• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.462-466
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• 2012

$\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD) polymers were prepared in a strong alkali condition solution (NaOH solution 30% (w/v)) using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as a cross-linker, and the molar ratio of EPI to $\beta$-CD was 10 : 1. The $\beta$-CD content in $\beta$-CD polymers is about 52%. In order to get the photo-responsible and pH-responsible, cinnamic acid was added to be inserted into the cavities of $\beta$-CD due to the hydrophobic interaction. The complex formation was confirmed using transmission electron microscope. The dimerization degree of complexes increased under UV irradiation at $\lambda$ = 365 nm but decreased under the UV irradiation at $\lambda$ = 254 nm. Dynamic light scattering analysis of particle sizes showed that the sizes of complexes did not change with different UV wavelength. Moreover, the complexes were pH-responsible because of the carboxyl group of cinnamic acid, but the size and zeta potential of the complex did not change in strong acid and alkali conditions.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the immunopotentiating activity of combine extract that Silkworm and Cinnamomum cassia. Recently, acute epidemic diseases such as cold and viral respiratory diseases have been emerging. So, interested in immunity enhancement has been increasing, and research on natural products to promote immunity activity has been actively conducted. Methods : To confirm the immunopotentiating activity effect, Silkworm (SW), Cinnamomum cassia (CC), and SWCC combined extracts were treated 14 days at 300 mg/kg/day. The changes of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in serum were analyzed after experiment. The changes in the total spleen cell number were measured. Immune cells in spleen were analyzed using fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). also, analyzed the expression of cytokines in spleen. Results : Total number of cells in the spleen and FACS analysis of T lymphocytes activated in the spleen showed that the SWCC combined treated group had much higher frequency of active cells than both single groups. The ratio of CD4+CD8+, CD4+CD69+ and CD4+CD25+ T cells in spleen, SWCC is higher than other groups except Nor in CD4+, CD4+CD69+, CD4+CD25+ T cells. The results of this study suggest that SWCC can help immune function via IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-${\gamma}$ cytokine production, increased T lymphocytes and splenocyte proliferation. Conclusion : Therefore, these results suggested that the SWCC combined extracts administration increase stronger immunity enhancement than when SW and CC adminstration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of treatment of fly ash on heavy metal contents of the arable soil. Rice was cultivated on the two types of paddy field clay loam and sandy loam with 0, 12ton/10a of anthracite fly ash and bituminous coal fly ash application. And soybean was cultivated at the same type of upland fields with those ashes of 0, 9ton/10a, yearly for three years. At the harvest time, the heavy metal contents in the different layer were investigated. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The contents of some heavy metal were increased in the surface soils but didn't show the tendency in the deeper layer or soil texture. 2. In the paddy fields, the contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr were increased. Meanwhile and the upland fields, the contents of Cd and Cr were increased with the successive application of Anthracite fly ash, but the others didn't show those tendency. 3. The contents of Cd, Cu and Zn in the paddy field, were increased but the upland field, the contents of Cd, Cr and Ni were increased by the successive application of bituminous coal fly ash.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.6-13
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Most of the tailings have been left without any management in abandoned metalliferous mines and have become the main source of heavy metal contamination for agricultural soils and crops in the these areas. METHODS AND RESULTS: This experiment was carried out to investigate the assessment of the heavy metal contamination in paddy soils located on downstream of the closed metalliferous mine. The average total concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) in paddy soils were 8.88, 56.7, 809, 754, and 37.9 mg/kg, respectively. Specially, the average concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were higher than those of warning criteria for soil contamination(4 mg/kg for Cd, 200 mg/kg for Pb, and 300 mg/kg for Zn) in agricultural soil established by Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. The proportions of 0.1 M HCl extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As concentration to total concentration of these heavy metals in paddy soils were 27.7, 21.3, 35.1, 13.8 and 10.5%, respectively. The pollution index of these five metals in paddy soils ranged from 0.42 to 11.92. Also, the enrichment factor (EFc) of heavy metals in paddy soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, and the enrichment factor in paddy soil varied considerably among the sampling sites. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of heavy metals in soils were in the order as Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>As, specially, the average geoaccumulation index of Cd, Pb, and Zn (Igeo 2.49~3.10) were relatively higher than that of other metals in paddy soils. CONCLUSION: Based on the pollution index, enrichment factor, and geoaccumulation index for heavy metal in paddy soils located on downstream of closed metalliferous mine, the main contaminants are mine waste materials and mine drainage including mine activity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.538-543
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• 2012

We evaluated the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD83 and major histocompatibility (MHC) class II induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In contrast to the previously reported effect of DNFB on dendritic cells, CD86 expression did not change. Furthermore, we observed that the CD83 expression level transiently increased and then decreased. Induction of CD80 and MHC class II molecule expression and a decrease in CD83 expression by DNFB in vitro were also confirmed in splenocytes of BALB/c and NC/Nga mice. However, DNFB did not influence CD83 expression in peritoneal $CD11b^+$ cells from BALB/c or NC/Nga mice. Detailed in vivo experiments and further studies on the possible contribution of $CD11b^+$ cells to induce atopic dermatitis (AD) would be helpful to attain a better understanding of AD pathogenesis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.566-572
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• 2009

This study was designed to elucidate the quantities of milk nutrients entrapped during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked $\beta$-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD, 0.4~1.2%, w/v) and to evaluate the amounts of the residual $\beta$-CD in cholesterol-reduced milk treated by crosslinked $\beta$-CD. The content of lactose in the control milk (without treatment by crosslinked $\beta$-CD) was 4.86%, and the amounts of lactose entrapped by crosslinked $\beta$-CD ranged from 0.00 to 0.03%. The total amounts of the entrapped short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) and free amino acid (FAA) ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 ppm and from 0.28 to $0.71{\mu}mol/mL$, respectively. The amounts of the entrapped water-soluble vitamins (L-ascorbic acid, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin) ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, 0.00 to 0.06 ppm and 0.01 to 0.06 ppm, respectively. The entrapped amounts of lactose, short-chain FFAs, FAAs and water-soluble vitamins were not remarkably affected by the concentrations of crosslinked $\beta$-CD (0.4~1.2%, w/v). Only very small amounts of residual $\beta$-CD in the cholesterol-removed milk were measured (1.22~3.00 ppm). Based on the data obtained from the present study, it was concluded that the amounts of entrapped nutrients were negligible during cholesterol removal from milk by crosslinked $\beta$-CD, and only trace amounts of residual $\beta$-CD were present in cholesterol-removed milk.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.725-732
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin on renal dysfunction and blood presure change in chronic cadmium poisoned rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal group and three cadmium poisoned groups. Cadmium groups were classified to catechin free diet(Cd-0C group) 0.25% catechin diet(Cd-0.25C group) and 0.5% catechin diet(Cd-0.5C group) according to the levels of catechin supplement. Animals were raids for 20weeks. Cadmium were supplied as drinking water of 50ppm Cd2+ Morphological changes shown through a light microscope and an electro-microscope revealed the mitochondria and tubule epithelial cell edema in Cd -0C group but they were alleviated in catechin supplementation. The urinary $\beta$2-microglobulin that measured to observe the glomerular injury were higher in Cd-poisoned groups than in normal group but they was lowered by catechin supplementation. Glomerular filtration ratios(GFR) in Cd-poisoned groups were significantly lower than in normal group but that of catechin supplementation group was similar to normal group. This suggested that catechin protected the kidney from the functional damage. Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) activity and blood pressure(BP) in Cd-poisoned groups were significantly higher than in normal group. Heart rate was tended to increase in Cd-poisoned groups. The results indicate that green tea catechin supplementation on chronic cadmium-poisoned rats normalized the renal dysfunction and blood pressure system.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.29-50
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate effectiveness of KamiCheongsimyeonjatang(KCSYJT) medicines to suppress atopic dermatitis in mouse model experimentally. Methods : First, in vitro, we isolated B cells from 18 weeks of atopicdermatitis-like skin NC/Nga mouse. Then we analyzed FACS(Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter) by intracellular staining of IFN-$\gamma$, GATA-3+ analyzed cytokines by using real-time PCR. Secondly, in vivo, after administration of KCSYJT to atopic dermatitis NC/Nga mouse at 12 weeks of age, we analyzed serum IgE and the change of activated cell in PBMCs(Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells). Results : In vitro, KCSYJT medicines supressed IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$, and TGF-$\beta$ mRNA and increased IL-10 mRNA in B cells. Also, KCSYJT medicines decreased the levels of GATA-3$^+$CD4$^+$ and increased the levels of IFN-$\gamma^+$CD4$^+$T Cell. In vivo, serum IgE levels dreased in KCSYJT group than control group and In PBMCs, the activated cell percentage of granulocytes, CD3+, CD3+/CD4+, B220+/CD23+, and CCR3+ decreased and CD19+, CD3+/CD8+ increased in KCSYJT group than control group. Conclusions : This study demonstrates immunological activity of KCSYJT on atopic dermatitis-like model mice.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.438-447
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• 2011

Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to various genotoxic conditions and chemicals. In this study, we characterized the effect of a sublethal concentration (100 ${\mu}M$) of cadmium (Cd) on D. radiodurans using a whole-genome DNA microarray. Time-course global gene expression profiling showed that 1,505 genes out of 3,116 total ORFs were differentially expressed more than 2-fold in response to Cd treatment for at least one timepoint. The majority of the upregulated genes are related to iron uptake, cysteine biosynthesis, protein disulfide stress, and various types of DNA repair systems. The enhanced upregulation of genes involved in cysteine biosynthesis and disulfide stress indicate that Cd has a high affinity for sulfur compounds. Provocation of iron deficiency and growth resumption of Cd-treated cells by iron supplementation also indicates that CdS forms in iron-sulfur-containing proteins such as the [Fe-S] cluster. Induction of base excision, mismatch, and recombinational repair systems indicates that various types of DNA damage, especially base excision, were enhanced by Cd. Exposure to sublethal Cd stress reduces the growth rate, and many of the downregulated genes are related to cell growth, including biosynthesis of cell membrane, translation, and transcription. The differential expression of 52 regulatory genes suggests a dynamic operation of complex regulatory networks by Cd-induced stress. These results demonstrate the effect of Cd exposure on D. radiodurans and how the related genes are expressed by this stress.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2017

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with multifactorial causes including environmental and genetic factors. Several studies have demonstrated that the organic cation/carnitine transporter 1 (OCTN1) non-synonymous variant L503F is associated with susceptibility to CD. However, it was reported that L503F is absent in Asian populations. Previously, we identified and functionally characterized genetic variants of the OCTN1 promoter region in Koreans. In that study, four variants demonstrated significant changes in promoter activity. In the present study, we determined whether four functional variants of the OCTN1 promoter play a role in the susceptibility to or clinical course of CD in Koreans. To examine it, the frequencies of the four variants of the OCTN1 promoter were determined by genotyping using DNA samples from 194 patients with CD and 287 healthy controls. Then, associations between genetic variants and the susceptibility to CD or clinical course of CD were evaluated. We found that susceptibility to CD was not associated with OCTN1 functional promoter variants or haplotypes showing altered promoter activities in in vitro assays. However, OCTN1 functional promoter haplotypes showing decreased promoter activities were significantly associated with a penetrating behavior in CD patients (HR=2.428, p=0.009). Our results suggest that the OCTN1 functional promoter haplotypes can influence the CD phenotype, although these might not be associated with susceptibility to this disease.