day after irritation by P. endodontalis showed that T helper 1 reaction were predominant in the early stage of the pulpal inflammation induced by P. endodontalis. 5. The higher concentrations of IL-4 than IFN-$\gamma$ in the pulps at 1st day and 5th day after irritation by S. mutans were measured but the differences were not significant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.696-706
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to characterize serum immunoglobulins and lymphocytes subpopulations in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Holstein calves in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge from Escherichia coli. Fourteen calves received subcutaneous injections of E. coli LPS at 10 weeks of age, and six calves were injected with saline as a control. The concentrations of total serum IgG and the relative amount of LPS-specific IgG in calves challenged with LPS were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to control animals and LPS challenge significantly increased (p<0.05) the percentage of $CD5^+$ and $CD21^+$ T cells in PBMCs. Meanwhile, LPS challenge significantly increased (p<0.05, p<0.01) the percentage of $CD8^+$ and $CD25^+$ T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 7 and 14 Day-post LPS challenge (DPLC), respectively. The composition of $CD4^+CD25^+$ T cells and $CD8^+CD25^+$ T cells from calves challenged with LPS was also higher (p<0.05 and p = 0.562, respectively) than those of control calves at 14 DPLC. In conclusion, LPS challenge not only induces production of IgG with expression of B-cell immune response related cell surface molecules, but also stimulates activation of T-lymphocytes in PBMC. Our results suggest that LPS challenge in calves is a good model to elucidate cellular immune response against Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1687-1696
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• 2015

Supplementation with probiotics can protect against the development of food allergies by modulating the host immune response; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the allergy-reducing effects of regulatory dendritic cells (regDCs) induced by Lactobacillus paracasei L9 (L9) in β-lactoglobulin (BLG)-sensitized mice. The L9 supplement suppressed the aberrant balance of Th1/Th2 responses to BLG in mice, via upregulation of the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cell responses. The amount of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes increased by 51.85%. Furthermore, administration of L9 significantly induced the expression of CD103 and reduced the maturation status of DCs in mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleen. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) were activated by L9 in vitro, with an approximate 1.31-fold and 19.57-fold increase in expression of CD103 in CD11c+DCs and the level of IL-10 production, respectively, while the expression of CD86 did not change significantly. These data demonstrate that L9 reduced the BLG allergic sensitization, likely through regDCs mediated active suppression.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.264-269
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to investigate the removal efficiency of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) in rice and wheat flour by cooking and processing. After four times washing of rice grains with water, the removal ratios of cadmium and lead from artificially-contaminated samples were 39.271 and 34.9%, respectively. In cookingof rice grains washed three-times with water, the residue levels of cadmium and lead decreased to 85.7%, 83.0% in electric rice cooker and 74.51%, 72.6% in pressure rice cooker, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the removal of the metals between naturally-contaminated and artificially contaminated rice samples, and between the electric and pressure rice cookers. In baking of artificially-contaminated wheat flour into cookie and loaf bread, the removal ratios of cadmium and lead were negligible as expected. When knife-cut noodle was made from artificially-contaminated wheat flour and boiled in water, 75% of the metals were found in the noodle solids and only 25% of them were removed into the broth.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 2008

This study was initiated to elucidate the relation between the toxicity of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ and sludge age (Solids retention time, SRT). The effect of SRT on the toxicity of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ in activated sludge system was investigated with INT-dehydrogenase assay. Experimental results showed that the inhibitory effects of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ were reduced as the sludge age increased from SRT 5 d to SRT 25 d. It is noteworthy that the experimental results enabled to determine the relative toxicity of the tested metals depending on the sludge age. At the SRT of 5 and 9 days, the order of toxicity of the three metals to the activated sludge was $Cr^{6+}$ > $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ (the $IC_{50}$ value of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ was 16.15, 25.90, and 32.49 mg/L, respectively) and $Zn^{2+}$ > $Cr^{6+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ (the $IC_{50}$ value of $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$ was 39.12, 27.93, and 42.31 mg/L, respectively), respectively. However, the toxicity of three metals was almost same at the SRT of 14 and 25 days (the range of $IC_{50}$ in SRT 14 and 25 days was from 49.80 mg/ L to 53.44 mg/L among three heavy metals). This results would be explained by that the quantity of biopolymer formed in short SRT was small, whereas that in long SRT was large. Consequently, it is recommended that sludge age be maintained at long SRT in order to avoid the toxicity inhibition of heavy metals such as $Cr^{6+}$, $Zn^{2+}$, and $Cd^{2+}$.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.205-218
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this experiment is to study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Carthami Flos infusion solution(CTT-HAS). Methods : We injected Carthami Flos infusion solution into Chung-wan(CV12) of C57BL/6 mouse which is corresponding to human Chung-wan(CV12). We observed its effect on the number of $CD25^{+}/CD4^{+}$, $CD8^{+}/CD3e^{+}$, $CD69^{+}/B220^{+}$, $NK^{+}/CD3e^{+}$ cells in mouse PBMCs, the number of the pulmonary colony, and the effect on MST and ILS of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. Results Conclusions : 1. The spleen cells proliferation of the sample groups treated with CTT-HAS extract has increased significantly compared with that of the control group. 2. The percentage of the $CD25^{+}/CD4^{+}$, $CD8^{+}/CD3e^{+}$, $CD69^{+}/B220^{+}$, $NK^{+}/CD3e^{+}$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs of the sample groups treated with CTT herbal-acupuncture has increased compared with that of the control group. 3. The lung colony number of the sample groups CTT Herbal-acupuncture has decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 4. MST and ILS of the sample groups CTT herbal-acupuncture have increased significantly compared with those of the control group.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2004

Objectives and methods : To study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Sinomenii acuti Lignum infusion solution(SAL-HAS), we injected Sinomenii acuti Lignum infusion solution into Joksamni$(ST_{36})$ of C57BL/6 mouse which is corresponding to human Joksamni(ST36). We observed its effect on the number of $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in mouse PBMCs(peripheral blood mononuclear cells), the number of the pulmonary colony, and the effect on MST(mean survival time) and ILS(increase in MST over control) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. Results and Conclusions : 1. The spleen cells proliferation of the sample groups treated with SAL-HAS extract has increased significantly compared with that of the control group. 2. The percentage of the $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs of the sample groups treated with SAL-HAS has increased compared with that of the control group. 3. The pulmonary colony number of the sample groups SAL-HAS has decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 4. MST and ILS of the sample groups SAL-HAS have increased significantly compared with those of the control group.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.115-128
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• 2003

Objectives and methods :　Study the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Evodiae Fructus infusion solution, we injected Evodiae Fructus infusion solution into Zusanli(St36) of C57BL/6 mouse which is corresponding to human Zusanli(St36). We observed its effect on the number of $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in mouse PBMCs, the number of the pulmonary colony , MST and ILS of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. Results and Conclusions : The spleen cells proliferation of the sample groups treated with EDR-HAS extract has increased significantly compared with that of the control group. The percentage of the $CD25^+/CD4^+,\;CD8^+/CD3e^+,\;CD69^+/B220^+,\;NK1.1^+/CD3e^+$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs of the sample groups treated with EDR herbal-acupuncture has increased compared with that of the control group. The lung colony number of the sample groups treated with EDR herbal-acupuncture has decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. MST and ILS of the sample groups treated with EDR herbal-acupuncture have increased significantly compared with those of the control group.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.85-102
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• 2004

Objective : The purpose of this experiment is to study on the anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement effects of Herbal-acupuncture with Sinomenii acuti lignun infusion solution(SAL-HAS). Methods : We injected Sinomenii acuti Lignum infusion solution into Chung-wan(CV12) of C57BL/6 mouse which is corresponding to human Chung-wan(CV12). We observed its effect on the nunter of $CD25^+/CD4^+$, $CD8^+/CD3e^+$, $CD69^+/B220^+$, $NK^+/CD3e^+$ cells in mouse PBMCs, the number of the pulmonary colony, and the effect on MST and ILs of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. Results & Conclusions : 1. The spleen cells proliferation of the sample groups treated with SAL-HAS extract has increased significantly compared with that of the control group. 2. The percentage of the $CD25^+/CD4^+$, $CD8^+/CD3e^+$, $CD69^+/B220^+$, $NK^+/CD3e^+$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs of the sample groups treated with SAL herbal-acupuncture has increased compared with that of the control group. 3. The lung colony number of the sample groups SAL Herbal-acupuncture has decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 4. MST and ILS of the sample groups SAL herbal-acupuncture have increased significantly compared with those of the control group.