• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.596-603
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of adding oyster shell powder (OSP) from Crassostrea gigas on the food quality of Chinese cabbage Kimchi (CCK). We monitored the changes in microbial levels, pH, acidity and sensory evaluation during the fermentation of CCK treated with various contents of OSP. The microbial assay showed that adding OSP to CCK inhibited the growth of viable cells, total coliforms, and lactic acid bacteria, with the greatest growth inhibition against lactic acid bacteria over the fermentation period. After fermentation for 18 days, the lactic acid bacterial counts in CCK treated with OSP (0.3%, 0.5% and 1%) were at least 1 log CFU/g lower than those of control CCK. In addition, the pH and acidity of CCK treated with OSP were lower than in control CCK over the fermentation period. The overall sensory evaluation of CCK with 0.3% OSP was better than that of control CCK after fermentation for 24 days. In conclusion, OSP treatment, especially 0.3% OSP, enhances the food quality and extends the self-life of CCK, while minimizing the detrimental effects on its sensory characteristics.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2006

[ $H_2O_2$ ], a member of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the mediation of physiological functions in a variety of cell types. However, little has been known about the physiological role of $H_2O_2$ in exocrine cells. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of $H_2O_2$ on cholecystokinin (CCK)-evoked $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization and amylase release was investigated in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Stimulation of the acinar cells with sulfated octapeptide form of CCK (CCK-8S) induced biphasic increase in amylase release. Addition of $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ enhanced amylase release caused by 10 pM CCK-8S, but inhibited the amylase release induced by CCK-8S at concentrations higher than 100 pM. An ROS scavenger, $10\;{\mu}M$ Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin chloride, increased amylase release caused by CCK-8S at concentrations higher than 100 pM, although lower concentrations of CCK-8S-induced amylase release was not affected. To examine whether the effect of $H_2O_2$ on CCK-8S-induced amylase release was exerted via modulation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling, we measured the changes in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$ in fura-2 loaded acinar cells. Although $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ did not induce any increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ by itself, it increased the frequency and amplitude of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations caused by 10 pM CCK-8S. However, $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ had little effect on 1 nM CCK-8S-induced increase in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$. ROS scavenger, 1 mM N-acetylcysteine, did not affect $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ changes induced by 10 pM or 1 nM CCK-8S. Therefore, it was concluded that $30\;{\mu}M\;H_2O_2$ enhanced low concentration of CCK-8S-induced amylase release probably by increasing $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ oscillations while it inhibited high concentration of CCK-8S-induced amylase release.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.205-215
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• 1994

It is well known that chronic stimulation with CCK gives rise to growth of exocrine pancreas and to increased content of enzyme proteins in pancreas. However, littls Is known about changes of the secretory function of exocrine pancreas which has been chronically stimulated with CCK, especially about the responsiveness to secretagogues such as CCK, caerulein and carbachol. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of camostat on secretory profiles and the responsiveness to secretagogues of exocrine pancreas by observing in vitro amylase release stimulated by cholecystokinin-octapeptide(CCK-8) and carbachol in dispersed isolated pancreatic acini from camostat-treated rats for 4 or 10 days. The results summarized as follows : 1) The maximal effective concentration of CCK-8 in amylase release in the camostat treated group was greater than control group, but that of carbachol was not different between groups. 2) Analysis of the stimulated amylase release as the percentage of the maximal response revealed that camostat treatment caused right-shift of the dose-response curve of CCK-8. Camostat did not cause significant changes in the dose-response curve of carbachol. 3) There were considerable increases in the amylase release in the camostat-treated group, compared to the control when acini were stimulated with CCK-8 $10^{-9}\;M$ and carbaochol $10^{-6}\;M$, and higher concentrations. 4) There was a reverse correlation between the tissue content and the maximal release(percent of the total content) of amylase. These results suggest that chronic exposure of exocrine pancreas to increased endogenous CCK can enhance the responsiveness of exocrine enzyme secretion to secretagogues, especially at higher concentrations of CCK and carbachol.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2017

국내 재래시장에서 수집한 발효식품 등에서 우수한 glucansucrase 활성을 나타내는 유산균주를 분리한 후 이 균주를 이용한 올리고당 생성의 최적 조건을 조사하였다. 배추김치로부터 분리된 유산균주 CCK940은 glucansucrase 활성이 918.2 mU/mL로 가장 높아 본 올리고당 생산을 위한 균주로 선정하였고, Leu. lactis CCK940로 동정 및 명명되었다. 선정된 Leu. lactis CCK940는 배지의 pH를 6.0으로 조정하고 공여체인 sucrose와 수용체인 maltose의 초기 농도를 각각 5% (w/v)와 10% (w/v)로 첨가한 후 배양 4시간과 8시간째에 sucrose를 5% (w/v) 첨가하는 것이 최적인 것으로 확인되었다. 최적 조건에 12시간 배양 시 Leu. lactis CCK940는 중합도가 2-4인 올리고당을 최소 4종류 생성하였다. 본 균주는 수용체 분자로서 fructose와 melibiose를 사용할 수 없었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2004

Objectives : Sasang Constitutional Medicine is based on the diversity of human beings and medically developing a variation of responses to diseases and medicines. This diversity is categorized into four concerning morphology, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. It is supposed that sasang constitutional medicine is related the genetic diversity of individuals. Single nucleotide polymorphism is the basic tool to research genetic polymorphism as a landmark of genomes. Each constitution has different processes of pathophysiology and metabolisms to herb medications. In clinical research, the stroke incidence is significantly different by constitution. Methods : We researched whether the polymorphic expression of CCK (rs=2241997) depends on sasang constitution. The [c/t] polymorphism site of promotor region of CCK gene on 3p22-p21.3 was investigated. Results : The allele frequency of [c/t] polymorphism of CCK promotor region was different in constitution groups compared to the average allele frequency of SNP DB. The allele frequencies of Soeumin and Soyangin groups were (c:0.70/t:0.30). and (c:0.71/t:0.29), that of Taeumin group was (c:0.57/t:0.43) and of Taeyangin group was (c:1.00/t:0.00) Conclusions : It was regarded the [c/t] polymorphism of CCK promotor region is available to classify the constitution. However, it is necessary to research about CCK gene polymorphism and more constitution population groups. It is also necessary to research the more functional gene's polymorphism and sasang constitution.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1994

포만중추 (satiety center)를 자극하여 음식섭취를 억제한다고 알려진 CCK-8을 흰쥐 복강에 투여하여, 흰쥐 뇌의 도파민 변화에 대한 CCK-8의 효과를 관찰하였다. 흰쥐 뇌의 부위별 도파민 함량은 HPLC-ECD방법으로 측정하였으며, 시상하부와 흑질에서의 TH-immunoreactive neuron은 면역조직화학법과 영상분석법을 시행하였다. 굶긴 쥐에서는 정상 쥐에 비하여, 도파민 함량이 전두 피질, 해마, 시상하부 및 편도체에서 각각 감소하였다. CCK-8을 투여한 쥐는 정상 쥐와 굶긴 쥐에 비하여, 도파민 함량이 시상하부에서 의미있게 감소하였다. 또한 굶긴 쥐는 정상 쥐와 비교하여, TH-positive neuron의 분포와 수가 뇌실옆핵, 깔때기핵, 정중융기 및 혹질에서 현저히 감소하였다. CCK-8투여시, 시상하부와 흑질에서의 TH-immunoreactive neuron의 수는 굶긴 쥐에 비하여 증가하였다. 이상의 실험 결과로 보아 음식물 섭취를 억제하는 작용이 있는 CCK-8은 시상하부의 도파민 신경계와 일부분 관련되어 있으며, 또한 시상하부와 흑질에 존재하는 TH-positive neuron은 음식물 섭취 행위에 중요한 역할이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제29권8C호
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• pp.1069-1075
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 변수 3개를 가지는 1차 리드뮬러 (Reed-Muller: RM(1, 3)) 코드를 이용하여 보수 코드 키잉(Complementary Code Keying: CCK)방식의 8칩을 동일하게 생성하는 것을 보였다. 여기서 CCK 코드워드는 하나의 에러 정정이 가능하고, 평균 전력 대 최대 전력 비 (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio: PAPR)가 2인 골레이 시퀀스 (Golay Sequence)이다. 이러한 RM 코드 성질을 이용하여 우리는 CCK방식과 직교 주파수 분할 다중(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: OFDM) 시스템 방식을 동시에 사용하는 무선랜 모뎀을 제안하였다. 제안된 시스템을 바탕으로 RM 코드 변수가 4개로 확장, 즉 RM(1, 4)를 적용 시, 성능이 개선되고 OFDM 시스템에서 큰 문제점인 PAPR이 최대 9㏈이하로 나타남을 살펴보았다. 일반적으로 RM(1, 4)를 위해서 수신부에서는 16 256 크기의 고속 하다마드 변환 (Fast Hadamard Transform: FHT) 행렬이 필요하지만, 제안된 시스템에서는 성능 열화 없이 8 64와 2 4 크기의 FHT행렬을 각각 하나씩 사용하여 그 복잡도 (Complexity)를 줄일 수 있다. 일반화된 형태로서RM 코드의 변수가 증가하더라도 수신부의 복잡도는 증가하지 않고, 성능 및 PAPR 개선의 효과를 가질 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.374-381
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• 1986

CCK ( Cholecystokinin)와 carbachol (carbamylchline chloride)이 췌장의 효소분비능력을 촉진시킨다는 사실은 잘 알려져있다. 생대두식이를 먹인 쥐에서 췌장세포의 hypertrophy 현상이 두드러지게 나타나고 소화효소의 과다분비 현상이 나타나므로 이번 실험에서는 익힌 대두와 생대두를 먹인 후 정상적인 췌장세포와 hypertrophy 가 일어난 췌장세포에 CCK 와 carbachol 로 자극을 준후 효소분비 능력을 비교하였다. 췌장세포에서 분해되는 단백질 분해효소들이 세포자체에 미치는 영향을 최소한으로 줄이기 위하여 췌장의 acinar cell을 분리한 후 cell column을 만들어 superfusion technique 에 의해 stimulus-enzyme secretion coupling 방법을 사용하였다. 분리한 췌장세포를 CCK와 carbachol 로 자극을 주었을대 chymotrysin 분비는 생대두를 먹인 쥐의 세포에서 익힌 대두를 먹인 군보다 높게 나타났고 amylase의 분비는 chymotrypsin 과는 달리 익힌 대두를 먹인 쥐의 세포에서 생대두를 먹인 군보다 높게 나타났다. 이번 실험의 결과는 지금까지 논쟁중에 있는 췌장의 acinar cell에서의 여러 가지 효소분비 비율은 항상 일정한 것이 아니라 자극의 종류에 따라 효소분비량의 구성비율이 달라진다는 것을 알려주고 있다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

Objective : Daehwangmokdanpi-Tang (DWT) has been frequently used as a remedy for antiinflamation. To evaluate effect of acute pancreatitis by DWT, we examined the effects of DWT on the cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK)-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Methods : Male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were divided into three groups. Normal untreated group, in treatment with DWT group; DWT was administered orally, followed by $75\;{\mu}g/kg$ CCK subcutaneously three times, after 1, 3 and 5 h. This whole procedure was repeated for 5 days. In treatment with saline group, the protocol was the same as in treatment group with DWT. Results : The author determined the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, the levels of pancreatic HSP (heat shock protein)60 and HSP72 and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Repeated CCK treatment resulted in the typical laboratory and morphological changes of experimentally induced pancreatitis. DWT was significantly decreased the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio in CCK-induced AP. Futhermore, The author demonstrated that DWT increased HSP60 and HSP72 compared with CCK-induced AP. Additionally, the secretion of $IL-1{\beta}\;and\;TNF-{\alpha}$ and the levels of amylase and lipase were lower than that saline. Conclusions : These results suggested that DWT may has a protective effect against CCK-induced AP.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.181-186
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• 2012

Fenofibrate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$ ($PPAR{\alpha}$) activator and is prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. The mechanism through which $PPAR{\alpha}$ agonists reduce food intake, body weight, and adiposity remains unclear. One explanation for the reduction of food intake is that fenofibrate promotes fatty acid oxidation and increases the production of ketone bodies upon a standard experimental dose of the drug (100~300 mg/kg/day). We observed that low-dose treatment of fenofibrate (30 mg/kg/day), which does not cause significant changes in ketone body synthesis, reduced food intake in Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. LETO rats are the physiologically normal controls for Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, which are obese and cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptor deficient. We hypothesized that the reduced food intake by fenofibrate-treated LETO rats may be associated with CCK production. To investigate the anorexic effects of fenofibrate in vivo and to determine whether CCK production may be involved, we examined the amount of food intake and CCK production. Fenofibrate-treated OLETF rats did not significantly change their food intake while LETO rats decreased their food intake. Treatment of fenofibrate increased CCK synthesis in the duodenal epithelial cells of both LETO and OLETF rats. The absence of a change in the food intake of OLETF rats, despite the increase in CCK production, may be explained by the absence of CCK-A receptors. Contrary to the OLETF rats, LETO rats, which have normal CCK receptors, presented a decrease in food intake and an increase in CCK production. These results suggest that reduced food intake by fenofibrate treatment may be associated with CCK production.