• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.596-603
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of adding oyster shell powder (OSP) from Crassostrea gigas on the food quality of Chinese cabbage Kimchi (CCK). We monitored the changes in microbial levels, pH, acidity and sensory evaluation during the fermentation of CCK treated with various contents of OSP. The microbial assay showed that adding OSP to CCK inhibited the growth of viable cells, total coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria, with the greatest growth inhibition against lactic acid bacteria over the fermentation period. After fermentation for 18 days, the lactic acid bacterial counts in CCK treated with OSP (0.3%, 0.5% and 1%) were at least 1 log CFU/g lower than those of control CCK. In addition, the pH and acidity of CCK treated with OSP were lower than in control CCK over the fermentation period. The overall sensory evaluation of CCK with 0.3% OSP was better than that of control CCK after fermentation for 24 days. In conclusion, OSP treatment, especially 0.3% OSP, enhances the food quality and extends the self-life of CCK, while minimizing the detrimental effects on its sensory characteristics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.127-133
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• 2006

[ $H_2O_2$ ], a member of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the mediation of physiological functions in a variety of cell types. However, little has been known about the physiological role of $H_2O_2$ in exocrine cells. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of $H_2O_2$ on cholecystokinin (CCK)-evoked $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization and amylase release was investigated in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Stimulation of the acinar cells with sulfated octapeptide form of CCK (CCK-8S) induced biphasic increase in amylase release. Addition of $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ enhanced amylase release caused by 10 pM CCK-8S, but inhibited the amylase release induced by CCK-8S at concentrations higher than 100 pM. An ROS scavenger, $10\;{\mu}M$ Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin chloride, increased amylase release caused by CCK-8S at concentrations higher than 100 pM, although lower concentrations of CCK-8S-induced amylase release was not affected. To examine whether the effect of $H_2O_2$ on CCK-8S-induced amylase release was exerted via modulation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling, we measured the changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in fura-2 loaded acinar cells. Although $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ did not induce any increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by itself, it increased the frequency and amplitude of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations caused by 10 pM CCK-8S. However, $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ had little effect on 1 nM CCK-8S-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. ROS scavenger, 1 mM N-acetylcysteine, did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ changes induced by 10 pM or 1 nM CCK-8S. Therefore, it was concluded that $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ enhanced low concentration of CCK-8S-induced amylase release probably by increasing $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations while it inhibited high concentration of CCK-8S-induced amylase release.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 1994

It is well known that chronic stimulation with CCK gives rise to growth of exocrine pancreas and to increased content of enzyme proteins in pancreas. However, littls Is known about changes of the secretory function of exocrine pancreas which has been chronically stimulated with CCK, especially about the responsiveness to secretagogues such as CCK, caerulein and carbachol. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of camostat on secretory profiles and the responsiveness to secretagogues of exocrine pancreas by observing in vitro amylase release stimulated by cholecystokinin-octapeptide(CCK-8) and carbachol in dispersed isolated pancreatic acini from camostat-treated rats for 4 or 10 days. The results summarized as follows : 1) The maximal effective concentration of CCK-8 in amylase release in the camostat treated group was greater than control group, but that of carbachol was not different between groups. 2) Analysis of the stimulated amylase release as the percentage of the maximal response revealed that camostat treatment caused right-shift of the dose-response curve of CCK-8. Camostat did not cause significant changes in the dose-response curve of carbachol. 3) There were considerable increases in the amylase release in the camostat-treated group, compared to the control when acini were stimulated with CCK-8 $10^{-9}\;M$ and carbaochol $10^{-6}\;M$, and higher concentrations. 4) There was a reverse correlation between the tissue content and the maximal release(percent of the total content) of amylase. These results suggest that chronic exposure of exocrine pancreas to increased endogenous CCK can enhance the responsiveness of exocrine enzyme secretion to secretagogues, especially at higher concentrations of CCK and carbachol.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2017

Glucansucrase is an enzyme classified as a glycoside hydrolase (GH) 70 family, which catalyzes the synthesis of glucooligosaccharides with a low molecular weight using sucrose as a donor of D-glucopyranose and maltose as a carbohydrate acceptor. In this study, glucansucrase-producing lactic acid bacteria strain was isolated from the fermented foods collected in traditional markets, and the optimum conditions for the oligosaccharide production were investigated. The strain CCK940 isolated from Chinese cabbage kimchi was selected as an oligosaccharide-producing strain due to its high glucansucrase activity, with 918.2 mU/mL, and identified as Leuconostoc lactis. The optimum conditions for the production of oligosaccharides using Leu. lactis CCK940 were to adjust the initial pH to 6.0, add 5% (w/v) sucrose and 10% (w/v) maltose as a donor and acceptor molecules, respectively, and feed 5% (w/v) sucrose at 4 and 8 h of cultivation. When Leu. lactis CCK940 was cultured for 12 h at optimum conditions, at least four oligosaccharides with a polymerization degree of 2-4 were produced.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.105-110
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• 2004

Objectives : Sasang Constitutional Medicine is based on the diversity of human beings and medically developing a variation of responses to diseases and medicines. This diversity is categorized into four concerning morphology, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. It is supposed that sasang constitutional medicine is related the genetic diversity of individuals. Single nucleotide polymorphism is the basic tool to research genetic polymorphism as a landmark of genomes. Each constitution has different processes of pathophysiology and metabolisms to herb medications. In clinical research, the stroke incidence is significantly different by constitution. Methods : We researched whether the polymorphic expression of CCK (rs=2241997) depends on sasang constitution. The [c/t] polymorphism site of promotor region of CCK gene on 3p22-p21.3 was investigated. Results : The allele frequency of [c/t] polymorphism of CCK promotor region was different in constitution groups compared to the average allele frequency of SNP DB. The allele frequencies of Soeumin and Soyangin groups were (c:0.70/t:0.30). and (c:0.71/t:0.29), that of Taeumin group was (c:0.57/t:0.43) and of Taeyangin group was (c:1.00/t:0.00) Conclusions : It was regarded the [c/t] polymorphism of CCK promotor region is available to classify the constitution. However, it is necessary to research about CCK gene polymorphism and more constitution population groups. It is also necessary to research the more functional gene's polymorphism and sasang constitution.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 1994

The present study was aimed at establishing what changes occur in the dopamine levels and pattern of TH-immunoreactive neurons of certain areas of rat brain during food intake suppression produced by intraperitoneally administration of CCK-8. CCK-8 in dose of $10\;{\mu}g/kg$ was injected intraperitoneally to 48 h food-deprived rats. In the fasted group, the contents of dopamine were decreased in the frontal, striatum, hypothalamus and amygdala as compared to those of the fed control group. The administration of CCK-8 showed significant decrease on the dopamine levels of the hypothalamus, in comparison to those of the sated and starved group. During deprived condition, the density and number of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence and substantia nigra were lower than those of the fed control group. After administration of CCK-8, the pattern and distribution of TH-positive neouons in the hypothalamic areas and substantia nigra were increased when compared to those of the starved group. It is concluded that the results demonstrate the partial involvement of hypothalamic dopamine-containing neurons in the feeding inhibition of CCK-8. Furthermore, the results indicate that TH-immunoreactive neurons play on important role in the hypothalamus and substantia nigra for eating behavior

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.29 no.8C
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• pp.1069-1075
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• 2004

In this paper, we show the equivalence between complementary code keying (CCK) codeword and coset of the first order Reed-Muller (RM) code with variables of three. The CCK codewords are Golay sequences which have peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of two at most and can correct one error. We propose a CCK-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modem to reduce PAPR. Also, we present the performance improvement techniques by increasing the variables of four to correct three errors and reduce PAPR at least 9㏈ with this system. Although, two Fast Hadamard Transform (FHT) blocks of size 8 64 are required at the receiver, we reduce the complexity by using FHT blocks of size 8 64 and 2 4 without deteriorating the performance. We generalize our results that we may increase the variables of RM code to enhance the error correcting and PAPR reduction capabilities without increasing receiver's complexity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.374-381
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• 1986

The effects of the hormonal factor (CCK) a and neural factor(carbachol) on the exocrine function of the pancreas were studied in th is experiment. A superfusion technique was used for in vitro study of stimulus-secreti- o on coupling in isolated pancreatic acinarce 11s frQm the rats fed heated or raw soybean diet. Chymotrypsin secretion was higher in cells from the raw soybean group than in those from the heated soybean group with both kinds of stimulants(CCK and carbachol), whereas, amylase secretion was higher inthe h heated soybean group than in the raw soy­b bean group. This indicated that chymotrvpsin a and amylase secretion from the acinar cells are not parallel with CCK and carbachol st­i imulation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

Objective : Daehwangmokdanpi-Tang (DWT) has been frequently used as a remedy for antiinflamation. To evaluate effect of acute pancreatitis by DWT, we examined the effects of DWT on the cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK)-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Methods : Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were divided into three groups. Normal untreated group, in treatment with DWT group; DWT was administered orally, followed by $75\;{\mu}g/kg$ CCK subcutaneously three times, after 1, 3 and 5 h. This whole procedure was repeated for 5 days. In treatment with saline group, the protocol was the same as in treatment group with DWT. Results : The author determined the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, the levels of pancreatic HSP (heat shock protein)60 and HSP72 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Repeated CCK treatment resulted in the typical laboratory and morphological changes of experimentally induced pancreatitis. DWT was significantly decreased the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio in CCK-induced AP. Futhermore, The author demonstrated that DWT increased HSP60 and HSP72 compared with CCK-induced AP. Additionally, the secretion of $IL-1{\beta}\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and the levels of amylase and lipase were lower than that saline. Conclusions : These results suggested that DWT may has a protective effect against CCK-induced AP.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2012

Fenofibrate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) activator and is prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. The mechanism through which $PPAR{\alpha}$ agonists reduce food intake, body weight, and adiposity remains unclear. One explanation for the reduction of food intake is that fenofibrate promotes fatty acid oxidation and increases the production of ketone bodies upon a standard experimental dose of the drug (100~300 mg/kg/day). We observed that low-dose treatment of fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day), which does not cause significant changes in ketone body synthesis, reduced food intake in Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. LETO rats are the physiologically normal controls for Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which are obese and cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor deficient. We hypothesized that the reduced food intake by fenofibrate-treated LETO rats may be associated with CCK production. To investigate the anorexic effects of fenofibrate in vivo and to determine whether CCK production may be involved, we examined the amount of food intake and CCK production. Fenofibrate-treated OLETF rats did not significantly change their food intake while LETO rats decreased their food intake. Treatment of fenofibrate increased CCK synthesis in the duodenal epithelial cells of both LETO and OLETF rats. The absence of a change in the food intake of OLETF rats, despite the increase in CCK production, may be explained by the absence of CCK-A receptors. Contrary to the OLETF rats, LETO rats, which have normal CCK receptors, presented a decrease in food intake and an increase in CCK production. These results suggest that reduced food intake by fenofibrate treatment may be associated with CCK production.