• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 2011

Background: Insulin resistance is an integral feature of metabolic syndromes, including obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. In this study, we evaluated whether the aloe component could reduce obesity-induced inflammation and the occurrence of metabolic disorders such as blood glucose and insulin resistance. Methods: Male C57BL/6 obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 54 days received a supplement of aloe formula (PAG, ALS, Aloe QDM, and Aloe QDM complex) or pioglitazone (PGZ) and were compared with unsupplemented controls (high-fat diet; HFD) or mice fed a regular diet (RD). RT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to quantify the expression of obesity-induced inflammation. Results: Aloe QDM lowered fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin compared with HFD. Obesity-induced inflammatory cytokine (IL-$1{\beta}$, -6, -12, TNF-${\alpha}$) and chemokine (CX3CL1, CCL5) mRNA and protein were decreased markedly, as was macrophage infiltration and hepatic triglycerides by Aloe QDM. At the same time, Aloe QDM decreased the mRNA and protein of $PPAR{\gamma}/LXR{\alpha}$ and $11{\beta}$-HSD1 both in the liver and WAT. Conclusion: Dietary aloe formula reduces obesity-induced glucose tolerance not only by suppressing inflammatory responses but also by inducing anti-inflammatory cytokines in the WAT and liver, both of which are important peripheral tissues affecting insulin resistance. The effect of Aloe QDM complex in the WAT and liver are related to its dual action on $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $11{\beta}$-HSD1 ression and its use as a nutritional intervention against T2D and obesity-related inflammation is suggested.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.252-258
• /
• 2009

Shade-dried flowers of Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight Syn (SBF) belonging to Asclepiadaceae yielded a rare flavonol glycoside viz., Quercetin 5a prenyl, 3-O-glucosyl, 7-O-(4c-p-coumaroyl) neohesperidoside which were characterized based on chemical and spectral (including 2D NMR) studies. The ethyl acetate fraction of alcoholic concentrate (test sample) of flowers of this plant (SBF) was evaluated for its hepatoprotective and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities to investigate the scientific basis of the traditional uses. The oral administration in varying doses viz., 125 and 250 mg/kg of aqueous suspension of SBF to rats for 7 days produced significant (P < 0.01) hepatoprotective effect comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. The SBF afforded good hepatoprotection against $CCl_4$ induced elevation levels of serum marker enzymes, serum bilirubin and liver weight. The free radical scavenging effects of SBF and flavonol glycoside (SA) were assigned by $Fe^{2+}$/ascorbate induction method (in vitro), which revealed the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The SBF and SA showed prominent anti-lipid peroxidation activity ($IC_{50}$ about $\sim$180 mg/ml and 11.0 mg/ml respectively), which was comparable to standard drug curcumin ($IC_{50}$ about $\sim$8.25 mg/ml). Thus the hepatoprotective activity of SB could be correlated to the free radical scavenging property of the flavonol glycoside.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.574-581
• /
• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the inhibition effects of fermented soybean on lipid perosidation and antioxidative relative enzyme activity. in vivo. Fermented soybean was induced the high SOD activity, while significantly inhibited on the peroxide value of linoleic acid and lipid perxidation from rat microsome induced by Fe$^{2+}$ ascorbate system, Sprague-Dawley(SD) male rats were fed basic diet, and experimental diets group added 200 or 500 mg/kg fermented soybean for 2 weeks. The effect of fermented soybean is also significantly increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, while significantly inhibited the lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsome in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, these results suggest that fermented soybean has antioxidative activity which is related enzyme to prevention of oxidative stress.s.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 1967

The Transient State Theory of Significant Liquid Structure is applied to a binary liquid solution of benzene and carbon tetrachloride, which gives slightly positive deviation from Raoults law. The partition function for the solution is derived according to the proposed theory. The various thermodynamic properties such as total and partial vapor pressures, molar volumes, entropies of mixing, and compressibilities are calculated at three different temperatures, 298.15^{\circ}K$, 313.15^{\circ}K$ and 343.1515^{\circ}K$. The calculated values agree satisfactorily with experimental data.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2018

Objectives : Coronary and cerebrovascular disease with high mortality is a major factor in arteriosclerosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines damage vascular endothelial cells, leading to vascular inflammation. These vascular inflammation can build up cholesterol and thrombus to cause atherosclerosis. Methods : In this study, we researched the effect of ChungHyul-Plus for vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$). Change in mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (CCL5, CXCL8, CX3CL1, and MCP-1), cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), and anti-inflammation modulators (KLF2 and eNOS) were quantified by qRT-PCR. Results : ChungHyul-Plus decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules and increased anti-inflammation modulators expression in $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulated HUVECs. Conclusions : These results suggest that ChungHyul-Plus can be used in the treatment and prevention of vascular inflammation and arteriosclerosis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.29-37
• /
• 2003

Background: CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 7 and cognate CCR7 ligands, CCL21 (formerly secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine [SLC]) and CCL19 (formerly Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine [ELC]), were known to establish microenvironment for the initiation of immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissue. As described previously, coadministration of DNA vaccine with CCR7 ligand-encoding plasmid DNA elicited enhanced humoral and cellular immunity via increasing the number of dendritic cells (DC) in secondary lymphoid tissue. The author hypothesized here that CCR7 ligand DNA could effectively expand memory CD4+ T cells to protect from viral infection likely via increasing DC number. Methods: To evaluate the effect of CCR7 ligand DNA on the expansion of memory CD4+ T cells, DO11.10.BALB/c transgenic (Tg)-mice, which have highly frequent ovalbumin $(OVA)_{323-339}$ peptide-specific CD4+ T cells, were used. Tg-mice were previously injected with CCR7 ligand DNA, then immunized with $OVA_{323-339}$ peptide plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Subsequently, memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed by FACS analysis for memory phenotype ($CD44^{high}$ and CD62 $L^{low}$) at memory stage. Memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site induced with OVA-expressing virus were also analyzed. Finally, the protective efficacy against viral infection was evaluated. Results: CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice showed more expanded $CD44^{high}$ memory CD4+ T cells in PBL than control vector-treated animals. The increased number of memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site was also observed in CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice. Such effectively expanded memory CD4+ T cell population increased the protective immunity against virulent viral infection. Conclusion: These results document that CCR7 and its cognate ligands play an important role in intracellular infection through establishing optimal memory T cell. Moreover, CCR7 ligand could be useful as modulator in DNA vaccination against viral infection as well as cancer.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2005

When inoculating with B. bassiana 101A for the mass production of B. corpus, the infection ratio was high with regardless of the treating time with highly-humidity if the concentration of spore was 1.0${\times}$$10^8$ spores/m/, but that was low if the concentration was 1.0${\times}$$10^7$ spores/m/. In the study of the activities according to the coserving temperature or days of the B. bassiana spawn, the infection ratio of 90% was maintained for 12 days in the temperature of $4^{\circ}C$. However, the infection ratio was rapidly dropped to the below of 5% after conserved for 48 hours in the temperature of $25^{\circ}C$. Besides, the activities of the original isolate had no difference after conserved for 12 months in the temperature of $4^{\circ}C$, so that the infection ratio 90% could be mintatined. In the measure of liver-protecting activities of B. bassiana 101A, the recovering effect was 43.5% and 65.7% respectively in the poisonous treatment induced with galactosamine, compared with liver-protecting activities of Silymarin and DDB in the $H_2O$ fraction. In the poisonous treatment induced with $CCl_4$ the recovering effect was 100% and 69.3% respectively, compared with liver-protecting activities of Silymarin and DDB in the EtOAc fraction.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.373-380
• /
• 2011

We have reported that a 24 kDa protein (22U homologous; As22U) of Anisakis simplex larvae could elicit several Th2-related chemokine gene expressions in the intestinal epithelial cell line which means that As22U may play a role as an allergen. In order to determine the contribution of As22U to allergic reactions, we treated mice with 6 times intra-nasal application of recombinant As22U (rAs22U). In the group challenged with rAs22U and ovalbumin (OVA), the number of eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was significantly increased, as compared to the group receiving only OVA. In addition, mice treated with rAs22U and OVA showed significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, severe inflammation around the airway and immune cell recruitment was observed in mice treated with rAs22U plus OVA. The levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 cytokines in the BALF increased significantly after treatment with rAs22U and OVA. Similarly, the levels of anti-OVA specific lgE and lgG1 increased in mice treated with rAs22U and OVA, compared to those treated only with OVA. The Gro-${\alpha}$ (CXCL1) gene expression in mouse lung epithelial cells increased instantly after treatment with rAs22U, and allergy-specific chemokines eotaxin (CCL11) and thymus-and-activation-regulated-chemokine (CCL17) gene expressions significantly increased at 6 hr after treatment. In conclusion, rAs22U may induce airway allergic inflammation, as the result of enhanced Th2 and Th17 responses.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 1997

Sanitary landfill is a general method as a final disposal of municipal solid waste(MSW), therefore leachate characteristics are very various as lime goes by because of highly concentrated organic acids are contained non biodegradable COD. So it is hard to abide by the mandatory standards of discharge eventhough applying the physicochemical and biological processes to treat the leachate. The process of treating leachate are determined by the degree of removal and components, but they are highly contained organic materials. It is a removal method to use jointly with the physicochemical process if the hard and fast rule is needed. The critical components of material are COD, ammonia, salts and heavy metals in the case of treating biologically. Biological process is to use metabolism of microorganism, therefore it is a desirable condition which heavy metals are not contained, because they acting as an inhibitor of enzyme. Of these are contained, organic decomposition and synthetic function of microorganisms decrease significantly. Consequently, this research paper lays emphasis on the concentration of heavy metals in leachate and for the purpose of forecasting the factors which are affecting the leaching of metalic waste in some degree, experimented the various reacting conditions. 1. When the concentration of heavy metals in leachate is in comparison with the level eluted after reaction, at pH 7.9 the result of reaction for PCB to CCL scrap showed that Zn, Mn, Cu was more eluted 11.6 times, 340.3 times, and 2,705.5 times respectively than the leachate undiluted solution. 2. At the condition of strong acid pH 4.7, the concentration of heavy metals in EM undiluted solution showed that Zn, Mn, Cu was more eluted 26.5 times, 147.3 times, and 3,656.3 times respectively than leachate undiluted solution. 3. When the ratio leachate to EM was 50 vs 50(V/V%), Mn was more eluted 198.7 times than leachate undiluted solution, but Zn and Cu do not show the meaningful results. 4. The color of landfill leachate was black-brown. And fulvic acid that is main ingredient of NBD COD contained, oxygen of 44~50%. For that reason, I estimated that the level of Zn, Mn, Cu was higher than the case of leachate. 5. COD of leachate from general landfill is difficult to remove. Because the solution of heavy metals is improved by the character of leachate(pH & ingredient of oxygen etc.) hence the Mn, Cu, Zn act as disturbing factor, the biochemical treatment is hard. Therefore the type of PCB & CCL scrap, iron, aluminum contained metals need to previously separate from general wastes as much as possible.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.87 no.1
• /
• pp.65-79
• /
• 2024

Background: Exhaled condensates contain inflammatory biomarkers; however, their roles in the clinical field have been under-investigated. Methods: We prospectively enrolled subjects admitted to pulmonology clinics. We collected exhaled breath condensates (EBC) and analysed the levels of six and 12 biomarkers using conventional and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results: Among the 123 subjects, healthy controls constituted the largest group (81 participants; 65.9%), followed by the preserved ratio impaired spirometry group (21 patients; 17.1%) and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group (21 patients; 17.1%). In COPD patients, platelet derived growth factor-AA exhibited strong positive correlations with COPD assessment test (ρ=0.5926, p=0.0423) and COPD-specific version of St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ-C) score (total, ρ=0.6725, p=0.0166; activity, ρ=0.7176, p=0.0086; and impacts, ρ=0.6151, p=0.0333). Granzyme B showed strong positive correlations with SGRQ-C score (symptoms, ρ=0.6078, p=0.0360; and impacts, ρ=0.6007, p=0.0389). Interleukin 6 exhibited a strong positive correlation with SGRQ-C score (activity, ρ=0.4671, p=0.0378). The absolute serum eosinophil and basophil counts showed positive correlations with pro-collagen I alpha 1 (ρ=0.6735, p=0.0164 and ρ=0.6295, p=0.0283, respectively). In healthy subjects, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁)/forced vital capacity demonstrated significant correlation with CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3)/macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (ρ=0.3897 and p=0.0068). FEV₁ exhibited significant correlation with CCL11/eotaxin (ρ=0.4445 and p=0.0017). Conclusion: Inflammatory biomarkers in EBC might be useful to predict quality of life concerning respiratory symptoms and serologic markers. Further studies are needed.