• 제목/요약/키워드: CA association

검색결과 1,277건 처리시간 0.026초

Effects of Supplementation of Mixed Cassava (Manihot esculenta) and Legume (Phaseolus calcaratus) Fodder on the Rumen Degradability and Performance of Growing Cattle

  • Thang, C.M.;Sanh, M.V.;Wiktorsson, H.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.66-74
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    • 2008
  • Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of replacing a conventional concentrate with mixed cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage and legume (Phaseolus calcaratus) foliage. In Exp. 1, three rumen fistulated crossbred cows were used for in sacco rumen degradability studies. In vitro gas production was also studied. In Exp. 2, 11 crossbred F2 heifers (Red Sindhi$\times$Holstein Friesian), with initial live weight of $129{\pm}6kg$ and aged six months, were allocated in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to evaluate a mixture (ratio 3:1) of cassava and legume foliage (CA-LE feed) as a protein source compared to a traditional concentrate feed (Control) in diets based on fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and urea treated rice straw ad libitum. The Control feed was replaced by the CA-LE feed at levels of 0% (Control), 40% (CA-LE40), and 60% (CA-LE60) based on dry matter (DM). The in sacco degradation of CA-LE feed was higher than Control feed (p<0.05). After 48 h incubation the degradation of CA-LE feed and Control feed was 73% vs. 58% of DM and 83% vs. 65% of CP, respectively. The gas production of CA-LE feed was also significantly higher than of Control feed during the first 12 h of incubation. The results of the performance study (Exp. 2) showed that the level of CA-LE feed in the concentrate had no effect on total dry matter intake (p>0.05), but live weight gains (LWG) in CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 were significantly higher (551 and 609 g/d, respectively) than in the Control group (281 g/d). The intake of CP was higher (p<0.05) for the treatments CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 (556 and 590 g/d, respectively) compared to that of Control (458 g/d), while there was no significant difference in ME intake. The feed conversion ratio was 16.8, 9.0 and 7.9 kg DM/kg LWG in Control, CA-LE40 and CA-LE60, respectively. The feed cost of CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 corresponded to 43% and 35%, respectively, of the feed cost of Control feed. The best results were found when CA-LE feed replaced 60% of DM in Control feed and considerably decreased feed cost. It is concluded that feeding cassava foliage in combination with Phaseolus calcaratus legume as a protein supplement could be a potentially valuable strategy which leads to reduced feed costs and a more sustainable system in smallholder dairy production in Vietnam.

Optimization of the growth of $CaF_2$ crystals by model experiments and numerical simulation

  • Molchanov, A.;Graebner, O.;Wehrhan, G.;Friedrich, J.;Mueller, G.
    • 한국결정성장학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.15-18
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    • 2003
  • High purity single crystalline calcium fluoride ($CaF_2$) has excellent optical transmission characteristics down to deep UV and is therefore selected as the main optical material for the next generation of lithography apparatus operating at wavelength of 157 nm. The growth of large sized $CaF_2$ single crystals with the required properties for this optical application can be achieved only by optimizing the crystal growth process by the aid of numerical simulation. This needs especially a precise calculation of the heat transport and temperature distribution in the solid and liquid $CaF_2$ under crystal growth conditions. As $CaF_2$ is considered to be semitransparent, the internal radiative heat transfer in $CaF_2$ plays an decisive role in the simulation of the heat transport. On the other hand it is very difficult to obtain quantitative experimental data for evaluating numerical models as $CaF_2$ is extremely corrosive at high temperatures. In this work we present a newly developed experimental technique to perform temperature measurements in $CaF_2$-crystal as well as in the melt under conditions of crystal growth process. These experimental results are compared to calculated temperature data, which were obtained by using different numerical models concerning the internal heat transfer in semitransparent $CaF_2$. It will be shown, that an advanced model, which was developed by the authors, gives a much better agreement with experimental data as a standard model, which was taken from the literature.

Effects of Boron Supplementation to Diets Deficient in Calcium and Phosphorus on Performance with Some Serum, Bone and Fecal Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

  • Bozkurt, Mehmet;Kucukyilmaz, Kamil;Catli, Abdullah Ugur;Cinar, Mustafa;Cabuk, Metin;Bintas, Erol
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.248-255
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    • 2012
  • Three levels of boron (0, 30, 60 ppm) were supplemented in practical corn-soybean based starter and grower diets, containing either adequate or inadequate Ca or P. A total of 1,800, 1-day-old sexed broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments and fed with the experimental diets for 42 days. Boron improved the overall feed conversion ratio, but increased body weight only at 21 days of age (p<0.01). Boron decreased feed intake in the case of feeding on a diet deficient in Ca and P, and tended to increase feed intake when birds received a diet adequate in Ca and P, signifying significant boron by Ca-P interaction (p<0.01). Mortality was not influenced by boron (p>0.05). Dietary Ca and P deprivation reduced body weight and feed consumption significantly, but did not influence the feed conversion ratio and mortality (p>0.05). Serum Ca level, ALP and ALT activities were not influenced either by dietary Ca and P deficiency or boron supplementation. Serum P content increased with respect to boron at 30 ppm. Bone breakage strength was not affected by dietary variables. Tibia ash, Ca and P were increased in response to the supplementation diet with 30 ppm boron, whereas 60 ppm showed no effect in most cases. Accordingly, the dietary boron supplementation of 30 ppm significantly decreased fecal Ca and P excretion, while there was a numerical decline in the 60 ppm boron as compared to the 0 ppm boron group. Data presented herein indicated that boron, either at the 30 ppm or 60 ppm supplementation level, was effective in conversion of feed to body weight, whereas only boron at 30 ppm contributed to the mineralization of bone thereby augmenting more Ca and P while excreting less through faeces.

The Influence of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Imbalance on Intestinal NaPi-IIb and Calbindin mRNA Expression and Tibia Parameters of Broilers

  • Li, Jianhui;Yuan, Jianmin;Guo, Yuming;Sun, Qiujuan;Hu, Xiaofei
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.552-558
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    • 2012
  • A $2{\times}2$ factorial experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary calcium and non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) imbalance on calbindin and NaPi-IIb mRNA levels in the small intestine and tibia parameters of broiler chicks. One hundred and forty four 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broiler chicks were divided into four treatments consisted of six replicates with six chicks each. The two dietary calcium levels were 1.10% and 0.60%, and two dietary nPP levels were 0.50% and 0.27%. Results showed that a high Ca/nPP ratio diet (4.07:1) significantly depressed feed intake and weight gain of broilers (p<0.05), but a lower Ca:nPP ratio (1.2:1) had no influence (p>0.05). Low-Ca with low-P diet resulted in low tibia minerals and tibia breaking strength of broilers, and all the tibia parameters were further decreased when the dietary ratio of Ca to P was relative higher. Low dietary Ca or P up-regulated the calbindin and NaPi-IIb mRNA expression levels. Low Ca with normal P diet up-regulated duodenal calbindin mRNA expression level to the greatest extent. Low P with a normal Ca diet significantly enhanced NaPi-IIb mRNA expression level to the highest extent. These results suggest that the calbindin and NaPi-IIb mRNA expression were enhanced by the imbalance between dietary Ca and nPP, and their expression were not only influenced by Ca or nPP level, but also the ratio of Ca:nPP.

자초(紫草) 열수추출물이 각질형성세포 HaCaT의 세포 연접 관련 유전자의 발현에 미치는 영향 연구 (Investigation of the effect of Lithospermi Radix on tight-junction related genes in HaCaT cells)

  • 조남준;이병권;이웅희;김기광;김균언;한효상
    • 대한본초학회지
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    • 제32권3호
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    • pp.55-61
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    • 2017
  • Objectives : The aim of this research was to determine the diverse effects of Lithospermi Radix Water Extract (LR) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells, and to examine whether those effects could be applied to the human skin. Methods : We examined effect of LR on the cell viability of using the MTS assay in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The antioxidation effect of LR was analyzed relative to the well-known antioxidant resveratrol, using an ABTS assay. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that, in HaCaT cells, LR influenced the mRNA expression of tight-junction genes associated with skin moisturization. Furthermore, a wound-healing assay demonstrated altered cell migration in LR-treated HaCaT cells. Result : The cytotoxicity was confirmed to be higher in LR at a concentration of $800{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ using the MTS assay in HaCaT cells. In comparison to $100{\mu}M$ resveratrol, $1,600{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ LR showed either a similar or superior antioxidation effect. LR treatment in HaCaT cells reduced the mRNA expression levels of claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 6, claudin 8, and ZO-2 to less than 0.80-fold, whereas JAM-A and Tricellulin mRNA expression level increased more than 1.33-fold. In addition, HaCaT cells migration was decreased to 83.9% by LR treatment. Conclusions : LR of antioxidation activity will have an anti-aging effect on the skin by reducing oxidative stress. Further studies are required to address the implications for human skin, given LR's effects of altering mRNA expression of tight junction-related gene and decreasing cell migration of HaCaT cells.

저울에서의 소석회 분말과 $SO_2$의 반응 kinetics (Reaction Kinetics of Dry Hydrated-lime and $SO_2$ at Low Temperatures)

  • 이상권;박선미;조경민;황상규
    • 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국대기환경학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.215-216
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    • 1999
  • 연소시설, 소각시설 등에서 배출되는 아황산가스, 질소산화물, 염화수소, 불화수소 등의 산성가스를 경제적, 효율적으로 처리하는데 많은 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 건식 세정에는 석회석(CaCO$_3$, limestone), 생석회(CaO, lime), 소석회(Ca(OH)$_2$, hydrated lime) 등 calcium을 다량 함유하는 흡수제가 매우 효과적이라고 알려져 있다. 따라서 이러한 흡수제와 SO$_2$dml 화학반응에 관하여 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔으나, 대부분의 연구는 SO$_2$와 석회석이 고온에서 진행되는 화학반응에서 관한 것이다.(중략)

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미숙아에서 이온화 마그네슘, 총 마그네슘과 재태 연령과의 관계 및 뇌실 내 출혈과의 관계 (Association of ionized magnesium, total magnesium, gestational age, and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm babies)

  • 김태연;이현희;성태정
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • 제52권10호
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    • pp.1140-1146
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    • 2009
  • 목 적:마그네슘은 인체 혈중에서 두 번째로 높은 농도로 존재하지만, 인체 내에서의 역할, 특히 미숙아에서 이에 대한 병태생리가 현재까지 명확히 규명되어 있지 않다. 한편 진통용해제나 임신중독증 치료를 위해 산전에 황산 마그네슘 사용이 보편화되면서 고마그네슘혈증에 따른 신생아시기에 영향에 대해 많은 연구가 되고 있으며, 최근에는 마그네슘보다 이온화 마그네슘이 생리적으로 활성화되어 더욱 정확히 마그네슘의 역할을 볼 수 있어 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 되고 있다. 따라서 저자들은 첫 번째 연구로 미숙아에서 총마그네슘(tMg), 이온화 마그네슘(iMg) 과 재태 연령, 총칼슘(tCa), 이온화 칼슘(iCa)과의 상관성을 살펴보고, 두 번째로 혈청 마그네슘 농도와 미숙아 질환 중 뇌실 내 출혈과의 관계를 평가하고자 하였다. 방 법:2006년 6월부터 2008년 2월까지 한림대학교의료원 강남성심병원 신생아중환자실에 입원한 미숙아를 대상으로 전향적 연구를 시행하였다. 산모에게 산전 어느 기간에라도 황산 마그네슘을 투여 받은 경우, 선천성 기형이 있는 경우, 5분 Apgar 점수가 3점 이하로 지속되는 경우, 보호자가 검사에 동의를 하지 않은 경우를 제외한 119 명을 대상으로 하였다. 출생직후 혹은 늦어도 출생 3시간 안에 태아의 혈액 검체로부터 tMg, iMg, tCa, iCa을 측정하였다. 1차 연구로 tMg 및 iMg와 재태 연령, tCa, iCa, pH와의 연관성을 조사하였고, 2차 연구로 뇌실 내 출혈군(IVH, n= 19)과 없는 군(대조군, n=100)으로 나누어 tMg, iMg, tCa, iCa, 재태 연령, 출생체중, 1분 및 5분 Apgar 점수, 산모의 고혈압의 유병율, 산전 진통 유병율 등을 비교하였다. 결 과:혈청 tMg 농도는 재태 연령, tCa, iCa, pH 등과 모두 관계가 없는 것으로 나왔으나, iMg은 tMg가 증가할수록 통계학적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였으며(r=0.288, P=0.002), iCa과도 통계적으로 의미 있는 결과를 보였다(r=0.212, P=0.021). 하지만, 재태 연령과 pH와는 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나왔다. 총 119명 중 IVH 군은 19명, 대조군은 100명이었다. tMg은 IVH에서 $2.5{\pm}0.9mg/dL$, 대조군에서 $2.1{\pm}0.6mg/dL$로 뇌실 내 출혈이 있는 군이 통계학적으로 의미 있게 더 높은 마그네슘 농도를 보였다(P=0.021). 반면, iMg, tCa, iCa, pH 는 두 군간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 평균 재태 연령과 출생체중은 각각 연구군이 $33.3{\pm}2.6$주 vs. 대조군 $35.0{\pm}2.1$주, 연구군 $2,093.2{\pm}628.1g$ vs. $2,385.7{\pm}514.3g$으로 연구군이 통계학적으로 더 의미 있게 더 작고 더 어렸다(P=0.002, P=0.030). 재태 연령과 출생체중, Apgar 점수를 고려하여 다시 한번 다변수 회귀분석을 시행한 결과 총 마그네슘의 농도(OR 2.798, 95% C.I. 1.265-6.192, P=0.011)는 역시 통계학적으로 의미 있는 위험인자로 나왔다. 결 론:재태 연령 37주 미만의 미숙아에서 tMg의 농도는 재태 연령과는 관계가 없었으며, iMg의 혈중농도 역시 재태 연령과는 관계없이 비슷했고, tMg, iCa과 관계가 있었다. 또한, 뇌실 내 출혈이 있던 미숙아에서 고마그네슘혈증을 보였으므로, 이전에 마그네슘에 노출된 적이 없더라도 출생 직후의 혈청 마그네슘 농도가 높은 미숙아들의 경우 IVH를 고려해봐야 할 것으로 생각된다.

석탄 바닥재가 포함된 결정화 유리의 특성에 미치는 수식제의 영향 (Effect of modifiers on the properties of glass-ceramics containing coal bottom ash)

  • 강승구
    • 한국결정성장학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.53-57
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    • 2010
  • 화력 발전소에서 배출된 석탄 바닥재로 L-A-S($Li_2O-Al_2O_3-SiO_2$)계 결정화 유리를 제조함에 있어 수식제인 CaO 첨가가 결정화 온도, 결정상 종류, 미세구조 등의 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. L-A-S계 유리에 CaO를 첨가하면 DTA 그래프 상의 유리 전이 온도 및 결정화 온도가 함께 높아지고 주 결정상으로 ${\beta}$-spodumene($LiAlSi_2O_6$) 및 eucryptite ($LiAlSiO_4$)가 생성되었으며, 동시에 CaO와 관련된 미지의 상도 약간 생성되었다. 결정화 유리 시편은 표면 및 내부 결정화 거동을 함께 나타냈으며, CaO 첨가량이 증가하면 시편 내부의 결정 크기 및 분율이 높아졌다. 또한 시편의 겉에서 내부 방향으로 성장한 표면 결정은, CaO 첨가에 따라 다양한 형태를 보였으며 CaO 첨가량이 9 wt% 이상이 되면 일부 균열이 관찰되었는데 이는 ${\beta}$-spodumene과 CaO 관련 결정 간에 열팽창계수 차이에 의한 것으로 생각된다.

Genetic association tests when a nuisance parameter is not identifiable under no association

  • Kim, Wonkuk;Kim, Yeong-Hwa
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • 제24권6호
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    • pp.663-671
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    • 2017
  • Some genetic association tests include an unidentifiable nuisance parameter under the null hypothesis of no association. When the mode of inheritance (MOI) is not specified in a case-control design, the Cochran-Armitage (CA) trend test contains an unidentifiable nuisance parameter. The transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in a family-based association study that includes the unaffected also contains an unidentifiable nuisance parameter. The hypothesis tests that include an unidentifiable nuisance parameter are typically performed by taking a supremum of the CA tests or TDT over reasonable values of the parameter. The p-values of the supremum test statistics cannot be obtained by a normal or chi-square distribution. A common method is to use a Davies's upper bound of the p-value instead of an exact asymptotic p-value. In this paper, we provide a unified sine-cosine process expression of the CA trend test that does not specify the MOI and the TDT that includes the unaffected. We also present a closed form expression of the exact asymptotic formulas to calculate the p-values of the supremum tests when the score function can be written as a linear form in an unidentifiable parameter. We illustrate how to use the derived formulas using a pharmacogenetics case-control dataset and an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder family-based example.