• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.247-259
• /
• 2000

Objective : The mechanism of acupuncture to increase cerebral blood flow is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neural basis of acupuncture by comparing the cerebral regions activated by the stimulation of two different methods of acupunctures at the same acupoint which was suggested by oriental medicine to increase rCBF. Materials and Methods : Thirty-nine healthy volunteers(26 males, 13 females, age $31{\pm}11$ years) were studies by rest/acupuncture Tc-99m ECD brain SPECT using a subtraction method. SPECTs using two methods(needle retention and heated needle with 90% alcohol) at two acupoints (right LI. 4 and ST. 36) were peformed at an interval of three days. For the needle retention method, acupuncture needle was inserted to a depth of about 2 cm into each acupoint 8 minutes after the lst acquisition and continued to retain, and the second injection of Tc-99m ECD was done 15 minutes after the insertion of needle. For the heated acupuncture method, heated needle was inserted in a twinkle within several msec 20 second after the second injection of Tc-99m ECD. The differences of between rest and acupuncture activation state were statistically analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping software. Result : Acupunctures of both methods reveal similar patterns of increase in rCBF. Acupuncture at ST.36 increase rGBF in left anterior temporal, right inferior frontal lobes, and left cerebellum. Acupuncture at LI. 4 increase rCBF in the left frontal cortex, right temporal pole, both inferior frontal cortices and right cerebellum. Conclusion : The effects of two different acupunctures to the same acupoints on rCBF were similar. Therefore, this result suggests Chat the mechanism of acupuncture in the increase of cerebral blood flow have a neural basis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effects of a new herbal medicine named CWS-A on the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in normal rats, and further to determine the mechanism of action. Also, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CWS-A on the changes in rCBF in cerebral ischemic rats and the safety examination of CWS-A in rats regared to body weight change, renal and liver function test, CBC, $LD_{50}$ and histological observation in rats. The rCBF was significantly and stably increased and MABP was significantly decreased by CWS-A during the period of cerebral reperfusion in normal rats. However, there were no here were no significant changes of rCBF in ischemic rats. In additional, there were no significant changes on the safety examination. In conclusion, these results suggest that medication of CWS-A is effective for the improve the cerebral blood flow and CWS-A can be prescribed as vertigo(眩暈) symptoms treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.155-165
• /
• 2002

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the brain areas whose regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was changed in medial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) using ${H_2}^{15}O-PET$. Materials and Methods: 12 patients with mTLE (6 left, 6 right mTLE) and 6 normal controls were scanned during a fixation baseline period and a sensory-motor condition where subjects pressed a button to an upward arrow. A voxel-based analysis using SPM99 software was peformed to compare the patient groups with the normal controls for the rCBF during fixation baseline period and for relative changes of rCBF during the sensory-motor task relative to fixation. Results: During the fixation baseline, a significant reduction of rCBF was found posterior insula bilaterally and right frontopolar regions in right mTLE patients compared to the normal controls. In left mTLE patients, the reduction was found in left frontopolar and temporal legions. During the sensory-motor task, rCBF increase over the fixation period, was reduced in left frontal and superior temporal legions in the right mTLE patients whereas in various areas of right hemisphere in left mTLE patients, relative to normal controls. However, the increased rCBF was also found in the left inferior parietal and anterior thalamic/fornix regions in both right and left mTLE patients compared to normal controls. Conclusion: Epilepsy induced changes were found not only in relative increase/decrease of rCBF during a simple sensory-motor control condition relative to a fixation rest condition but also in the relative rCBF distribution during the rest period.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.116-123
• /
• 2003

Purpose : The present study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of cerebral diffusion (DWI) and perfusion MR imaging (PWI) in rabbit models with hyperacute cerebral ischemic infarction. Materials and Methods : Experimental cerebral infarction were induced by direct injection of mixture of Histoacryl glue, lipiodol, and tungsten powder into the internal cerebral artery of 6 New-Zealand white rabbits, and they underwent conventional T1 and T2 weighted MR imaging, DWI, and PWI within 1 hour after the occlusion of internal cerebral artery. The PWI scan for each rabbit was obtained at the level of lateral ventricle and 1cm cranial to the basal ganglia. By postprocessing using special imaging software, perfusion images including cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) maps were obtained. The detection of infarcted lesion were evaluated on both perfusion maps and DWI. MTT difference time were measured in the perfusion defect lesion and symmetric contralateral normal cerebral hemisphere. Results : In all rabbits, there was no abnormal signal intensity on T2WI. But on DWI, abnormal high signal intensity, suggesting cerebral infarction, were detected in all rabbits. PWI (rCBV, CBF and MTT map) also showed perfusion defect in all rabbits. In four rabbits, the calculated square of perfusion defect in MTT map is larger than that of CBF map and in two rabbits, the calculated size of perfusion defect in MTT map and CBF map is same. Any rabbits do not show larger perfusion defect on CBF map than MTT map. In comparison between CBF map and DWI, 3 rabbits show larger square of lesion on CBF map than on DWI. The others shows same square of lesion on both technique. The size of lesion shown in 6 MTT map were larger than DWI. In three cases, the size of lesion shown in CBF map is equal to DWI. But these were smaller than MTT map. The calculated square of lesion in CBF map, equal to that of DWI and smaller than MTT map was three. And in one case, the calculated square of perfusion defect in MTT map was largest, and that of DWI was smallest. Conclusion : DWI and PWI may be useful in diagnosing hyperacute cerebral ischemic infarction and in e-valuating the cerebral hemodynamics in the rabbits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.506-510
• /
• 2010

As an attempt to develop new functional health beverage by using medicinal herb, we investigated the effect of medicinal plant extract (MPE) on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of rats. The changes of MABP and rCBF were determined by LDF methods. LDF allows for real time, noninvasive, continuous recordings of local CBF. MABP in MPE treated rats showed significant change of MPE 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. MPE i.v. administration showed significant increase of rCBF in a dose-dependent manner. Propranolol pretreated MABP showed significant change in the increase of MPE. rCBF of propranolol pretreated rats showed significant change from the i.v. injection concentration of 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. The ischemia/reperfusion induced oxidative stress may have contributed to cerebral damage in rats, and the present study provides clear evidence for the beneficial effect of MPE on ischemia induced brain injury. Also, the action mechanism in elevation effect of MPE on rCBF might be concerned with the role of $\beta$-adrenoceptor. The exact component and mechanism remains for the future study.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.111-125
• /
• 2007

Objection : The aim of this study was to investigate anti-ischemic effect of LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture. Methods : I designed to investigate whether LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture affects cerebral hemodynamics [regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF), pial arterial diameter(PAD), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) ] in normal and cerebral ischemia rats by MCA occlusion method, and to make manifest whether LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. The changes of rCBF and MABP were determinated by laser-doppler flowmetry(LDF), and the change of PAD was determinated by video microscope and width analyzer. Results: The results were as follows ; 1. LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture was significantly increased rCBF, PAD, but decreased MABP after withdrawing of the needle. This results suggest that LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced significantly rCBF by dilating PAD. 2. Pretreatment with indomethacin (1mg/kg, i.v.) was significantly inhibited LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF and PAD, but increased LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced decrease of MABP after withdrawing of the needle. 3. Pretreatment with methylene blue(10/${\mu}$g/kg, i.v.) was decreased LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced increase of rCBF and MABP, but accelerated LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture induced decrease of PAD. This results suggest that the mechanism of LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture is mediated by cyclooxygenase or guanylate cyclase. Conclusion : I suggest that LR1 ${\cdot}$ HT8 ${\cdot}$ HT9 Reinforcement in Acupuncture has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral hemodynamics, and the mechanism IS mediated by cyclooxygenase.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 1994

Interictal single photon emission computed tomography of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF SPECT) in 18 intractable temporal lobe epilepsy patients(8 male and 10 female patients: average 23.5 years old) were compared with 2.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). And surgical outcome was analysed with the findings, symptom duration and lateralization of temporal lobe. Preoperatively rCBF SPECT was done in all 18 patients with intravenous injection of 740 MBq 99mTc-HMPAO. MRI was also done preoperatively in 13 patients. Surgical outcome was classified by Engel's outcome classification(four-part classification recommended at the first Palm Desert conference). rCBF SPECT detected correctly lateralising abnormality of temporal lobe hypoperfusion in 13/18(72.2%), contralateral temporal lobe hypoperfusion in 2/18(11.1%) and showed no def-inite abnormality in 3/18(16.7%). The positive predictive value of unilateral temporal lobe hypoperfusion was 87%. MRI detected correct localising abnormality in 8/13(61.5%), such as hippocampal atrophy(7/13), asymmetric temporal horn(6/13), anterior temporal lobe atrophy(1/13), increased signal intensity from hippocampus(1/13) and calcific density(1/13), and no abnormal finding was noted in 5/13(38.5%). There was no false positive findings and the positive predictive value of MRI was 100%. Only 2 cases showed same lateralization findings in rCBF SPECT and MRI. There was no significant correlation between symptom duration and no abnormal findings on SPECT or MRI. Surgical outcome showed class I in 15/18(83.3%), and class II in 2/18(11.1%). One case of no abnormal finding in both SPECT and MRI showed class III surgical outcome. No class IV surgical outcome was noted. Surgical outcome, lateralization of epileptic focus in temporal lobe and abnormal findings in rCBR SPECT or MRI were not significantly correlated.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.77-83
• /
• 2010

The fructus of Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge (CBF) has been used as medicinal and food source in worldwide. In this study, antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract and its sequential organic solvent fractions of CBF against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida sp., were investigated. The methanol extract of CBF was active against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the ethylacetate and butanol fractions of CBF showed strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and various multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with minimal inhibitory concentration of 1.0~7.5 mg/mL. Also the fractions showed anti-Candida activity against C. albicans, C. kruseis and C. geochares. The methanol extract of CBF and its solvent fractions, except n-hexane fraction, did not show any hemolytic activity against human red blood cell up to $500\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The hemolysis in n-hexane fraction at $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ was less than 9.9%. Our results suggest that the CBF could be developed as a potent antibacterial agent, especially for multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.157-166
• /
• 2013

This study aimed to investigate whether nociceptin contributes to the alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation following postnatal exposure to ethanol in Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals received ethanol twice a day, 2 hr apart, on postnatal 6, 7 and 8 days. The changes in regional CBF (rCBF) in response to the changes in mean arterial blood pressure were determined at 4-, 8-, and 12-week of age by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Hypotension was induced by the gradual withdrawal of blood from arterial catheter, and the reversal of blood pressure was produced by the reinfusion of blood. Expression of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity was determined in dura mater and cerebral cortex using immunohistochemistry. Postnatal exposure to ethanol almost abolished the autoregulation of rCBF in all age groups. Pretreatment with nociceptin but not with [$Nphe^1$]nociceptin(1-13)$NH_2$, a selective competitive nociceptin receptor antagonist, 5 min prior to ethanol administration preserved the autoregulation of rCBF in all age groups. Postnatal exposure to ethanol markedly increased the expressions of nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the dura mater and cerebral cortex, both of which were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole monosodium salt as well as aminoguanidine 5 min prior to ethanol administration in all age groups. The values of arterial blood gas analysis were not significantly different from the basal levels in all groups. These results suggest that nociceptin deeply contributes to the compensatory mechanisms for the nitric oxide-dependent alterations in CBF autoregulation following postnatal exposure to ethanol.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.371-385
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavone (SIF) and soy lecithin (SL) have beneficial effects on many chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Regretfully, there is little evidence to show the combined effects of these soy extractives on the impairment of cognition and abnormal cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study examined the optimal combination dose of SIF + SL to provide evidence for improving CBF and protecting cerebrovascular endothelial cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: In vivo study, SIF50 + SL40, SIF50 + SL80 and SIF50 + SL160 groups were obtained. Morris water maze, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI), and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to detect learning and memory impairment, CBF, and damage to the cerebrovascular tissue in rat. The 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were detected. The anti-oxidative damage index of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) in the serum of an animal model was also tested. In vitro study, an immortalized mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3 cells) was used to confirm the cerebrovascular endothelial cell protection of SIF + SL. In this study, 50 µM of Gen were used, while the 25, 50, or 100 µM of SL for different incubation times were selected first. The intracellular levels of 8-OHdG, SOD, GSH, and GSSG were also detected in the cells. RESULTS: In vivo study, SIF + SL could increase the target crossing times significantly and shorten the total swimming distance of rats. The CBF in the rats of the SIF50 + SL40 group and SIF50 + SL160 group was enhanced. Pathological changes, such as attenuation of the endothelium in cerebral vessels were much less in the SIF50 + SL40 group and SIF50 + SL160 group. The 8-OHdG was reduced in the SIF50 + SL40 group. The GSSG showed a significant decrease in all SIF + SL pretreatment groups, but the GSH showed an opposite result. SOD was upregulated by SIF + SL pretreatment. Different combinations of Genistein (Gen)+SL, the secondary proof of health benefits found in vivo study, showed they have effective anti-oxidation and less side reaction on protecting cerebrovascular endothelial cell. SIF50 + SL40 in rats experiment and Gen50 + SL25 in cell test were the optimum joint doses on alleviating cognitive impairment and regulating CBF through protecting cerebrovascular tissue by its antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: SIF+SL could significantly prevent cognitive defect induced by β-Amyloid through regulating CBF. This kind of effect might be attributed to its antioxidant activity on protecting cerebral vessels.