• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.274-279
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• 1985

년근별(年根別)에 따른 더덕의 일반성분(一般成分), 무기질(無機質) 및 단백질(蛋白質) 성분(成分)을 atomic absorption spectro-photometer, spectrophotometer 및 disc gel electrophoresis에 의한 분석(分析) 결과(結果)는 다음과 같았다. 일반성분(一般成分)은 재배더덕이나 야생더덕에 관계없이 총당(건물중)이 가장 많이 함유된 성분이고 1년근이 68.76%, 5년근이 66.54%로써 재배 년령이 높아짐에 따라 다소 함량이 감소되는 경향이었다. 그 다음 조단백질, 조섬유, 조지방, 회분의 순으로 함유되었고 조섬유를 재외하고는 재배더덕이 야생더덕 보다 그 성분함량이 다소 높았고 재배 년령이 높아짐에 따라 함량이 높아졌으나 조섬유는 별로 증가가 없었다. 무기성분은 K의 함량이 $208.7{\sim}327.9ppm$으로 가장 높았고 Mg, Ca가 그 다음으로 비슷한 함량을 보여 주었고 전반적으로 재배더덕이 야생더덕보다 무기질 함량이 높았으며 Fe를 제외하고는 대체적으로 재배 년근(年根)의 년령이 높아짐에 따라 무기성분 함량이 높아졌다. 그리고 중금속(重金屬)인 Pb와 Cd의 함량은 허용기준량보다 낮게 함유되어 있었다. P는 재배더덕이 야생더덕보다 함량이 3배 정도 높았다. 더덕의 단백질 분획중 가장 많이 함유된 것은 재배와 야생더덕에 상관없이 albumin이 었고 재배년령이 높아질수록 다소 함량이 감소되는 경향이었다. 그 다음 globulin, prolamin 및 glutelin의 순서로 함유되었고 대체로 년근(年根)의 년령이 높아감에 따라 그 함량이 증가되는 경향을 보여주었고 prolamin함량이 $19.74{\sim}22.90%$로 비교적 함량이 높았다. 더덕 단백질의 용해도는 pH 4에서 최소, pH 10에서 최대를 나타냈으며 disc gel 전기영동 패턴은 재배년령이나 재배와 야생더덕에 관계 없이 band의 형태와 수에 별 차이를 인지할 수 없었고 7개의 band로 나타났으며 이들의 주단백질(主蛋白質)의 분자량(分子量)은 약 90,000이었다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 국내에서 가장 많이 양식되고 있는 넙치에 있어서 단백질 사료원들의 단백질과 인소화율을 측정을 통해 저오염 사료 개발을 위한 사료원을 선택하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 실험에 사용된 9가지 동 식물성 단백질원들은 $BAIFA-M^{TM}$(어분대체품), 어분(White fish meal, WFM), 넙치근육분(Flounder muscle powder, FMP), 오징어간분(Squid liver powder, SLP), 수지박(Leather meal, LM), 대두박(Soybean meal, SM), 콘글루텐밀(Corn gluten meal, CGM), 가금부산물(Poultry by-product PBP), 그리고 난단백질(Egg albumin) 이였다. 실험결과, 각 사료원의 단백질 소화율은 FMP, 94%; SLP, 92%; WFM, 86%; SM, 82%; CGM, 75%; LM, 72%; PBP, 72%; $BAIFA-M^{TM}$, 71%; EA, 30%로 나타났다. 각 사료원의 인 소화율은 FMP, 77%; SLP, 72%; $BAIFA-M^{TM}$, 65%; LM, 55%; WFM, 54%; PBP, 50%; CGM, 20%; EA, 20%; SM, 17%로 나타났다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.209-216
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• 2010

Limb bud (LB) and central nerve system (CNS) cells were prepared from 12.5 day old pregnant female Crj:CD (SD) rats and treated with olaquindox and vitamin A. Cytotoxicity and inhibition on differentiation were measured in each cell. Three doses of olaquindox (4, 21 and 100 mgkg), and 0.2 and 75 mg/kg of vitamin A were administered to pregnant rat for 11 days from $6^{th}$ to $16^{th}$ of pregnancy. $IC_{50}$ values of olaquindox for proliferation and differentiation in CNS cell were 22.74 and $28.32\;{\mu}g/ml$ and 79.34 and $23.29\;{\mu}g/ml$ in LB cell and those values of vitamin A were 8.13 and $5.94\;{\mu}g/ml$ in CNS cell and 0.81 and $0.05\;{\mu}g/ml$ in LB cell, respectively. Mean body weights of pregnant rats were decreased at high dose of olaquindox (110 mg/kg) but relative ovary weight, number of corpus lutea, and number of implantation were not changed. Resorption and dead fetus were increased at high dose of olaquindox, and relative ovary weight, the number of corpus lutea and implantation, and sex ratio of male to female were not significantly changed in all dose of olaquindox. Mean fetal and placenta weights were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in rats of high group. Seven fetuses out of 103 showed external anomaly like bent tail, and 10 out of 114 fetuses showed visceral anomalies at high group. The ossification of sternebrae and metacarpals were significantly (p < 0.01) increased by low and middle dose of olaquindox but it was significantly (p < 0.01) prohibited by high dose of olaquindox. In rats treated with vitamin A, the resorption and dead fetus were increased by high dose. Mean fetal weights were significantly (p < 0.01) increased by low dose but significantly (p < 0.01) decreased by high dose. Thirty four fetuses out of 52 showed external anomaly; bent tail (1), cranioarchschisis (14), exencephaly (14), dome shaped head (22), anophthalmia (15), brcahynathia (10) and others (19). Forty five fetuses out of 52 showed soft tissue anomaly; cleft palate (42/52) and anophthalmia (22/52) by high dose of vitamin A. Sixty one fetuses out of 61 (85.2%) showed skull anomaly; defect of frontal, partial and occipital bone (21/61), defect of palatine bone (52/61) and others (50/61). In summary, we support that vitamin A is strong teratogen based on our micromass and in vivo data, and olaquindox has a weak teratogenic potential in LB cell but not in CNS cell. We provide the in vivo evidence that a high dose of olaquindox could have weak embryotoxic potential in rats.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.74-85
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• 2013

Since the underground transportation system is a closed environment, indoor air quality problems may seriously affect many passengers' health. The purpose of this study was to understand $PM_{10}$ characteristics in the underground air environment and further to quantitatively estimate $PM_{10}$ source contributions in a Seoul Metropolitan subway station. The $PM_{10}$ was intensively collected on various filters with $PM_{10}$ aerosol samplers to obtain sufficient samples for its chemical analysis. Sampling was carried out in the M station on the Line-4 from April 21 to 28, July 13 to 21, and October 11 to 19 in the year of 2010 and January 11 to 17 in the year of 2011. The aerosol filter samples were then analyzed for metals, water soluble ions, and carbon components. The 29 chemical species (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, CC, PC, EC, Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti, V, Zn, $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4{^+}$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) were analyzed by using ICP-AES, IC, and TOR after proper pretreatments of each sample filter. Based on the chemical information, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the $PM_{10}$ sources and then six sources such as biomass burning, outdoor, vehicle, soil and road dust, secondary aerosol, ferrous, and brakewear related source were classified. The contributions rate of their sources in tunnel are 4.0%, 5.8%, 1.6%, 17.9%, 13.8% and 56.9% in order.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2011

Objective : Pituitary apoplexy is life-threatening clinical syndrome caused by the rapid enlargement of a pituitary tumor due to hemorrhage and/or infarction. The pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy is not completely understood. We analyzed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pituitary tumors and subsequently correlated the radiological findings with the clinical presentation. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was also performed to determine whether certain biomarkers are related to radiological apoplexy. Methods : Thirty-four cases of pituitary adenoma were enrolled for retrospective analysis. In this study, the radiological apoplexy was defined as cases where hemorrhage, infarction or cysts were identified on MRI. Acute clinical presentation was defined as the presence of any of the following symptoms: severe sudden onset headache, decreased visual acuity and/or visual field deficit, and acute mental status changes. Angiogenesis was quantified by immunohistochemical expression of fetal liver kinase 1 (Flk-1), neuropilin (NRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, while microvascular density (MVD) was assessed using Endoglin and CD31. Results : Clinically, fourteen patients presented with acute symptoms and 20 for mild or none clinical symptoms. Radiologically, fifteen patients met the criteria for radiological apoplexy. Of the fifteen patients with radiologic apoplexy, 9 patients presented acute symptoms whereas of the 19 patient without radiologic apoplexy, 5 patients presented acute symptoms. Of the five biomarkers tracked, only VEGF was found to be positively correlated with both radiological and nonradiological apoplexy. Conclusion : While pituitary apoplexy is currently defined in cases where clinical symptoms can be histologically confirmed, we contend that cases of radiologically identified pituitary hemorrhages that present with mild or no symptoms should be designated subacute or subclinical apoplexy. VEGF is believed to have a positive correlation with pituitary hemorrhage. Considering the high rate of symptomatic or asymptomatic pituitary tumor hemorrhage, additional studies are needed to detect predictors of the pituitary hemorrhage.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2003

Background: Immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain repertoire has been implicated as a critical determinant in regulation of autoreactive B cells and production of pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed the impact of Ig ${\lambda}$ chain repertoire on development of autoimmunity in patients with SLE. Methods: We obtained genomic DNA from individual peripheral CD19+ B cells of 3 untreated active SLE patients, and amplified $V{\lambda}$ rearrangements from each single cell by polymerase chain reaction. Results: A total number of 208 $V{\lambda}J{\lambda}$ rearrangements were analyzed. Analyzed sequences included 158 productive rearrangements and 50 nonproductive rearrangements. The differences in $V{\lambda}$ gene usage in the productive and nonproductive repertoire of SLE patients were found compared to the non-autoimmune individuals. $V{\lambda}$ gene, 9A was significantly overrepresented in nonproducative repertoire of SLE patients (P=0.016). In the productive repertoire, $V{\lambda}$ genes, 3L and 1E were found more often in the SLE patients (P=0.001, P=0.043). When the productive and the nonproductive repertoires were compared, 9A was found significantly less in the productive repertoire in the SLE patients (P=0.000). There were no significant differences in the $J{\lambda}$ gene usage between SLE patients and non-autoimmune individuals, but $J{\lambda}2/3$ gene was the most frequently used in SLE, whereas $J{\lambda}7$ gene was the most frequently used in the normal subjects. In the productive SLE $V{\lambda}$ repertoire, 9.4% of the total sequences employed identical CDR3. It was particularly striking to find 7 identical versions of the 1G-$J{\lambda}2/3$ $V{\lambda}J{\lambda}$ rearrangements from one patient and 3 of the same sequence from another patient. Notably, identical $V{\lambda}$ junctions in the SLE patients utilized significantly more homologous joining compared to $V{\lambda}$ junctions of the normal adults (P=0.044). Conclusion: These data demonstrate regulation of ${\lambda}$ light chain expression in the SLE patients by selection of unique $V{\lambda}$ genes. Also, biased selection and clonal expansion of particular $V{\lambda}$ rearrangements are apparent in the SLE ${\lambda}$ repertoire.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.111-124
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• 2002

A line of study reported that electroacupuncture(EA) modulate natural killer cell(NK Cell) activities. One report suggested that EA enhanced splenic interferon-gamma($IFN-{\gamma}$), interleukin-2(IL-2), and NK cell activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Another study suggested that $IFN-{\gamma}$ mediates the up-regulation of NK cell activity, and endogenous ${\beta}$-endorphin secretion also play a role in the up-regulation of NK cell activity induced by EA stimulation. In order to better understand the molecular regulation underlying the activation of NK cell induced by EA, we have utilized cDNA microarray to elucidate how EA alters program of gene expression of spleen in rats. First, we divided three groups, group I was EA group treated with EA in restriction holder, group II was sham group with only holder stress, and last group III was control group with no treatment. We measured NK cell activity after EA stimulation three times for 2 days using $^{51}Cr$ release assay. Second, Biotin-labeled cDNA probes synthesized from EA group and sham group, were competitively hybridized to the microarray that contained variable genes. Such high-throughput screening has identified a number of EA-responsive gene candidates. Of these, we found that EA induced a subset of genes of genes that functionally could modulatory effects on NK cell activity. Genes(vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, protein-tyrosine kinase, CD94 mRNA) related to boost NK cell activity, were increased by EA And, genes(protein-tyrosine-phospatase mRNA, protein-tyrosine phosphatase(SHP-1) mRNA) related to inhibit NK cell activity, were decreased by EA. These EA-responsive genes may provide key insights from which to understand mechanisms of activation of NK cell induced by EA.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.338-356
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• 1994

퇴적물의 지화학적 특성을 이해하기 위한 연구의 일환으로 남해 대륙붕에서 채취 된 표층퇴적물에서 9개 금속(Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Pb)의 함량을 측정하였 고, 선정된 일부 퇴적물에 대해서는 퇴적물내 금속의 화학적 존재형태에 관한 분석을 실시하였다. 퇴적물 중의 금속 함량은 전반적으로 퇴적물의 입도와 밀접한 관련성을 보여 연안해역에서 외해로 갈수록 점차 감소하는 영향을 나타내었다. 한편, 망간과 코 발트의 경우에는 타 금속에 비해 입도와의 관련성덜 뚜렷하였으며, 이것은 이들 두 금 속의 퇴적물내 존재형태별 구성이 타 금속들과 다른 현상에 기인한다. 특히 납의 함량 은 지역적인 차이를 볼 수 있을 만큼 공간적으로 증가, 혹은 감소의 경향이 뚜렷하지 않아 퇴적물내 유입경로가 나머지 금속과 다름을 시사한다. 각 금속의 화학적 존재형 태별 함량은 망간을 제외한 모든 금속에서 잔류부분이 전체함량의 평균 50% 이상을 차 지하여, 미세 광물격자 형태의 존재가 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 잔류부분 외에 구리, 아연, 망간 및 철은 산화물부분에서 다음으로 높은 각각 34.4%, 23.1%, 15.5%, 13.7%의 함량을 보였으며, 카드뮴과 망간, 코발트 및 니켈은 퇴적물의 탄산염부분에서 각각 42.8%, 40.3%, 30.6%, 19.0%로 분포하여 원소별로 다른 존재형태별 함량을 보였 다. 따라서 연구지역 퇴적물내 금속의 분포는 세립한 입도의 광물성분 외에 해수중에 서 의 침전이나 금속산화물과의 공침 등에 의한 특정 지화학 물질내 존재가능성의 차 이에 따라 크게 조절되는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2009

폐금속광산과 비위생매립지로 인하여 중금속으로 오염된 지하수를 처리하기 위해 FeS를 이용한 투과성반응벽체(Permeable Reactive Barriers; PRBs)를 이용한다면 효과적인 결과를 보일 것으로 예상되어 FeS를 PRB 매질로 사용하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 컬럼 실험에 앞서 반응 매질들의 중금속 제거 특성을 알바보고자 합성 나노 FeS, 원석 FeS, 경량기포콘크리트에 대하여 96시간까지 인공중금속오염지하수와 반응을 시키는 회분식 실험을 수행하였다. 3가지 매질 모두 pH 6 이상에서 평형을 이뤘으며, 합성 나노 FeS는 반응 1시간 이후부터 평형상태에 가까워졌다. 중금속 제거효율은 합성 나노 FeS가 반응 1시간에 As와 Ni를 제외한 모든 중금속 제거율이 99% 이상으로 다른 매질에 비하여 상대적으로 빠른 제거 속도와 높은 효율을 나타내었다. 컬럼실험 결과 합성 나노 FeS로 피복된 경량기포콘크리트로 충진된 컬럼은 회분식 실험과 같은 결과로 나타났으며, 원석 FeS로 충진된 컬럼에서는 초반에 Ni을 제외한 모든 중금속이 99%이상 제거되었으나 pH는 약 9.20에서 평형을 이루었다. 본 연구에서 나타난 결과를 종합하였을 때 다양한 중금속으로 오염되어 있는 지하수를 처리하기 위한 방법으로 별도의 pH 조절이 필요 없는 합성 나노 FeS로 피복된 경량기포콘크리트를 이용한 투과성반응벽체의 적용은 매우 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.40.1-40.14
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• 2016

Background: Due to the paucity of oceanic resources utilized in the preparation of diets for cultured fish, commercial feed producers have been trying to replace fishmeal (FM) using alternative protein sources such as vegetable protein meals (VMs). One of the main drawbacks of using VMs in fish feed is related to the presence of a variety of anti-nutritional factors, which could trigger an inflammation process in the distal intestine. This reduces the capacity of the enterocytes to absorb nutrients leading to reduced fish growth performances. Methods: We evaluated the mitigating effects of butyrate and taurine used as feed additives on the morphological abnormalities caused by a soybean meal (SBM)-based diet in the distal intestine of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We used three experimental diets, containing the same low percentage of FM and high percentage of SBM; two diets were supplemented with either 0.2% sodium butyrate or taurine. Histological changes in the intestine of fish were determined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Infiltration of $CD45^+$ leucocytes in the lamina propria and in the submucosa was assessed by immunohistochemistry. We also quantified by One-Step Taqman$^{(R)}$ real-time RT-PCR the messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance of a panel of genes involved in the intestinal mucosa inflammatory response such as $TNF{\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and interleukins: IL-8, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-10, and IL-6. Results: Fish that received for 2 months the diet with 30% soy protein (16.7% SBM and 12.8% full-fat soy) developed an inflammation in the distal intestine, as confirmed by histological and immunohistochemistry data. The expression of target genes in the intestine was deeply influenced by the type of fish diet. Fish fed with taurine-supplemented diet displayed the lowest number of mRNA copies of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-8, and IL-10 genes in comparison to fish fed with control or butyrate-supplemented diets. Dietary butyrate caused an upregulation of the $TNF{\alpha}$ gene transcription. Among the quantified interleukins, IL-6 was the only one to be not influenced by the diet. Conclusions: Histological and gene expression data suggest that butyrate and taurine could have a role in normalizing the intestinal abnormalities caused by the SBM, but the underling mechanisms of action seem different.