• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 1997

Heptocvte-specific expression induced by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer 2-core gene promoter was examined in various hepatocyte and non-hepatocyte cell lines. using non-viral and retroviral vector systems in which chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) is used as a reporter. The non-viral plasmid containing the HBV enhancer 2-core promoter exhibited 22 and 66% of CAT activities in hepatoma cell lines. HepG2 and Hep3B, respectively when compared with CAT activity expressed by CMV promoter. The CAT activities, however. were found to be marginal in other tested hepatoma cell lines as well as mouse primary hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes. The HBV enhancer 2 located upstream the CMV promoter did not affect the CMV promoter activity nor provided hepatocyte-specific expression. Transfection of retroviral plasmid DNA containing the HBV enhancer 2-core promoter as an internal promoter exhibited high and specific CAT expression in HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines but the activity value was 5 to 10 fold lower than the non-viral plasmid with identical promoter. These results suggest that the usage of HBV enhancer 2-core promoter for liver specific expression is limited to certain vectors and hepatocyte cell lines.

• Atmosphere
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.321-330
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• 2012

Generation mechanisms of the three moderate-or-greater (MOG)-level clear-air turbulence (CAT) encounters over South Korea are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The cases are selected among the MOG-level CAT events occurred in Korea during 2002-2008 that are categorized into three different generation mechanisms (upper-level front and jet stream, anticyclonic flow, and mountain waves) in the previous study by Min et al. For the case at 0127 UTC 18 Jun 2003, strong vertical wind shear (0.025 $s^{-1}$) generates shearing instabilities below the enhanced upper-level jet core of the maximum wind speed exceeding 50 m $s^{-1}$, and it induces turbulence near the observed CAT event over mid Korea. For the case at 2330 UTC 22 Nov 2006, areas of the inertia instability represented by the negative absolute vorticity are formed in the anticyclonically sheared side of the jet stream, and turbulence is activated near the observed CAT event over southwest of Korea. For the case at 0450 UTC 16 Feb 2003, vertically propagating mountain waves locally trigger shearing instability (Ri < 0.25) near the area where the background Richardson number is sufficiently small (0.25 < Ri < 1), and it induces turbulence near the observed CAT over the Eastern mountainous region of South Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.6
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• pp.467-474
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• 2012

Background: The objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Korean version of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) and Dyspnea-12 Questionnaire for patients with bronchiectasis or tuberculous destroyed lung. Methods: For 62 bronchiectasis patients and 37 tuberculous destroyed lung patients, 3 questionnaires including St. George's Respiratory Questionnaires (SGRQ), CAT, and Dyspnea-12 were obtained, in addition to spirometric measurements. To assess the validity of CAT and Dyspnea-12, correlation with SGRQ was evaluated. To assess the reliability of CAT and Dyspnea-12, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient was calculated. Results: The mean ages of the patients were $60.7{\pm}8.3$ years in bronchiectasis and $64.4{\pm}9.3$ years in tuberculous destroyed lung. 46.8% and 54.1% were male, respectively. The SGRQ score was correlated with the score of the Korean version of CAT (r=0.72, p<0.0001) and Dyspnea-12 (r=0.67, p<0.0001) in bronchiectasis patients. The SGRQ score was correlated with the score of CAT (r=0.86, p<0.0001) and Dyspnea-12 (r=0.80, p<0.0001) in tuberculous destroyed lung patients. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient for the CAT and Dyspnea-12 were 0.84 and 0.90 in bronchiectasis, and 0.88 and 0.94 in tuberculous destroyed lung, respectively. Conclusion: We found that Korean version of CAT and Dyspnea-12 are valid and reliable in patients with tuberculous destroyed lung and bronchiectasis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 1984

For the study of glucose oxidase(GOD) and catalase(CAT) coimmobilization system, the enzymes were obtained from Penicillium spp., PS-8, and the strain itself was used as an immobilizing matrix. To separate glucose oxidase and catalase after the ammonium sulfate fractionation of the culture broth, DEAF-cellulose column was used and its activity yield was 54 and 34%, respectively. Both enzymes were immobilized on the cell matrix, followed crosslinking with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 12hr. In the determination of efficiencies of GOD and CAT of dual, mixed and soluble enzyme systems, the dual immobilized one w-as superior to those of the soluble or mixed ones. In the comparison of pH profiles, the dual and mixed types showed broader maximum pH ranges than the soluble type. Varying CAT/GOD ratio of the dual system, the higher the ratio showed the broader activity profile. In the comparison of apparent $K_m$ of GOD only and CAT/GOD=10, they were $7.1{\times}10^{-2}$ and $5.1{\times}10^{-2}M$. Their activation energies showed 3.98kcal/mole/deg for GOD only and 2.98kcal/mole/deg for CAT/GOD=10.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 2011

Background: A chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) assessment test (CAT) has recently been developed as a short and simple method for assessing the quality of life in COPD patients. The object of this study was to assess the usefulness of the Korean version of the CAT for assessing COPD patients in an outpatient clinic. Methods: The study included 60 COPD patients in a stable state from an outpatient clinic. The authors investigated the frequency of acute exacerbation during aprevious year through reviewing medical records. We evaluated the spirometry test, a 6-min walk distance test, and obtained the MMRC dyspnea scale, the Korean version of the CAT, and the BODE index at the time of visit. To assess the usefulness of the CAT, correlations between the CAT and other methods were evaluated. Results: The mean age of patients was $68.3{\pm}8.6$ years and 95% of patients were male. There was a significant correlation between the CAT score and $FEV_1%$ (r=-0.323, p=0.012), the frequency of acute exacerbation (r=0.292, p=0.024), the MMRC dyspnea scale (r=0.554, p<0.001), the BODE index (r=0.380, p=0.003), and 6 MWD (r=-0.372, p=0.004). The mean CAT score increased according to the GOLD stage (stage 1, $10.7{\pm}4.5$; stage 2, $13.1{\pm}7.9$; stage 3, $16.3{\pm}6.2$; stage 4, $16.5{\pm}14.8$; p=0.746). Conclusion: The CAT was shown to be useful for the assessment of COPD severity. Therefore, the CAT is an easily applied and simple method for assessing COPD severity in an outpatient clinic.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2015

Purpose: The present study was conducted to investigate whether the changes in structure and activity of antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) present in the eyes appeared when they were repeatedly exposed to UV-A, and reveal the correlation of these changes. Methods: Each enzyme solution was prepared from the standardized SOD and CAT, and repeatedly exposed to UV-A of 365 min under the condition of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours a day over 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days. Structural denaturation of SOD and CAT induced by repeat UV-A irradiation was confirmed by the electrophoretic analysis, and their enzyme activity was determined by the colorimetric assay using the proper assay kit. Results: SOD exposed repeatedly to UV-A showed the polymerization pattern through the electrophoretic analysis when it was repeatedly exposed under the condition of at least 1 hour a day however, the change of its activity was found to be less than 12%. On the other hand, CAT repeatedly exposed to UV-A showed reduced size of the electrophoretic band which indicated a structure denaturation and its activity was significantly decreased. In the case of that the repeat exposure time was longer, CAT activity was completely lost even though some enzyme band was shown in the electrphoretic analysis. Conclusions: From these results, it was revealed that the degree and pattern in structural denaturation of antioxidative enzymes differently appeared according to the type of enzyme, and the degree of structural denaturation was not always consistent with the reduction in enzyme activity.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to examine the effect of catalase (CAT) on in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine follicular oocytes and oxygen concentration with CAT on in vitro development (IVD) of porcine IVM/IVF embryos. The results were summarized as follows - 1 . The rates of nuclear maturation, penetrated oocytes, pronucleus formation rates, polyspermic oocytes and mean numbers of the penetrated sperm were significantly lower in oocytes matured with 100, 500 and 1,000 units/ml CAT than those of central groups (P>0.05). 2. The rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 after in vitro fertilization were significantly lower in CAT treatment groups than those of the central groups (P>0.05). 3. There were not significant difference in the blastocyst development and total cell numbers of blastocyst on in vitro culture of NCSU-23 media with 0, 100, 500 and 1000 units/ml CAT under the 5% and 20% $O_2$ concentrations. These results suggested that the addition of CAT was not helpful for porcine oocyte maturation and further development, also the rates of blastocyst formation and total cell numbers of blastocyst at day 7 of porcine IVM/IVF embryos were not significantly different in the NCSU-23 culture medium under the 5% and 20% $O_2$ concentrations.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.269-287
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• 2009

CAT (clear-air turbulence) forecasting algorithm, the Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG) system developed at NCAR (national center for atmospheric research), is evaluated with available observations (e.g., pilot reports; PIREPs) reported in South Korea during the recent 5 years (2003-2008, excluding 2005). The GTG system includes several steps. First, 44 CAT indices are calculated in the domain of the Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) analysis data with 30 km horizontal grid spacing provided by KMA (Korean Meteorological Administration). Second, 10 indices that performed ten best forecasting scores are selected. Finally, 10 indices are combined by measuring the score based on the probability of detection, which is calculated using PIREPs exclusively of moderate-or-greater intensity. In order to investigate the best performance of the GTG system in Korea, various statistical examinations and sensitivity tests of the GTG system are performed by yearly and seasonally classified PIREPs. Performances of the GTG system based on yearly distributed PIREPs have annual variations because the compositions of indices are different from each year. Seasonal forecasting is generally better than yearly forecasting, because selected CAT indices in each season represent meteorological condition much more properly than applying the selected CAT indices to all seasons. Wintertime forecasting is the best among the four seasonal forecastings. This is likely due to that the GTG system consists of many CAT indices related to the jet stream, and turbulence associated with the jet stream can be activated mostly in wintertime under strong jet magnitude. On the other hand, summertime forecasting skill is much less than other seasons. Compared with current operational CAT prediction system (KITFA; Korean Integrated Turbulence Forecasting System), overall performance of the GTG system is better when CAT indices are selected seasonally.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.186-186
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 매개변수 자동 보정기법인 PEST(Model-Independent Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis)를 CAT 모형에 연계하여 유출특성 분석을 실시하였다. CAT-PEST 연계모형은 CAT 모형의 모의유출량을 이용하며 PEST의 반복계산을 통하여 최적 매개변수를 추정한다. 침투방법은 CAT에서 제공하는 Rainfall Excess 방법, Green and Ampt 방법 및 Horton 방법을 이용하였으며 각 침투방법에 따른 유출 특성을 비교 및 분석하였다. 연구대상유역은 보령 댐 유역으로 유역면적은 $163.7km^2$이며 전체면적의 약 80%가 산지로 구성되어 있고, 유로연장은 22.3km, 유역평균경사는 40.19%이다. 또한 보령댐 유역의 월평년값 평균기온은 -0.8에서 $25.5^{\circ}C$로 계절변동이 매우 큰 것을 알 수 있다. 최근 몇 년간 심각한 가뭄 피해를 입은 보령댐 유역은 2016년에 도수관로를 완공하여 이를 통해 금강으로부터 물을 끌어다 쓰고 있는 실정이며, CAT 모형에서는 금강도수유입량을 외부유입 처리하여 유출량을 산정하였다. 모의기간은 1999년부터 2017년까지이며 전체기간에 대한 보정 후 연도별 보정을 실시하였다. 통계적 평가수단은 $R^2$, RMSE 및 NSE를 사용하여 유역 최종출구점에서의 유출량과 비교하였으며 전체기간에 대한 보정결과 NSE와 $R^2$가 0.75 이상으로 나타나 대체적으로 모의 유출수문곡선이 관측 수문곡선과 유사한 양상을 보였다.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.406-415
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• 2021

The worldwide spread of the Internet and the digital information revolution have resulted in a rapid increase in the use and transmission of multimedia information due to the rapid development of communication technologies. It is important to protect images in order to prevent problems such as piracy and illegal distribution. To solve this problem, I propose a new digital color image encryption algorithm in this paper. I design a new pseudo-random number generator based on 1D five-neighborhood maximum length cellular automata (FN-MLCA) to change the pixel values of the plain image into unpredictable values. And then I use a 3D chaotic cat map to effectively shuffle the positions of the image pixel. In this paper, I propose a method to construct a new MLCA by modeling 1D FN-MLCA. This result is an extension of 1D 3-neighborhood CA and shows that more 1D MLCAs can be synthesized. The safety of the proposed algorithm is verified through various statistical analyses.