• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.20 no.12
• /
• pp.1561-1584
• /
• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the vegetation structure and analyzing the correlationship between communities and environmental conditions in Mt. Wolchulsan. We also predicted the succession possibility and the vertical distribution change of vegetations according to the global warming, through the pioneer species of a forest change and dominant species of canopy vegetations. We also analyzed the Raunkiaer's life-form. The communities in this ecotone are distributed vertically in the order of a Quercus acuta community, a Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community and a Q. serrata community. A Pinus densiflora community appears on the most of altitudes. The distribution of communities correlates highly with an altitude. The Q. serrata-Q. variabilis community will be succession to the Q. acuta community, and the Q. variabilis will be under natural selection gradually or remain locally. The Q. serrata community will possibly maintain as it is, and the P. densiflora community will be also under natural selection gradually. The valuable quantitative and numerical life-forms are confirmed and the layer structure of present vegetation will not be changed.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.156-167
• /
• 2008

Meorological data have been collected to monitor the wetland area in Goheung bay since 2003 and four intensive observations were conducted to study effects of the atmospheric turbulence on the energy budget and the ecological changes. We improved an algorithm to estimate the sensible heat flux with routine data. The sensible heat flux estimated by gradient method was in good agreement with that measured by precision instruments such as surface layer scintillometer and ultrasonic anemometer. Diurnal variations of sensible heat flux showed analogous tendency to those of temperature gradient. When the vertical wind shear of horizontal wind components was weak, even though temperature gradient was strong, the gradient method underestimated the sensible heat flux. A compensation for the cloud will make this gradient method be a helpful tool to monitor the ecosystem without expensive instruments except for weak wind shear and temperature gradient.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 1991

Berchemia berchemiaefolia is a native a native rare plant which has been designating as the Natural Monument, No. 266, since 1980. The floristic composition, population structure and maintenance mechanism of the Berchemia berchemiaefolia forest were investigated in conjunction with the habitat consisted of the block field or screes. Through the present study, the authors found a new habitat of Berchemia berchemiaefolia in the northeastern slope on Mt. Kumdansan located at Hajeok-ri, Cheongcheon-myeon, Koesan-gun, chungbuk province. Gravels consisted of the block field belonged to granule, pebble and cobble as the range of grain size, $\Phi$=-1.5~6.6 values. The tree layer of Berchemia berchemiaefolia community was mainly composed of Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Q. serrata including Berchemia berchemiaefolia and of this community were similar to that of Q. variabilis. By the age distribution, it was considered that the community was a discontinued one as the pattern of distribution was a normal distribution type(N type). Phenological cycle including leafing, blooming and seed-bearing period between both sites of block field and valley or close canopy showed some differences. The seed production of Berchemia berchemiaefolia was 8, 655, 000 seeds/ha/year, but only 406, 000 seeds/ha/year of them were developed as saplings, and only 4 saplings were developed to mature trees.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.113-126
• /
• 1993

To investigate the structure of the forest community of Huibang valley in Sobaeksan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by DCA community divided 4 groups. The divided groups are Pinus densiflora community, Q. mongolica -P. densiflora community. Q. mongolica-Stewartia koreana-Carpinus laxiflora community, and Q. mongolica- Acer pseudosieboldianum community. In the analysis by ordination, CCA which points out the relationship among the environmental variables, species and plots indicated primary step of secondary succession. The successional trends of both techniques. seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrate to C. laxiflora(or S. koreana) in canopy layer below an altitude of 800 meters, and from Rhododendron mucronulaltum. Rh. schlippenbachli. Rhus trichocarpa through Styrax obassia. Lindera obtusiloba to Magnolia sieboldii, Corylus sieboldiana in subtree and shrub layer. The positive correlation between the stand ordination scores .and soil moisture and soil humus were calculated.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 1994

This survey was ocnducted to investgate changes of the plant community structure from 1972 to 1993 in forest of Mt. Kwanak and thirty-five plots that the size of each plot was 10m${\times}$10m(100㎡) were set up and the vegetation analysis was caried out. By the TWINSPAN analysis, the plant community of survey area were divied into Quercus mongolica, Q. mongolica-Pinus densiflora(1), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora(2), Q. acutissima community. The successional trends of the woody species were seemed to be from P. densiflora, Sorbus alnifolia to Q. mongolica in the canopy layer. But the successional trends in the understory and shrub layer were difficult to suppose. The forest vegetation of Mt. Kwanak from 1972 to 1993 was severely decreased in species number and individuals. The sensitive species for the environmental pollution were selected, and the tolerant plants for the acid soil were increased. In comparision with the DBH class distribution from 1972 to 1993, it shows that the ecological succession has stopped. In the analysis of soil characteristics, soil acidification has taken place over last twenty-two years(from pH=5.40 to pH=4.53). The concentration of K+, Ca++ was severly decreased(from K+=0.60m.e./100g to K+=0.06m.e./100g, from Ca++=3.20m.e./100g to Ca++=0.63m.e./100g), which also could seemed to be cause of plant community decline.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.27-42
• /
• 1994

Vegetational structure and successional sere were investigated for evergreen broad-leaved forest in Hongdo. Forty-nine plots were classified into six groups, which are Camellea japonica community, Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Machilus thunbergii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboidii-Camellea japonica community and evergreen broad-leaved mixed community by the DCA ordiantion and TWINSPAN techniques. Successional sere of the forest vegetation in the surveyed area were proceeding from Pinus densiflora through Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieholdii to Neolitsea sericea, Dendropanax morbifera, Machilus japonica, Quercus acuta and Mahilus thunbergii in the canopy layer group and from Ligustrum japonicum, Ardisia japonica. Eurya japonica. Rhaphiolepsis umbellata through Trachelosperum asiaticum, Kadsura japonica. Litsia Japonica, Camellea japonica to Aucuba japonica, Euscaphis japonica, Ficus erecta in the understory and shrub layer group.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.93-106
• /
• 1995

To investigate the forest structure in Ijontong Cholto area, twenty four plots were set up (each l0$\times$10m ) and surveyed. According to the analysis of ordination by DCA, community divided into 5 groups. The divided groups are Quercus serrata -Q. valiabilis community(I), Q. serrata - Pinus densiflora community(II), Q. mongolica - Lindera obtusiloba community(III), Carpinus laxiflora - Acer pseudo-sieboldianum community(IV) and Acer mono community(V). So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. serrata, Q. valiabilis, Q. mongolica to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, A. mono in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that from Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii to A. pseudo-sieboldianum, L. obtusiloba. But some sites were likely to become Q. mongolica edaphic climax.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.121-134
• /
• 1995

To investigate the plant community structure in Pinus densiflora forest of Chuwangsan National Park, twenty five plots were set up and surveryed. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination techniques were applied to the study area. The plant community were divided into five groups in twenty five plots by DCA and the dividing groups were Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community(I), P. densiflora-Q. serrata community(II), P. densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana community(III), P. densiflora-F. sieboldiana-Q. spp. community(IV) and P. densiflora-mixed deciduous forest community(V). The successional trends of tree species by DCA ordination techniques and DBH class distribution analysis seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to Carpinus laxiflora in the canopy layer group. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Lespedeza maximowiczii, L. cytobotrya, Rhododendron mucronulatumlongrightarrowStyrax obassia, Stephandra insisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolimlongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lindera obtusiloba. There was no difference between the stand scores of DCA and soil pH, and soil moisture.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.257-276
• /
• 2020

Faithful evaluation of the meteorological input is a prerequisite for a better understanding of air quality model performance. Despite the importance, the preliminary meteorological assessment has rarely been concerned. In this study, we aim to evaluate the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model conducting a year-long high-resolution meteorological simulation in 2016 over the Seoul metropolitan area. The WRF model was configured based on a series of sensitivity simulations of initial/boundary meteorological conditions, land use mapping data, reanalysis grid nudging method, domain nesting method, and urban canopy model. The simulated results of winds, air temperature, and specific humidity in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) were evaluated following statistical evaluation guidance using the surface and upper meteorological measurements. The statistical evaluation results are presented. The model performance was interpreted acceptable for air quality modeling within the statistical criteria of complex conditions, showing consistent overestimation in wind speeds. Further statistical analysis showed that the meteorological model biases were highly systematic with systematic bias fractions (f_SB) of 20~50%. This study suggests that both the momentum exchange process of the surface layer and the ABL entrainment process should be investigated for further improvement of the model performance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 1990

To investigate the structure of the pine forest community and the conservation of pine forest in Mt. Sokri, twenty plots of 500$m^2$ size set up by the clumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on environmental variables. The plant community was not classified into several groups by above methods in this study area. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from Pinus densiflora through Quercus serrata, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Q. aliena, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunus sargentii to Carpinus laxiflora, C. cordata in the canopy layer. and from Rhus trichocarpa, Lindera obtusiloba through Styrax obassia, Acer pseudosieboldiana, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa to L. erythrocarpa, Viburnum erosum in the understory layer. Pinus densiflora community shall be conserved by the disclimax method, i. e. the broadleaf vegetation in the underlayer of the pine community should be cleared out.